Higher Shear Strength Research Articles

Reliability-enhanced microscale Ag sintered joint doped with AlN nanoparticles

A novel Ag paste containing chestnut-burr-like microscale Ag particles and AlN nanoparticles was developed to meet the requirements of power modules on the reliable packaging materials. The joints sintered by this hybrid Ag paste showed a high average shear strength of 54.0 MPa owing to the low porosity of bondline. The addition of the AlN nanoparticles also suppressed the pore growth during thermal aging at 300 ℃, ensuring a high reliability with minimal increase in porosity and decrease in strength. After 1008 h thermal aging, the average shear strength of joints sintered by the hybrid Ag paste still reached to 36.4 MPa.

Investigation of Joint Quality 980 MPa Grade GA Steel Sheet and 5052 Aluminum Alloy by Electromagnetic Self-Piercing Riveting

Generally, an approximately 1% weight reduction in a 200 kg automobile improves the fuel economy by 20~26% and acceleration performance by 8%. Hence, various techniques for automotive lightweighting have been developed to satisfy environmental regulations of the automotive industry. The joining of dissimilar materials is critical for assembling lightweight body structures, but fusion welding is inapplicable owing to the difference in mechanical properties between materials. Thus, the development of an appropriate dissimilar material-joining process is required to produce high-quality joints. Self-piercing riveting is a representative joining process that is applied by pressure punching without prehole piercing. Operationally, this process is widely used for joining because it can produce joints with high shear strengths. However, the development of lighter and higher-strength materials indicates that the required force for SPR machines to form high-quality joints is increasing. Thus, high-speed E-SPR has been developed for joining ultrahigh tensile steels. In this study, SGAFC980/A5052-H34 was applied to the E-SPR process, and the joint characteristics were analyzed via cross-sectional analysis and shear strength tests. With an increase in the fastening speed, the interlock distance and the tensile shear load increased.

Odun katkılı PLA malzemelerinin yapışma dayanımlarının incelenmesi

In this study, plates were produced from wood added polylactic acid (PLA) based materials using 3D printers, which is one of the additive manufacturing methods. After applying mechanical abrasion (sanding), which is one of the surface preparation methods, to the surfaces of the produced plates, the adhesive bonding process was carried out. Adhesive joints were made using the additive-free and additive formula of 3 different commercial adhesives (Araldite 2015, Loctite 9466, and PVA wood glue). In commercial adhesives, 5% hazelnut shell powder in 45 µm dimensions was added and the bonds were joined by forming an additive adhesive formula. The obtained joints were subjected to the tensile test and their mechanical properties were examined. The experiments were repeated for plates cut from Scotch pine wood (Pinus Sylvestris Lipsky) with the same adhesives and the values found were compared with the results of the joints made with wood added PLA. With the results obtained, the strengths of pure (plain) and filled (modified) joints were evaluated. It has been observed that Loctite 9466 adhesive provides the highest shear strength in joining wood added PLA and Scotch pine materials with adhesive. The aim of this study is to investigate the adhesion performance of PLA composites, a high-tech material, when used in the furniture and wood sector.

High-performance epoxy nanocomposite adhesives with enhanced mechanical, thermal and adhesion properties based on new nanoscale ionic materials

Epoxy (EP) adhesives as high-shear strength permanent adhesives have been used in various engineering applications, particularly aerospace and automotive. However, these adhesives suffer from disadvantages such as high fragility, poor tensile strength, and toughness, which limits adhesion efficiency in structural bonding. Here, a novel EP nanocomposite adhesive-based SiO2-nanoscale ionic materials (SiO2-NIMs) with excellent adhesives strength, transparency, thermal stability, and mechanical properties was prepared via a solvent-free process. To prepare SiO2-NIMs, the sulfonated-SiO2 nanoparticles (SiO2-SO3H) were ionically tethered as a core-corona with Jeffamine-ED-2003 chains as a canopy. Then, SiO2-NIMs/EP nanocomposites with various SiO2-NIMs contents were fabricated. We demonstrate that SiO2-NIMs as high-performance additives, unlike conventional additives, via an exclusive mechanism can simultaneously improve interfacial bond strength, stiffness, and toughness of EP adhesive. The RMS and DMTA tests averred the liquid-like SiO2-NIMs played a magnificent multi-functional role that acts as nonvolatile solvents, reinforcing-agent particles, and toughening agents, causing improved shear strength and resistance to crack growth of epoxy adhesives. The core-corona-canopy parts of SiO2-NIMs make hydrogen bonds and ionic-electrostatic interactions between the adhesive and adherent layers. The single lap shear under different temperatures, TGA, tensile, and SEM tests were applied to investigate adhesion strength, thermal and mechanical properties, and fracture surface morphology of EP adhesives, respectively. For example, the 5 phr SiO2-NIMs/EP showed increased lap shear strength at RT, tensile toughness, tensile strength, stiffness, elongation% and char-yield% by 54%, 240%, 92%, 36%, 91%, and 50% compared to neat EP, respectively. This study introduces SiO2-NIMs as promising additives for high-performance EP adhesives.

Comparison between Shear Strength in Total Etch and Self Etch Adhesive material in Bonding of Stainless-steel Brackets

Bracket bonding in tooth enamel with total-etch material is a general practice procedure. The researchers combine etchant and bonding procedures in one application or called self-etch. This procedure is a solution for timesaving in bonding procedures and minimizing enamel damage without degrading the ability to sustain bond strength during the application of an orthodontic appliance. The aim of this research is to know the comparison between shear strength, ARI value, and enamel crack length between total-etch and self-etch adhesive material. Eighteenth teeth are divided into three groups which are K-1 as a control group without etchant application, K2 as the self-etch material group, and K-3 as the total etch material group. All teeth practiced shear strength test by Universal Testing Machine Autograph. After bracket removal, an Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI) test was performed and followed by cleaning the adhesive remnant with tungsten carbide burs and continued by enamel crack test by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). According to the OneWay Anova result, there is a difference between shear strength, ARI value, and significant enamel crack length (p<0.05) between the control group, self-etch group, and total-etch group. Total etch material has higher shear strength, higher ARI value, and higher enamel crack length number than self-etch material.

Geotechnical characterization of a novel material obtained by injecting a closed cell expansive polyurethane resin into a sand mass

This paper reports the findings of experimental studies on a novel application of a closed cell expansive polyurethane resin injection into a sand mass, regarding some common engineering properties.Previous papers on injecting expansive polyurethane resins into sand masses as mitigation measures of different hazards, e.g., liquefaction, settlements and seismic displacements, deal with the open cell sub-class of polyurethane resins. Seeking to make up for the shortcomings of open cell methods, the paper addresses a prototype application of a closed cell polyurethane resin for ground improvement/control on sands.A new system for the preparation of the sand-resin mixture (SRM), which mimics the field application conditions, is introduced. It allows to inject the polyurethane resin into saturated sand with a prescribed mass density.The results of an extensive laboratory testing program are presented and discussed regarding some relevant engineering properties, e.g., Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio, uniaxial compressive strength and peak and residual friction angles. Namely, it was concluded that the SRM may be studied as a soft rock and that it shows an essentially plastic behaviour for large deformations, as well as a high shear strength and low permeability.It is envisaged that these fundamental results may encourage and assist the execution of in situ tests under controlled conditions, concerning the resin injection and its performance assessment, further promoting the application of closed cell polyurethane resins in geotechnical practice in a near future.

Characterization of MSW incineration bottom ash for use as structural fill in reinforced soil structures: Geoenvironmental, geotechnical and economical assessment

The study presents the geoenvironmental and geotechnical characterization of MSW incineration bottom ash (IBA) and examines its reuse as structural fill in reinforced soil structures (RSS).The suitability of reuse has been assessed with regard to international regulatory standards. The prime focus of the work remains on evaluating the pullout response of geosynthetic reinforcements through IBA fill to determine the interaction coefficient, which has never been addressed in the literature. The economic viability of using IBA instead of locally available river sand for a 12 m high MSE wall is also established.The column leaching test results confirm that IBA can be utilized in RSS with suitable design measures. The geotechnical investigation shows that IBA is a well-graded, non-plastic lightweight material with adequate drainage and high shear strength. The pullout test results demonstrate that the interaction coefficient of polymeric strips and geogrid in IBA (0.73–1.53 and 0.79–1.91, respectively) is comparable or higher to materials conventionally used as structural fill in RSS, indicating adequate bondage between IBA and geosynthetic reinforcement. Further, it is estimated that using IBA as a substitute for available river sand in the vicinity can potentially reduce the overall RSS project cost by 15–20%, even if IBA has to be transported 50 km away from the project site.

A novel amorphous-nanocrystalline interface layer for bonding immiscible Mg/steel by pinless friction stir spot weld with preset nanoscale Fe2Al5 film

The absence of a bonding medium is the principal problem of immiscible Mg/Fe system. Obtaining an interface layer at the Mg/steel interface is the key to achieving a metallurgical bonding. However, the type and thickness of the interface layer has a random nature during the welding process of Mg/steel dissimilar metals, which has a large impact on the joint properties. An effective AZ31 Mg alloy/22MnB5 steel joint with 12 μm width Fe2Al5 interface layer is bonded by pinless friction stir spot welding, and obtained maximum shear strength 1.4 kN. In addition, a specific type and thickness of Fe2Al5 intermetallic compound was chosen as the interface layer in this study. Nano-scale Fe2Al5 interface layer prepared by magnetron sputtering method, which achieved a large improvement in Mg/Fe2Al5 coated steel properties with a maximum shear strength 2.4 kN. The shear strength of the Mg/Fe2Al5 coated steel joint was improved by 86.8% after the interface layer thickness was changed from the micron scale to the nanoscale. Nanoscale Fe2Al5 amorphous-nanocrystalline interface layer was contribute to its higher shear strength. The following orientation relationship exists for the Fe2Al5/steel part of the region, (110)Fe2Al5//(101)α-Fe. This study investigated the effect of the mixed structure of nanocrystalline and amorphous interface layers on the interfacial bond strength besides the analysis of nanostructured interface layers. The molecular dynamics simulation indicates that as the thickness of the η-Fe2Al5 interface layer decreases, the stress of the α-Mg/η-Fe2Al5/α-Fe model tends to increase and then decrease.

Flange buckling in stainless-steel corrugated webs I-girders under pure bending: Numerical study

Structural elements with corrugated webs are used in a variety of applications, including buildings and bridges. Due to the high shear strength of the corrugated web, these elements offer a material-efficient design. Among various design aspects of beams with corrugated webs, studies on the flange buckling in these beams are scarce. Previous research has shown that the EN1993–1-5 flange buckling resistance model frequently predicts unsafe resistances. Moreover, the design model in EN1993–1-5 is developed exclusively for carbon steel and not updated for stainless steel.In this paper, an investigation into the flange buckling behaviour in duplex stainless-steel girders is provided. A parametric finite element model is developed and validated. Linear buckling analysis (LBA) and geometrically and materially nonlinear analysis with imperfections (GMNIA) are conducted using finite element analysis for 410 girders with typical bridge girders dimensions. The results are compared to previously developed models for CMn steel, and a new buckling curve and entire design procedure for duplex stainless-steel girders with corrugated webs are provided to account for flange buckling. The study demonstrates that the new proposed design model provides better estimations of flange buckling resistance than prior proposed models.

Effect of 20 μm thin ceramic coatings of hydroxyapatite, bioglass, GB14 and Beta-Tricalciumphosphate with copper on the biomechanical stability of femoral implants

In the present work, we test four thin coatings for titanium implants, namely, bioglass, GB14, Beta-Tricalciumphosphate (β-TCP) and hydroxyapatite (HA) with and without incorporated copper ions for their osteointegrative capacity. A rabbit drill hole model for time intervals up to 24 weeks was used in this study. Implant fixation was evaluated by measuring shear strength of the implant/bone interface. Quantitative histological analysis was performed for the measurements of bone contact area. Implants with and without copper ions were compared after 24 weeks. Thin coatings of GB14, HA or TCP on titanium implants demonstrated high shear strength during the entire test period of up to 24 weeks. Results confirmed osteointegrative properties of the coatings and did not reveal any negative effect of copper ions on osteointegration. The integration of copper in degradable osteoconductive coatings with a thickness of approx. 20 μm represents a promising method of achieving antibacterial shielding during the entire period of bone healing while at the same time improving osteointegration of the implants.

Novel SiC-Based Power Device Bonding Materials of Nano Foam Sheet and Its Characteristic and Properties

Silicon carbide (SiC) has excellent characteristics such as high thermal and electrical conductivity. However, traditional bonding materials are difficult to serve lastingly at high temperature, which directly affects the performance of SiC-based devices. In this study, nano foam sheet was prepared by dealloying, and used to sinter chip and substrate at low temperature. Microstructure, interfacial composition, mechanical properties and fracture of the sintered joint were characterized and analyzed. The precursor was AgCu alloy, and the bicontinuous ligament/channel structure was formed on the precursor surface after dealloying. As the etching temperature increased from 80 °C to 90 °C, the ligament width of nano foam became large and channel diameter became small. With the extension of etching time from 2 h to 5 h, the etching depth gradually increased. The nano foam sheet could realize metallurgical reaction between substrate and chip at a sintering temperature of 300 °C. The joint had high shear strength, and could meet the strength requirement of standard.

Physicochemical and Microstructural Characterization of Klias Peat, Lumadan POFA, and GGBFS for Geopolymer Based Soil Stabilization

Peat soils are highly heterogeneous and considered problematic because they have a high moisture content and low shear strength. It requires stabilization to enhance its engineering properties before it is transformed into a viable construction material. The use of geopolymers as stabilizer materials for weak soils has been on the rise recently due to their low carbon footprint compared to the use of conventional stabilizer materials like cement. Geopolymerization occurs as a result of the alkali activation of aluminosilicate materials. In this study, peat soil and the aluminosilicate materials Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS) are characterized to assess their suitability as geopolymer precursor materials. A series of laboratory studies were carried out to determine the physicochemical properties of the materials, such as particle size distribution, moisture and organic content, specific gravity, pH, and electrical conductivity. Furthermore, the XRD, XRF, and FESEM tests were carried out to ascertain the mineral characteristics, elemental chemical composition, and morphological characteristics of these materials, respectively. The peat soil is classified as hemic peat with sufficient aluminosilicate content (Si/Al ratio of 2.11). The POFA is identified as Class F pozzolan with adequate Si+Al+Fe oxide content (67.9%), as stipulated by ASTM C618. The GGBFS material was found to be appropriate for geopolymer production, with a Si/Al ratio of 2.17, a hydration modulus of 2.38 (good hydration), and a basicity coefficient of 1.32 (alkaline material favorable for geopolymerization). Based on the geopolymer precursor material suitability assessment criteria, all the materials assessed were deemed suitable for geopolymerization, and the effectiveness of POFA-GGBFS geopolymer to improve peat soil properties should be studied in depth. At present, there are limited studies pertaining to the use of alkali-activated POFA-GGBFS blends to improve peat soil properties. As a result of this material characterization phase, planned works involving the compressive strength testing program on alkali-activated POFA-GGBFS-peat soil blends at ambient temperature will be carried out in the near future. The eventual aim of this research is to remediate the peat soil to be repurposed as road subgrade material. Doi: 10.28991/HIJ-2023-04-02-07 Full Text: PDF

A numerical parametric study of the effectiveness of the 4-sided impact roller

Rolling dynamic compaction (RDC) is a specific type of dynamic compaction, which involves towing a heavy non-circular module at a relatively constant speed. This paper investigates the effects of module mass, operating speed and varying ground conditions on the effectiveness of the 4-sided impact roller using a developed finite element method (FEM)-discrete element method (DEM) model. Numerical results were analysed from four aspects, namely the energy imparted to the ground, soil velocity vectors, module imprint lengths and soil displacements at different depths. It is found that, a heavier module mass induces greater ground improvement in terms of both energy delivered to the soil per impact and the magnitude of soil displacements. The energy imparted to the underlying soil by the module increases with greater operating speed. The rotational dynamics of the module also change with increasing operating speed, whereby the impacts are delivered by the faces of the module at typical operating speeds; however, at faster speeds the impacts are delivered towards the corners of the module and the behaviour is less reproducible. The modelling showed that soil with a higher initial Young’s modulus and a higher internal angle of friction decreases the magnitude of soil displacements, which confirms that the impact roller is less able to significantly improve soils that are stiff or have a high initial shear strength.

Peat soil improvement using cement and quarry dust

Peat soil is one of the soil types available in Malaysia, which has a high compressibility and low shear strength. Thus, peat is considered inappropriate to support a construction site in its natural state. Among the methods suitable for the stabilization of peat soil is using a cement. However, the quantity of cement required in peat stabilization is quite large and made this method not too environmentally friendly due to carbon dioxide, CO2 emission from the cement production. Therefore, in this study, quarry dusts are used to partially substitute to ordinary Portland cement in peat soil stabilization. Quarry dusts were expected to potentially act as a pozzolan (containing cementitious properties to replace cement). Laboratory testing to determine the physical, chemical and mechanical properties were carried out to investigate the strength, acidity and the microstructure of the treated and untreated peat soil. For mechanical properties, Unconfined Compressive Strength test (UCS), was conducted to determine the peat soil strength., Chemical and microstructure (Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX)) tests were carried out to assess the mechanism of strength gain in the stabilized peat soil. The results obtained show that by partially replacing the cement with 5% quarry dust, the soil strength increases from 47 to 684 kN/m2, which suitable for low loading construction such as car park area and outdoor sport court. The microstructural results also show PC and PCQ5 increases the calcium, Ca and decreases the carbon dioxide, which has an effect on increasing strength and decreasing the soil acidity.

Fabrication and Sintering Behavior of Nano Cu–Ag Composite Paste for High-Power Device

Cu and Ag nanoparticle (NP) paste has emerged as a promising choice for high-power devices because of its excellent thermal and electrical properties. However, easy oxidation, high sintering temperature of Cu NPs, high cost, and high porosity of Ag NPs restrict the practical application. Although Cu–Ag composite paste can improve bonding reliability, there have been no reports of fabricating stable and reliable Cu–Ag composite paste joints. In this work, we reported a novel method for fabricating a nano Cu–Ag composite paste with excellent dispersibility and relatively uniform particle size distribution via polyol one-step reduction. These composite NPs exhibit outstanding antioxidant capacity. The sintering behavior of the composite NPs at different temperatures was analyzed. The electrical and mechanical reliability of nano Cu–Ag composite paste joints with different ratios were investigated. With the increase in Ag content, the porosity and resistivity of the joint decrease, and the shear strength increases. The bonding joint presents a low porosity of 1.92% and a high shear strength of 32.6 MPa under a 1:3 ratio of Cu to Ag. The molecular dynamics (MDs) simulation results imply that Ag-rich composite system can achieve low-temperature sintering and maintain the stability of the sintering process.

Phase Stability, Microstructure, and Mechanical Properties of Spark Plasma Sintered Nanocrystalline Boron-Doped AlCoFeMnNi High-Entropy Alloy

The microstructure and mechanical properties of mechanically alloyed and spark plasma sintered AlCoFeMnNi-xB (x = 0, 0.5, 1, and 5 at. %) high-entropy alloys (HEAs) have been investigated. Boron-doped HEAs were synthesized using mechanical alloying up to 50 h of milling. Synthesized powders were then consolidated at 850, 900, and 950 °C for 10 min under a uniaxial pressure of 40 MPa using spark plasma sintering (SPS). A scanning electron microscope, which was equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), together with an optical microscope (OM) were used to analyze the microstructural evolution. X-ray diffraction analysis was used to differentiate the phases formed in the solution. The mechanical properties of the sintered specimens were analyzed using the shear-punch test (SPT). The fracture surface of the SPT samples was studied using SEM. Thermodynamic calculations revealed that by employing this process, it is possible to produce solid solution HEAs with a duplex FCC + BCC structure. It was shown that boron-doped AlCoFeMnNi high-entropy alloys contain some unique attributes. SPS at 900 °C for a sample with boron up to 0.5 at. % leads to the formation of an alloy with the highest shear strength. A further increase in the boron content in the boron-doped HEAs exhibited a decrease in the maximum shear strength. Finally, the correlations between the microstructural and mechanical characteristics of the sintered boron-containing high-entropy alloys are discussed.

Dual-crosslinking network and pre-anchorage effect enable high-performance, low-cost, and eco-friendly geopolymer adhesive for the wood industry

Alkali-activated geopolymers have shown unique advantages in applying adhesive materials because of their low cost, flame retardancy, and environmental friendliness. However, the high brittleness of the single aluminosilicate network and the weak interfacial compatibility of the geopolymer system result in poor bonding performance, which severely limits their application in the adhesives industry. Herein, a geopolymer-PF resin adhesive (GPA) with excellent comprehensive performance was successfully prepared by crosslinking geopolymer and PF resin with numerous reactive sites for the strong hybrid dual network under hot-pressing. In addition, the introduction of PF resin can achieve an effective pre-anchorage effect on wood for strong mechanical locking due to the excellent wettability, water resistance, and dimensional stability of PF resin. The produced GPA exhibits high initial wet shear strength (0.94 MPa) and adhesion toughness (0.271 J), 236% and 450% higher than pure geopolymer. The GPA also demonstrated remarkable age-strengthen performance, with bonding strength increasing to 1.27 MPa after 28 d, exceeding the majority of reported inorganic, biomass, and PF adhesives. In addition, the GPA displayed desirable eco-friendly and flame-retardant properties with a low-cost and sustainable approach. The pre-anchorage and double network structure design provide a general strategy for strengthening and toughening geopolymers, a key step forward in today's high-performance, low-cost, and sustainable production of inorganic adhesives from industrial solid wastes and geological resources.

Expansive Soil Stabilization Using Alkali-Activated Fly Ash

Expansive soil swells with water and shrinks with water loss, causing serious safety problems for construction projects. This study emphasizes alkali-activated binder (NaOH excited fly ash) stabilized expansive soil. We found that swelling decreased with an increase in the amount of NaOH in alkali-activated binder. It was found that the alkali-activated binder stabilized expansive soils (AABS) had higher shear strength than untreated expansive soils (US), manifested by increased cohesion and friction angle. In AABS, the highest cohesion and the highest shear strength were found when the NaOH mass was 6% of the fly ash mass. The strength of AABS was similar to that of US without curing. AABS had higher strength than US after 7 and 14 days of curing. The unconfined compressive strength increased with extension of curing time. Combined with XRD and SEM analysis, it was shown that the mechanism of AABS was the formation of C–S–H and (C,N)–A–S–H and the change in the internal structure of expansive soil. This investigation can solve both the expansive soil problem and provide new concepts for green development.

Effect of a Novel Dowel and Cramp on the In-Plane Behavior of Multi-Leaf Stone Masonry Walls Proposed for Modern Masonry Buildings

This study discusses the experimental assessment of the in-plane mechanical behavior of a multi-leaf stone masonry wall built from cut stone and reinforced with metal connectors (cramps and dowels). Inspired by conventional multi-leaf stone walls, the wall is meant for use in modern stone masonry buildings. The wall is constructed from two parallel load-bearing walls with a cavity between them, which aims to conceal the installation and insulation needed in modern buildings. The load-bearing walls are connected with cramps and dowels at certain intervals, so the wall works as a single section against horizontal and vertical loads. To characterize the in-plane behavior of the proposed wall, compressive, triplet, and diagonal compression tests were conducted to investigate the compressive strength, shear strength, modulus of elasticity, stiffness, ductility, and energy absorption of the wall. Compared with dry and mortar joint walls, dowels increased the wall’s initial shear capacity by 11 and 19 times, respectively. Applying cramps without curving channels inside the individual stone elements decreased the compressive strength by 18%. The energy absorption of the designed walls with metal connectors was substantially increased to that of the specimens representing conventional stone walls. The results show the wall’s applicability due to its higher shear strength and minimal drop in compressive strength, which is within acceptable limits.

Durability of sandwich structures with a maximized natural raw material basis: comparison of expanded polystyrene, cellulose foam and polylactic acid subjected to UV-rain aging

In this study, alternative core materials to commercial cork were searched for. Additionally, aging of new core materials was studied. Bio-based materials in sandwich structures can be useful for sports equipment, transportation, and furniture with much less impact on the environment in comparison with their synthetic counterparts. In this paper, sandwich panels made of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) skins and various sustainable core materials with a core thickness of 6 mm were studied. The core materials were: cork, expanded polystyrene (EPS), cellulose foam, and 3D-printed polylactic acid (PLA) honeycomb lattice. FRP composites made of flax fibre reinforcement and bio-based epoxy resin (30% bio-content) were used to manufacture the skins to compete the glass fibre reinforced rival composite. The experimental analysis of the panel performance focused on the out-of-plane behavior and aging due to conditioning in an ultraviolet (UV) irradiation-rain cabinet. The results showed that under mechanical and environmental loading, the sandwich composite with cellulose foam had comparable or even better mechanical performance under shearing load, including UV-rain effects, than structures with EPS cores. Failure localization was studied using digital image correlation (DIC). The 3D-printed PLA honeycomb sandwich structures had a high absolute flatwise tensile strength and shear strength but also greatest degradation by the UV-rain aging.