Higher Tone Research Articles

Stock liquidity and tone of press releases

AbstractThis paper presents evidence that higher stock liquidity makes firms increase tone of press releases. I find that firms with higher stock liquidity have higher tone in press releases, relative to the tone of news initiated by media, than firms with lower stock liquidity. This relation is stronger for firms with greater short‐term pressure, that is, with greater transient institutional ownership, greater sensitivity of manager's wealth to stock price, and more analyst coverage. This finding suggests that stock liquidity, by producing short‐term pressure on firms, leads firms to boost press release tone.

Translation Report on Emma Watson's "HeForShe" Persuasive Speech at the United Nations

Persuasive speech is a common speech-type in English to Chinese consecutive interpreting. Unlike informative speeches, the persuasive speech serves to try to convert the audience to the speaker's point of view, instead of informing the audience of a fact that they don't know or don't know much about. Persuasive speech, therefore, has a higher tone, and the speaker's emotions are more impassioned, making it more interactive with the audience. The thesis takes the interpretation of Emma Watson's "HeForShe" speech on gender equality delivered at the United Nations as an example, and analyzes the techniques and strategies used in the interpreting, taking into account the experience in conference interpreting simulation.

Why have people with dementia problems with walking and balance?

Introduction: The walking performance and the balance are elements that change by people with dementia even before the diagnosis -dementia – is established. The reason is still a mystery, still there are investigations that think on an increase of pathological neurological increasing tone -paratonia. Investigations of that tone-increase are done in the beginning of this disease but mostly in a sitting-relax- position. But then is often a slight or even no increase present, but to know the impact, the tone measurement should be measure when people are performed this activity. Method: To invest the impact of movements by people with dementia, we have taken the Rikli and Jones - Senior Fitness Test- by 35 participant with the diagnosis dementia. Further we did tests as the B.B.S., Tinetti, Statiek test and the tone measurement -Mas-P when walking or immediately after in stand or when stand was no option in sit. Results: All participants give a worse results on the elements, balance, speed and walking and scored almost equal with age equal persons without dementia on the other items. The other tests (B.B.S., Tinetti, Statiek test) were also lesser and all had a higher tone when this measurement was done immediately after the walking/balance performance and certainly when they are doing the performance. Conclusion: The impact of the pathological neurological tone (paratonia) was evident in this investigation of 35 people with dementia. The tone was the most important factor that interfered with the speed, walking and balance performance. But this asked for further investigation what walking and balance do with the tone of people with dementia. Further is it a question of an treatment as fall prevention on the way given now, has an effect or maybe has an negative influence on the balance performance. To get a better treatment than must the tone decrease, to get the possibilities of selectivity and speed possible and that is only possible in an gravity decreasing environment as par example water. That should be THE therapy that can slowdown the disease and stimulated the balance performance much longer than when the situation has to deal with gravity and thus an increase tone. Why have people with dementia problems with walking and balance? Authorship Credit: “Criteria authorship scientific article” has been used “Equal Contribution” (EC)

The use of artificial neural networks to predict tonal sound annoyance based on noise metrics and psychoacoustics parameters

The tonal noise of indoor mechanical systems causes an unpleasant sensation. The present study was conducted to predict tonal sound annoyance based on noise metrics and psychoacoustics parameters using artificial neural networks. Thirty-six signals of noise were produced by six tone levels, three tone frequencies, and two background noise levels in an enclosed space. Then, noise metrics and psychoacoustic parameters of the signals were determined. Subsequently, 60 subjects were asked to express their subjective perception of annoyance during exposure to various noises. Finally, the predictive model of annoyance was computed using the feed-forward neural networks. The initialization of weights and biases was performed using the Nguyen-Widrow method. The gradient descent with momentum and back-propagation algorithms were applied to learn the function and network weights, respectively. Based on the results, higher tone level, higher background noise level, lower frequency, and less sharp noise significantly increased the value of the perceived annoyance. The obtained Kaiser-Mayer-Olkin coefficient of the model was equal to 0.8. The values of recognition rate related to data of training and testing were computed by 0.83 and 0.91, respectively. The parameters of loudness, audible tone, and roughness compared to combined metrics were more substantial predictors of perceived annoyance.

Measuring Mechanical Properties of Spastic Muscles After Stroke. Does Muscle Position During Assessment Really Matter?

ObjectiveTo investigate the influence of muscle position (relaxed vs stretched) on muscle mechanical properties and the ability of myotonometry to detect differences between sides, groups, and sites of testing in patients with stroke. We also analyzed the association between myotonometry and clinical measures of spasticity. DesignCross-sectional study. SettingOutpatient rehabilitation units including private and public centers. ParticipantsSeventy-one participants (20 subacute stroke, 20 chronic stroke, 31 controls) were recruited (N=71). InterventionMuscle mechanical properties were measured bilaterally with a MyotonPRO at muscle belly and musculotendinous sites during 2 protocols (muscle relaxed or in maximal bearable stretched position). Main Outcome MeasuresMuscle tone and stiffness of the biceps brachii and gastrocnemius. Poststroke spasticity was evaluated with the Modified Tardieu Scale (MTS). A mixed-model analysis of variance was used to detect differences in the outcome measures. ResultsThe analysis of variance showed a significant effect of muscle position on muscle mechanical properties (higher tone and stiffness with the muscle assessed in stretched position). Measurements with the stretched muscle could help discriminate between spastic and nonspastic sides, but only at the biceps brachii. Overall, there was a significant increase in tone and stiffness in the chronic stroke group and in myotendinous sites compared with muscle belly sites (all, P<.05). No correlations were found between myotonometry and the MTS. ConclusionsMyotonometry assessment of mechanical properties with the muscle stretched improves the ability of myotonometry to discriminate between sides in patients after stroke and between people with and without stroke.

Paravertebral Muscle Mechanical Properties in Patients with Axial Spondyloarthritis or Low Back Pain: A Case-Control Study

Different musculoskeletal disorders are a source of pain in the spinal region; most of them can be divided into mechanical, such as low back pain (LBP), or inflammatory origins, as is the case of axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA). Nevertheless, insufficient information is available about the muscle negative consequences of these conditions. Thus, the objective of this study was to identify whether mechanical muscle properties (MMPs) of cervical and lumbar muscles are different between patients with axSpA, subacute LBP (sLBP), and healthy controls. Furthermore, we aimed identify whether MMPs were related to sociodemographic and clinical variables in various study groups. The MMPs, sociodemographic, and clinical variables were obtained in 43 patients with axSpA, 43 subjects with sLBP, and 43 healthy controls. One-way ANOVAs and ROC curves were applied to identify whether the MMPs could differentiate between the study groups. Intra-group Pearson r coefficients to test the associations between MMPs and the rest of the variables were calculated. The results showed that axSpA subjects have a higher tone and stiffness and a lower relaxation and creep than sLBP and healthy ones (p < 0.05). All lumbar and cervical MMPs, except for decrement, could correctly classify axSpA and healthy subjects and axSpA and sLBP patients (in both cases, Area Under the Curve > 0.8). However, no MMP could differentiate between sLBP and healthy subjects. Each group had a different pattern of bivariate correlations between MMPs and sociodemographic and clinical data, with a worse state and progression of the axSpA group associated with a higher tone and stiffness in both spinal regions. This study supports that MMPs are different and show different patterns of correlations depending on the type of spinal pain.

'SPEAK' IN VEPSIAN: NAMES OF SOME VERBS OF SPEECH IN THE VEPSIAN LANGUAGE (linguo-geographic and semantic-etymological aspects)

This article is devoted to the consideration of speech verbs of the Vepsian language, their motivational and etymological analysis. From the point of view of semantics, the speech verbs of the Vepsian language are presented in the article in the following groups: speak for a rather long time while waiting for a possible answer ( pagišta, lodeita / lobaata, bast'a / basida ); speak briefly, often without waiting for an answer ( sanuda / sanda; virkta ); speak in a higher tone without waiting for an answer ( kirkta, heikta, värskahtada, kriknida ); talk trifles, babble, chatter ( vahtostada, vahtaita, bul'butada, buleita, pärpätada, tötötada, lollotada, tängotada, häblätada ); speak, pronounce conspiracies, prayers ( puhuda, puiteida, loita ). Most of the Vepsian verbs of speech are Finnic heritage ( pagišta, sanuda, virkta, kirkta, bul'aita, tötötada, lollotada ), some are Vepsian innovations ( vahtostada, vahtaita ) or borrowings from the Russian language ( bast'a, buodahvita ), some are not yet amenable to etymologization ( tängotada, häblätada ). The motives for the emergence of the verbs of this semantics are, first of all, onomatopoeia ( pagišta 'to speak'

Biomechanical properties of the lips in a pre-orthodontic sample of adolescents and young adults.

To assess biomechanical properties of the lip muscles and to investigate their relationship with sex, age, body mass index (BMI), and cephalometric variables. Demographic information and BMI were collected from 83 study participants seeking orthodontic treatment at the University of Otago. Tone, stiffness, and elasticity of the lip muscles were measured thrice at four different anatomical sites using a digital palpation device. To estimate method error, a duplicate set of measurements in a subsample of 20 participants was taken a week later. Sagittal and vertical cephalometric classifications were based on ANB and FMPA angles, respectively. Data were analysed using mixed models. Biomechanical properties of lip muscles were remarkably consistent both within and between different recording sessions. The lower lip had higher tone and stiffness than the upper lip. Both the upper and lower lip stiffness and tone were higher in females than in males, whereas upper lip elasticity was higher in males. Thinner upper lips had higher tone and were stiffer than thicker upper lips, whereas thinner lower lips were less elastic than thicker lower lips. Muscle tone and stiffness of both the upper and lower lips were lower in Class III than in Class I and Class II individuals. The upper lip of hyperdivergent individuals was less elastic than that of normodivergent and hypodivergent individuals, and stiffer than that of hypodivergent individuals. The biomechanical properties of perioral soft tissues can be reliably measured and vary with anatomical site, sex, and cephalometric measurements.

Influential Factors of Masticatory Performance in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study.

While appropriate nutrient intake is important for older adults, various oral problems cause decreased masticatory function. This cross-sectional study aimed to identify the factors associated with decreased masticatory performance in older adults. Oral examinations were performed on 80 participants (mean age: 75.10 ± 5.64 years) to determine the number of functional tooth units (FTUs). Symptoms of periodontal and temporomandibular diseases were evaluated via a questionnaire. The tone, elasticity, and dynamic stiffness of the masseter muscle were measured using the Myoton® PRO device. The mixing ability test was used to assess the masticatory performance, and the mixing ability index (MAI) was calculated. The analysis of covariance test was performed to adjust for confounding factors, and multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the risk factors affecting MAI. A lower MAI was significantly associated with higher tone (p = 0.006) and lower elasticity (p = 0.013). The number of FTUs (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 0.724, p = 0.029), tone (adjusted OR = 1.215, p = 0.016), and elasticity (adjusted OR = 4.789, p = 0.038) were independently associated with the MAI. Muscle function training and prosthetic treatments may help increase masticatory performance in older adults, which would improve overall health.

Effect of tonal noise and task difficulty on electroencephalography and cognitive performance

ABSTRACT Objectives. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of tonal noise and task difficulty on electroencephalography (EEG) and cognitive performance. Methods. Twelve healthy volunteers participated in the present study. Four noise signals were generated by four prominence tone levels (0, 2, 5 and 9) at background noise levels of 55 dBA and frequency of 500 Hz using the Test Tone Generator from Esser Audio (USA). The participants were asked to perform the tasks with low, moderate and high levels of difficulty while exposed to the noises in an acoustics laboratory. The values of reaction time, correct rate and missed numbers were recorded during each step. Moreover, the EEG signals were measured. Results. The results showed that higher tone level and more task difficulty significantly decreased the correct rate, and increased the miss numbers. However, no significant effect was observed on reaction times. Furthermore, tone level and task difficulty significantly increased activity of the θ and β bands and decreased activity of the α band. Conclusion. Task difficulty and tone level could significantly affect the parameters of performance and the activity of EEG bands. Therefore, noise control can help sustain appropriate performance.

Biomechanical and viscoelastic properties of the ankle muscles in men with previous history of ankle sprain

In this study, we aimed to explore the impact of previous history of lateral ankle sprain on the mechanical and viscoelastic properties of the tibialis anterior (TA), peroneus longus (PL) and gastrocnemius lateralis (GL) and medialis (GM) in asymptomatic men. For this purpose, a group of 26 men with previous history of lateral ankle sprain (ASG) and a control group (CG) of 29 healthy counter-parts participated in this study. Tone, stiffness, elasticity and mechanical stress relaxation time were measured using a myotonometer in a single session. Higher tone was noted for TA and GL in ASG as compared to CG (effect size of Cohen’s d = 0.57 [p = 0.04] and 0.59 [p = 0.04], respectively). Further, stiffness was higher in ASG than in CG for TA (d = 0.56; p = 0.04), PL (d = 0.58; p = 0.04) and GL (d = 0.63; p = 0.02). Stress relaxation time was also lower for the ASG compared to the CG for TA (d = 0.61; p = 0.03), PL (d = 0.55; p = 0.04) and GL (d = 0.68; p = 0.02). There were no significant differences between groups in elasticity (p > 0.05). GM experienced no significant changes after ankle sprain in any of the variables (p > 0.05). To conclude, previous history of lateral ankle sprain results in higher TA and GL muscle tone. Likewise, these muscles in addition to PL exhibit less deformation against resistance due to their increased stiffness, thus needing a shorter time to restore to their original shape after deformation.

Autonomic support of endurance, strength and speed performance in athletes

Examining the autonomic support of muscular activity in athletes enables an assessment of the ANS impact on achieving a high-level of sports performance at different ages, an identification of interaction patterns between the ANS divisions in the process of short-term and long-term adaptation to muscular load, identifying the features of the cardiovascular system autonomic regulation in athletes training different physical performanceAim. To examine heart rate variability (HRV) changes in athletes depending on the training session mode.Material and methods. A total of 104 athletes (84 men and 20 women) were enrolled in the study: 63 – endurance-trained athletes, 31 – strength-trained and 10 – speed-trained athletes. The mean age of the athletes was 21.75 ± 3.32 years. Among them, there were Masters of Sports of International Class (MSIC) – 2 athletes, Masters of Sports (MS) - 25, Candidates Master of Sports (CMS) – 48, First-Class athletes – 29. All the athletes underwent HRV analysis on the device “Cardio+” (NPP “Metekol”, Nizhyn, Ukraine).Results. HRV in the endurance and strength athletes indicated a predominance of heart rate (HR) by 11.4 % (61.03 ± 10.19 vs. 68.00 ± 7.72 bpm, P = 0.004), Mode (Mo) value (954 (860; 1103) vs. 868 (798; 954) ms) by 9.0 % (P = 0.004) and shorter mean RR interval duration (Mean) by 11.7 % (1002.45 ± 168.59 vs. 885.22 ± 98.98 ms, P = 0.002) in comparison with the strength athletes. The endurance athletes had significantly lower values of SDNN by 7.6 % (P = 0.048), RMSSD by 35.5 % (P = 0.029), SDANN by 26.4 %, and the predominance of Mo by 4.1 % (P = 0.016) in contrast to the speed athletes. There was no statistically significant difference between other HRV parameters between the endurance and speed athletes. Comparison of HRV between the strength and speed athletes revealed that the strength athletes had significantly 8.8 % (P = 0.042) higher HR (68.00 ± 7.72 vs. 62.00 ± 7.14 bpm). Compared with the speed athletes, the strength athletes had significantly shorter RR interval duration (885.22 ± 98.98 vs. 969.56 ± 112.28 ms) by 9.5 % (P = 0.046), higher values of SDNN by 9.5 % (P = 0.017), RMSSD by 68.9 % (P = 0.012), SDANN by 71.8 % (P = 0.015), CVr, % by 15.0 % (P = 0.045), Mo by 5.4 % (P = 0.029) that was indicative of sympathetic hyperactivity in the strength athletes.Conclusions. The endurance and speed athletes did not differ from each other in all the spectral and the vast majority of time-domain HRV parameters, except for SDNN, RMSSD, SDANN andMo. The strength athletes differed from the endurance athletes by higher tone of the sympathetic arm of the ANS, as evidenced by significantly 11.4 % higher heart rate, 11.7 % shorter RR interval duration and 9.0 % lower Mo value. The speed and endurance athletes differed from the strength athletes by higher parasympathetic tone as evidenced by significantly 8.8 % (P = 0.042) lower heart rate, 9.5 % (P = 0.046), higher RR interval duration, values of SDNN by 9.5 % (P = 0.017), RMSSD by 68.9 % (P = 0.012), SDANN by 71.8 % (P = 0.015), CVr, % by 15.0 % (P = 0.045), Mo by 5.4 % (P = 0.029).

Impact of Acute and Chronic Hypertension on Changes in Pial Collateral Tone In Vivo During Transient Ischemia.

We investigated vasoconstrictive responses of pial collaterals in vivo at baseline and during transient middle cerebral artery occlusion during chronic hypertension. A cranial window was used to measure diameter of leptomeningeal anastomoses (pial collaterals) in male Wistar (n=8) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs; n=8) using video dimensional analysis. Middle cerebral artery occlusion was induced by remote filament for 2 hours with 2 hours reperfusion. Phenylephrine was infused during ischemia as a pressor therapy. Active diameters of pial collaterals were significantly smaller in SHRs versus Wistar (14.1±1.5 versus 21.6±2.8 µm; P<0.01); however, passive diameters were similar (25.0±2.9 versus 25.0±2.6 µm; P>0.05). Basal tone of pial collaterals before occlusion was 42±5% in SHRs versus 15±4% in Wistar (P<0.01). Tone decreased in both Wistar and SHRs during occlusion but remained higher in SHRs (9±2% versus 29±4%; P<0.05). Phenylephrine increased blood pressure in both groups but had little effect on leptomeningeal anastomoses diameters. Reperfusion caused vasoconstriction of pial collaterals, increasing tone from 8±1% to 20±5% in Wistar and 29±5% to 44±5% in SHRs (P<0.01). Higher tone in pial collaterals from SHRs basally and during occlusion/reperfusion could limit flow to the penumbra and promote evolution of infarction. Sustained elevated tone of pial collaterals from SHRs with phenylephrine suggests pressor therapy may not be appropriate during chronic hypertension.

A Study on Determining Some of the Yield and Quality Properties of Ürgüp Sarısı Plum (Prunus domestica L.) Grown under Nevşehir Conditions

This study has been conducted with the purpose of determining some yield and quality properties of Urgup Sarisi Plum (Prunus domestica L.) grown locally in Nevsehir’s Urgup district. Fruit samples have been acquired from a producer’s orchard reproduced through bud eye from various natural plantations in Urgup district. Trees have been planted with 6 m × 6 m intervals and are 7 years of age. The study has been conducted during the 2015–2016 period on randomized blocks experimental design with three recurrences and with five trees per recurrence. Fruit samples have been harvested in August 2016 and immediately transferred in ice boxes to Mersin Erdemli Alata Horticultural Research Institute Laboratories. They have been kept at 0 °C until the time of analysis. Fruit samples have been subjected to analyses such as fruit weight, fruit width, fruit length, seed weight, yield per tree, pulp hardness, fruit acidity, water soluble dry matter amount, fruit colour values (L*, a*, b*), antioxidant, total phenol, sugar contents (glucose, fructose, sucrose). Among the genotypes, U1 had the bulkiest fruit, U7 had the highest yield per tree, U8 had the brightest fruit colour, U3 had the closest colour to red and U8 had the highest tone of yellow. In plum genotypes, U4 had the highest amount of antioxidant, U2 contained the highest total phenol, vitamin C and fructose and U6 contained the highest glucose and sucrose. U7 has been observed to be noteworthy in terms of yield, while genotype, biochemical characteristics were noteworthy in U2, U4, U6 genotypes. In conclusion, considering all parameters reviewed in the study, it has been decided that U7, U6, and U2 genotypes could be promising under Nevsehir conditions.

Reducing suicidal ideation by biofeedback-guided respiration – heart rate coherence

Background Effectiveness of heart rate variability (HRV) biofeedback is dependent on the relationship between the measured respiratory-heart rate coherence (C HR) and the resonant frequency (RFB) breathing. C HR is driven by the central autonomic network which consists of the interplay between the components of the autonomic nervous system, brainstem modulatory nuclei and cortical function. The extent to which heart rate is in coherence with respiratory frequency and the function of the central autonomic network in major depressive disorder (MDD) and suicidal ideation (SI) has not been investigated. Method: Sixty-one patients provided informed consent to participate and were divided into no MDD (CONT), MDD and an MDD plus SI (MDDSI) group. HRV activity was determined by multi lag tone-entropy (T-E) and respiratory-C HR at rest was characterized by the relationship between respiratory rate and heart rate. Results: CONT had the highest entropy compared to the MDDSI group, which had the lowest entropy and highest tone (p < 0.05). Autonomic parasympathetic function was also significantly lower in the MDDSI compared to the MDD group (p < 0.05). C HR indicated a significant phase desynchronization (decrease in coherence) between MDDSI, MDD and CONT (p < 0.05), with MDDSI having the lowest coherence and CONT the highest. Conclusion: T-E analysis indicated that HRV was significantly different in patients with SI. C HR as measured by our proposed synchronization index provides a novel feature to adapt HRV biofeedback to individual psychiatric profiles and may provide better clinical outcomes for this patient group.

Soil affected the variations in grape and wine properties along the eastern foot of Helan Mountain, China

ABSTRACTFour vineyards from the eastern foot of Helan Mountain within the same climate classification, where the planted grapes were 4-year-old Cabernet Sauvignon, were selected for investigating the difference in grape and wine properties. Results showed that the grapes of Lilan vineyard had a higher sugar content and sugar–acid ratio than Huida, Yuquan and Zhihuiyuanshi vineyards. The grapes of Zhihuiyuanshi vineyard had the highest tannin and total phenols content. Concerning the wines, the wine of Yuquan vineyard had low pH but had a great ageing potential, and wine of Zhihuiyuanshi vineyard had highest tone, chroma, tannins, total phenols and alcohol content than other vineyards. Soil pH was positively correlated with anthocyanins in the grapes and negatively correlated with total acid in wine. The microbial biomass carbon (MBC) was correlated with the anthocyanins in grape. Microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) was positively correlated with soluble solid in grapes, and positively correlated with tannin and total phenols in the wine. The MBC/MBN ratio was negatively correlated with tone in the wine. Our findings indicate that adjusting soil pH and choosing microbial fertiliser with high soil microbial carbon and nitrogen nutrients are effective ways to improve the quality of regional grapes and wine.

How the Blind Hear Colour.

Crossmodal correspondences between seemingly independent sensory modalities are often observed in normal participants. For instance, colours commonly map consistently onto pure tones. In this study, we investigated colour-tone mapping in both normal trichromats and in people with congenital blindness. Participants were asked to match tones of differing pitch to named colours. In both cases, the tones selected varied consistently with the colour. The blind responses were similar to those of the trichromats, except in the case of red and green; the blind did not differentiate these colours, whereas the trichromats associated red with a higher tone and green with a lower tone. Otherwise, the results are consistent with a well-established association between pitch and lightness, with lighter colours associated with higher tones, and darker colours with lower tones. Because the blind never had any sensory experience of colour, their matching of colour to pitch is most likely based on semantic understanding.

The Form and Structure of Kentrung Art Performance in Jepara

This study aims to analyze the form and structure of Kentrung Art Performance in Ngasem Village, Batealit Sub-district, Jepara. The research method is a descriptive qualitative method with an interpretative case study as the research design. The data were collected by doing the observation, interview, and document study. The data analysis technique was done throughout the process of reduction, presentation, and withdrawal of conclusion (verification). The results of this study indicate that Kentrung musical form consists of two elements of time and elements of melody. For the element of time, Allegretto tempo is used with its speed between 104-112 steps per minute; its meter uses 4/4, in which there are four beats of one-fourth on each bar; and the rhythmic pattern is divided into two sorts (senggakan and sautan) which generally use the value of half tap, and the outcrop rhythm pattern is used for the big terbangan. Most melodies use a half-tone note with the highest tone of G#5 (la), and the lowest tone is F#4 (sol). The musical structure of Kentrung consists of two sentences or periods namely A B which is respectively repeated.

Functional state of the cardiovascular system in 13-year-old adolescents with different types of autonomic nervous regulation

The features of the functional state of cardiovascular system in 13-year-old children with different types of autonomic nervous regulation were studied. Children with normotonic and parasympathetic types of autonomic regulation were found to have the highest adaptation capacities. The autonomic nervous system influences the bioelectrical processes in myocardium, the duration of cardiac cycle phases, and cerebral blood flow. Schoolchildren aged 13 years with higher sympathetic activity have shorter duration of the cardiac cycle, the phase of isometric contraction, and diastole. They have a lower pulse blood flow rate and a higher tone of large and medium cerebral vessels. No relationship was revealed between the initial autonomic nervous regulation of heart rate and the type of adaptation of myocardium to physical dynamic loads, as well as the type of adaptation of cerebral circulation to mental stress.

Autonomic response to valsalva maneuver in patients of cervical spondylosis

Background- Cervical spondylosis(CS) is a broad term which describes the age related chronic disc degeneration which starts in the intervertebral disc with osteophyte formation and lead to physiological degenerative cascade that contributes to biomechanical changes that result in neural and vascular compression. Autonomic balance in the body can be influenced from this compression. Aim and objectives- The aim of this study was to assess the autonomic balance in response to stress in patients of cervical spondylosis. Material and methods- Heart rate variability (HRV) was recorded during valsalva maneuver(VM) and recovery period, in two groups comprising of thirty patients with CS and thirty healthy age and sex matched controls. The results were analysed in time and frequency domains by using student t-test (significance level at p<0.05). Observations and Results- There was an inefficient autonomic response during the period of stress, with increased sympathetic tone during the recovery period. Dicussion - HRV is as a simple, non-invasive measure of the autonomic activity which analyses beat to beat variation in the heart rate and VM further improves the sensitivity of its interpretation. Conclusion - CS patients have an altered autonomic response to stress and a higher sympathetic tone than controls.