Highest Number Of Roots Research Articles

Refinement of the in vitro propagation process of Petunia (Petunia hybrida) plant

Petunia (Petunia hybrida) is currently one of the most favored ornamental potted flowers. Tissue culture-based propagation has proven to be effective in terms of multiplication rates and consistent seedling quality, meeting the demand for Purple Petunia varieties. In this study, Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) with various culture media [Murashige and Skoog (MS), ½ MS, and Knudson C] and growth regulators [6-benzyladenine (BA), Indole 3-butyric acid (IBA), and Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA)] were utilized to determine the appropriate concentrations and durations for sample sterilization, shoot multiplication, and root induction processes of Purple Petunia. Evaluation criteria for in vitro Purple Petunia included parameters, such as survival rate, contamination rate, dead samples, number of shoots, shoot height, number of roots, and root length. The results indicated that stem sample sterilization at a 5% NaOCl concentration for 10 min yielded the highest survival rate (70.7%) at 14 days post-culture initiation. Purple Petunia stem samples, when cultured in MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L BA combined with 0.1 mg/L IBA, demonstrated the most efficient shoot multiplication with a multiplication rate of 26.9, a shoot weight of 3.6 g, a leaf/shoot ratio of 4.6, and a shoot height of 3.0 cm. The MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/L NAA was found to be optimal for root induction, resulting in the highest number of roots at 32.1 roots/plant and a root length of 7.0 cm. Briefly, this research provided fundamental insights into the in vitro propagation process of disease-free Purple Petunia multiplication.

Response of Different Bougainvillea Varieties to Cutting Propagation

The experiment was carried out in factorial randomized block design with three replications. There were two factors viz. nine varieties of bougainvillea (Golden Blow, Pink Beauty, Blondie, Mr. Odicee, Singapore Red, Filoman, Rose Vellis Delight, M.P.S. and Dr. Bhabha) and three type of cutting (softwood, semi hardwood and hardwood cutting). Among the various interactions, hardwood cuttings of varieties Singapore red and Blondie performed better with respect to survival (75.55% and 73.33% respectively) as compared to others. Variety Singapore Red propagated by hardwood cutting recorded highest plant height (56.21 cm), stem girth (6.98 mm) and root length (13.72 cm) while variety Pink Beauty propagated by hardwood cutting recorded highest number of shoots (4.53) and number of leaves (57.33). Highest number of roots (35.89) was recorded in variety Blondie propagated by hardwood cutting. Variety M.P.S. recorded better survival percentage in all three types of cutting (softwood, semi hardwood and hardwood) which was followed by Blondie and Filoman.

In-vitro Regeneration of An Endangered Medicinal Plant Anodendron paniculatum (Apocynaceae)

Objectives: The present study aims to establish a standardized and efficient regeneration protocol for Anodendron paniculatum A. DC. (Apocynaceae) by optimizing the effect of various plant growth regulators as it is categorized globally as an endangered medicinal plant. Methods: MS medium fortified with 3% sucrose (w/v) and different concentrations of cytokinins 6-benzylamino purine (BAP), kinetin, thidiazuron either alone or in combination with auxins, indole 3-acetic acid (IAA), naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and GA3. For the in vitro root induction, individual and healthy shoots (3-4 cm in length) were excised in the 7th week and were cultured onto basal and half-strength MS medium supplemented with various concentrations of auxins and incubated in the culture room. Findings: MS medium supplemented with thidiazuron (2.5 𝜇M) in combination with indole 3-acetic acid (2.5 𝜇M) and GA3 (1.25 𝜇M) was most effective, providing multiple shoot regeneration for 79.33% of cotyledonary leaf explants associated with a high number of shoots per explant (20.00 ± 1.15) and length of shoot (2.66 ± 0.08 cm). Whereas, the frequency of response, mean number of shoots, and respective lengths were varied with different concentrations of 6-benzylamino purine when used in combination with IAA or NAA and BAP (5.0 𝜇M) along with IAA (2.5 𝜇M) at the frequency of 47.66%. Whereas, the addition of GA3 (1.25 𝜇M) in combination with BAP (5.0 𝜇M) and IAA (2.5 𝜇M) has shown a maximum number of multiple shoot formation/explant (12.33) with length of shoot (1.53 ± 0.08 cm). MS medium supplemented with 10 𝜇M 6-benzyl amino purine and 2.5 𝜇M naphthalene acetic acid recorded the highest response (53.66%) with more number of the shoot (9.66) and length of the shoot (1.83 ± 0.03 cm) per explant. The maximum percentage of response (84.33%) was recorded at 1 2 strength MS medium with 5.0 𝜇M NAA, whereas the highest number of roots per shoot (6.66 ± 0.33) was induced at MS + 5.0 𝜇M NAA. The highest length of roots (3.66 cm) was recorded at basal MS medium fortified with 5.0 𝜇M NAA and 7.5 𝜇M NAA. Novelty: The standardized protocol method is of first of its kind, a quick and suitable approach for the high quantity production of Anodendron paniculatum with appropriate concentrations of plant growth regulators that meet thecommercial demand of endangered medicinal plants. Keywords: Anodendron paniculatum; Endangered plant; Plant growth regulators; Regeneration; Protocol standardization

Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on Mass Propagation of Strawberry (Fragaria sp.)

Efficient in vitro regeneration protocols for strawberries are crucial for accelerating the propagation of superior cultivars and improving overall productivity through controlled manipulation of plant growth regulators. This study investigated the influence of different concentrations and combinations of plant growth regulators on in vitro regeneration process of strawberries. BARI Strawberry-1 runner tips were sterilized and placed on Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) supplemented with various combinations of cytokinins, including 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and kinetin (KIN), to initiate shoot growth. Notably, the combination of 1.5 mg/L BAP + 1.0 mg/L KIN led to the shortest duration for shoot initiation (9 days), resulting in the highest number of shoots per explants (6.33), longest shoot length (2.87 cm), and maximum number of leaves per shoot (4.00). Additionally, this combination also exhibited the highest rate of shoot regeneration (70.33%). Subsequently, the proliferated shoots were transferred to MS medium supplemented with various concentrations and combinations of auxins, specifically 3-indolebutyric acid (IBA) and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), for root induction. The in vitro regenerated shoots cultured in MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg/L IBA + 1.0 mg/L NAA showed the shortest duration for root formation (8 days), the highest number of roots per explants (4.00), and the longest root length (2.77 cm). Furthermore, this combination also resulted in the highest rate of root regeneration (40%). These findings contribute valuable insights for the mass production of healthy strawberry plantlets using in vitro culture techniques. J Bangladesh Agril Univ 22(2):178-184, 2024

Processing browning and increasing multiplication and rotting of Peach rootstock cv. Garnem by using antioxidants and plant growth regulators in vitro

The study aimed to find an accurate propagation program for the rootstock of peach Prunus persica cv. Garnem. The apical shoots and nodes of this rootstock were used as explants for the stages of initiation and multiplication, and they were planted on MS medium after adding different concentrations of Active Charcoal (AC), Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone (PVP), and Benzyl adenine (BA). The shoots were planted for the purpose of rooting on MS medium containing different concentrations of salts (1/4 MS, 1/2 MS and full MS salts) with different concentrations of IBA. In the establishment phase, the apical shoots grown on medium supplied with AC were given the highest response rate, the highest average length of plantlet, and the highest number of leaves. The best multiplication of explants in terms of the number of shoots and their length were obtained when cultivated on a medium supplemented with BA at 1 and 2 mg.L-1, whereas the application of BA at 1 mg. L-1 to the cultivated nodes gave the highest number of leaves. The best rooting percent was obtained when plantlets were s treated with 2 mg. L-1 was applied to 1/4 MS medium. The highest number of roots was obtained from plantlets grown in 1/2 MS medium treated with IBA at 3 mg.L-1, whereas the longest root was obtained from plantlets grown in 1/2 MS medium treated with 1 mg.L-1IBA.

The effect of sodium nitroprusside on the vegetative development of Aronia melanocarpa [Michx.] Elliot under in vitro conditions

Aronia is a berry fruit that has a significant amount of antioxidants. Both sexual and vegetative methods of propagation are available for aronia. Genetic diversity is present in the process of seed propagation. Therefore, clonal propagation techniques such as cuttings, basal shoots, and tissue culture are preferred. Plant tissue culture is a process that offers a high multiplication rate and the ability to produce clean plant material. This study aimed to stimulate the growth of plantlets by introducing several growth-promoting agents into the culture media. Specifically, the effects of a nitric oxide donor SNP (sodium nitroprusside) on the vegetative development of the plants were examined under in vitro conditions. Four distinct concentrations of SNP (0, 100, 200, and 300 µM) were administered to promote vegetative development. The survival rate (%), rooting rate (%), root number (per plantlet), root length (cm), leaf number (per plantlet), shoot length (cm), plant fresh weight (g), and plant dry weight (g) of the plantlets were estimated on the 60th day of growth in the nutrient medium under in vitro conditions. The survival rate was 100% for the applications of SNP at concentrations of 100 µM and 200 µM. The 0 µM treatment had the highest root number, the 100 µM treatment had the longest root, and the 200 µM treatment had the highest values for shoot length. The 0 µM treatment provided the highest values for plant fresh weight, while the 0 and 100 µM applications resulted in the highest plant dry weight values. The study suggested that an increased concentration of SNP causes a toxic effect.

In vitro regeneration of exotic fruit dragon (Hylocereus undatus) from stem fraction

Hylocereus undatus, commonly known as dragon fruit, is one of the most popular exotic fruits due to its high quality and market value. This fruit is facing different constraints, such as loss of seed viability and various diseases that affect production because the seed and cutting methods are followed to create a new generation. In vitro plant regeneration is a promising technique to overcome these barriers with explants. An efficiency of this protocol was established in dragon fruit using MS + 2.0 mg/L BA + 2.0 mg/L Kin. with explants, stem fraction. Eighty percent explants were responded for shoot initiation treated with 2.0 mg/L BAP in combination with 2 mg/L Kin. The highest number of shoots and the maximum shoot lengths were observed in this medium inoculation after 90 days. Shoots were transferred to media containing ½ strength of MS with root induced PGRs. Ninety percent of the in vitro raised shoots were responded for rooting treated with 2.5 mg/L IBA inoculation after 30 days. The highest number of roots and the maximum root lengths were recorded at 2.5 mg/L IBA. The response of inoculated explants or in vitro raised shoots were positively correlated with the number of shoots and roots respectively. The average shoot and root lengths were negatively correlated with each other resulting in root lengths increasing by decrease of shoot lengths. The healthy shoots with well rooted plantlets were transferred to natural condition where about 80% plantlets were found to be acclimatized.

Effect of Different Types of cuttings and Indole-3-Butyric Acid (IBA) on Rooting of Damas Plant (Conocarpus lancifolius L.)

An experiment consists of two types of cuttings viz. tip cutting (C1) and semi hardwood cuttings (C2) with different IBA concentrations i.e. 300 (I1), 400 (I2), 500 (I3) and 600 (I4) ppm each along with control (I5) were treated. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design with Factorial Concept comprise three replications. The cuttings were planted in sand bed. Among different types of cuttings, maximum number of roots (11.03), root length (6.99 cm), fresh weight (255.60 mg/plant) of root and dry weight (27.59 mg/plant) of root along with highest rooting percent (67.14) of cuttings were recorded in tip cutting after 60 days of planting. While in case of IBA, highest number of roots (13.23), longest root (7.66 cm), maximum fresh weight (294.33 mg/plant) of root, dry weight (27.59 mg/plant) of root and maximum rooting percentage (67.14) of cuttings were recorded under treatment of 500 ppm IBA at 60 days of planting. Interaction effect of tip cuttings along with 500 ppm IBA (C1I3) was also found significant for all the characters.

Otimização da micropropagação de maçã silvestre ‘Zi Dieer’ através da proliferação de brotos axilares

ABSTRACT: Malus is an important ornamental plant around the world and widely used in commercial production due to its diversity and wide adaptability. ‘Zi Dieer’ crabapple has good adaptability to a wide temperature range (high and low), disease resistance, and high commercial value. To satisfy the market demand, we established ‘Zi Dieer’ crabapple micro-regeneration system for large-scale reproduction. Induced buds were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with various concentrations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP: 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 mg/L) and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA: 0.05, 0.1, 0.3 mg/L) for 35 days. The highest bud induction rate (93.3%) was observed on MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/L BAP and 0.1 mg/L NAA, with average micro-shoot length of 1.32 cm. The germinated buds (1 cm in length) were propagated and cultured on MS medium supplemented with BAP (1.0, 1.5, 2.0 mg/L) and NAA (0.1, 0.3, 0.5 mg/L), after 35 days, on the MS basal medium supplemented with 1.5 mg/L BAP and 0.3 mg/L NAA, the best average number of new shoots is 8.56±0.13 (P<0.05) and good shoot length (4.94±0.09 cm), reproduction coefficient higher than MS medium (0) without PGRs. In order to induce rooting, the shoots (length 2 cm) are inserted in half strength MS (1/2 MS) medium containing 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 mg/L of 3-indole butyric acid (IBA) or NAA, and 1 g/L activated carbon (AC) was added on the basis of NAA 0.3 mg/L to study the effect of activated carbon on the rooting of crabapple. After 38 days of culture, compared with other treatments, among the explants treated with IBA, the rooting rate was higher in the 1/2 MS medium containing 0.1 mg/L (82.1%), and the highest root number (11.29±0.52) was observed, and the root length was the other treatments 2-3 times. Although, the highest rooting rate was observed on 1/2 MS medium containing 0.1mg/L NAA (87.8 %), but the bottom of these buds formed large callus, which was not conducive to survival, and the root length was short. In summary, a feasible and complete rapid propagation program for ‘Zi Dieer’ crabapple has been developed.

Effects of different explant and growth regulator combinations on in vitro propagation of Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd.)

The aim of the research is to develop a suitable micropropagation protocol for the Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd.) plant, which is used as an ornamental plant. In the sterilization step, mercuric chloride together with sodium hypochlorite is approved as the best option. Thus, contamination of explants is eliminated. At the shoot propagation stage, BA is absolutely necessary as all doses of BA increased shoot propagation compared to the control. The highest number of shoots per explant (2.62 shoots/explant) and the longest shoots (2.16 cm) were obtained from 1.0 mg.L-1 BA medium. The highest number of leaves (20.41 leaves/explant) was obtained from 2.0 mg.L-1 BA medium. Kinetin was also effective when adding different concentrations to the culture medium compared to the control. In general, BA is more effective than Kinetin in these parameters. Kinetin, on the other hand, performed much better than BA in terms of shoot number. On the other hand, the highest rooting percentage (58.2%) was obtained from the addition of 0.3 mg.L-1 NAA. The highest root number (5.10 roots/explant) was obtained by adding 0.1 mg.L-1 NAA. Good performance was found in the acclimatization phase with plantlets transferred to the soil with a high survival rate reaching 100%. Most of the plantlets started growing well. The plantlets grew well and did not show morphological abnormalities. In addition, a successful plant regeneration was achieved by adding 1.0 mg.L-1 BA and 0.5 mg.L-1 NAA on the callus produced in leaf disc explants and a very good organogenesis was determined in terms of roots and shoots.

Stimulatory Effect of Indole – 3 – Butyric Acid and Rooting Media on Adventitious Rooting in Epipremnum Aureum ‘Marble Queen’ Stem Cuttings

Epipremnum aureum 'Marble Queen' has high demand in the floriculture industry and is propagated commercially using single nodal stem cuttings. In the floriculture industry, they are exported as rooted and unrooted cuttings. Two experiments were conducted to determine the rooting performance of 'Marble Queen' cuttings for both rooted and unrooted export purposes. Experiment one tested the rooting performances of unrooted cuttings after an export simulation (48-hour cold storage at 21°C). In experiment two, the effect of rooting media and IBA was evaluated to produce rooted cuttings. Two different rooting media (coir dust and oasis) and four different concentrations of IBA (0 mg·L-1, 250 mg·L-1, 500 mg·L-1, and 1000 mg·L-1) were tested. Rooting media showed the most significant effects on the rooting of 'Marble Queen' cuttings. Coir dust medium reported the highest number of roots per cutting, root-to-shoot ratio, and average root diameter. Minimum days to bud and root initiation and a higher number of leaf buds were observed in the oasis medium. Early rooting and a higher number of roots were observed with the application of 500 mg·L-1 IBA. The use of an appropriate rooting medium and optimum concentration of IBA would help in the rapid propagation of 'Marble Queen' cuttings. Applying 500 mg·L-1 IBA in the oasis medium was more efficient in early rooting and shoot growth of 'Marble Queen' cuttings. Coir dust medium, along with 500 mg·L-1 IBA, was most suitable for the efficient growth and development of 'Marble Queen' cuttings.

Effect of Seed Priming Treatments on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia L.)

By reducing seed dormancy, seed priming is an effective way to increase bitter gourd seed germination and vigor. To ascertain the impact of seed priming treatment on the physiological quality of bitter gourd seeds, an experiment was carried out in the spring. In a single factorial randomized full block design with three replications, seeds were sowed on 28 celled seed treys for this experiment in an open field setting. Water, cow milk, cow urine, NANO urea, nutrition solution, NaCl solution, and untreated seed were all used as priming agents. Bitter gourd seeds of the Durga variety were sowed, and soil, vermicompost, and sand were used as the growing media in a 2:1:1 ratio. The experiment examined various metrics, including germination rate, germination index, seedling vigor index, root and leaf length, plant height, number of leaves and roots, root-to-shoot ratio, and fresh weight. The treatments including germination % were all found to be positively influenced by the priming. In hydro-priming, the highest germination rate (81.96%) was noted. On hydro-priming, the highest number of roots (11), was recorded. Maximum shoot diameter (0.34 cm) and fresh weight (2.41 g) were recorded under controlled treatment and hydro priming, respectively. The study comes to the conclusion that Durga hydro priming followed by halo priming in seed trays was shown to be effective for seed germination and seedling growth. As a result, Nepali farmers can prime bitter gourd seeds using tap water and a NaCl solution.

Establishment of In Vitro Cultures and Genetic Fidelity Analysis in Valeriana jatamansi -a High Value Endangered Medicinal Herb

The present study was conducted in the Department of Biotechnology, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Neri, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh, India during 2018–2020 for 18 months to develop an efficient, rapid and reproducible protocol for in vitro establishment along with analysing antioxidant activity. In the present study, surface sterilization protocol was standardized using Sodium hypochlorite and mercuric chloride as sterilant. Maximum direct shoot induction frequency from nodal explant was achieved on Murashige and Skoog medium enriched with BAP (5.0 mg l-l), TDZ (3.0 mg l-l) and NAA (1.0 mg l-l) for 18 days. Microshoots inoculated on MS media supplemented with 4.0 mg l-l BAP, 2.0 mg l-l TDZ, 1.0 mg l-l NAA and 0.5 mg l-l GA3) showed maximum frequency of shoot multiplication with average shoot length (4.36±0.08 cm) and average shoot number (14.00±0.57). A 75.00±1.15% rooting with significantly high mean root number (8.00±0.57) and root length was achieved in full strength MS medium, supplemented with same concentration i.e. 4.0 mg l-l BAP, 2.0 mg l-l TDZ, 1.0 mg l-l NAA and 0.5 mg l-l GA3) combination. Maximum plantlets survive after 1 year of acclimatization. RAPD and ISSR markers were used to confirmed genetic stability of in vitro raised plants by showing 100% monomorphism. High multiplication rate associated with genetic stability ensure the efficacy of the present in vitro clonal propagation protocol of this important medicinal plant.

The effect of plant growth regulators on micropropagation of Melientha suavis Pierre. and assessment of genetic fidelity of regenerants based on iPBS and SRAP markers

Abstract. Siringam T, Vanijajiva O. 2023. The effect of plant growth regulators on micropropagation of Melientha suavis Pierre. and assessment of genetic fidelity of regenerants based on iPBS and SRAP markers. Biodiversitas 24: 4628-4634. Melientha suavis Pierre, a significant deciduous edible plant species with high nutritional value and belonging to the Opiliaceae family, holds paramount importance for both agricultural and conservation purposes in its native Southeast Asia. However, the species faces challenges due to habitat fragmentation and negative anthropogenic impacts, leading to a decline in its population. This study aimed to explore the effects of various concentrations of plant growth regulators (cytokinin and auxin) on the shoot and root development of M. suavis, and to assess the genetic stability of micropropagated plants obtained from nodal explants. In vitro shoot regeneration and proliferation were conducted on Murashige and Skoog (MS) semi-solid medium, supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) or kinetin (Kn) at different doses. The optimal shoot length, shoot number, and leaf volume were observed in the modified MS medium with 1.0 mg/L BAP after an 8-week incubation period. Efforts to enhance the rooting of micropropagated shoots included the addition of auxins, such as ?-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) or indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). However, the species exhibited recalcitrant behavior during the reproduction and rooting stages, as the rooting percentage did not correlate with the increase in auxin concentration. Interestingly, the highest root number and length were achieved in the MS medium without plant growth regulators after 8 weeks of incubation. To ensure genetic fidelity, regenerants were subjected to inter-primer binding site (iPBS) and sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) marker analysis. The results revealed no genetic variation between the micropropagated plants and the mother trees, confirming the production of genetically stable progeny. Overall, this protocol presents a promising alternative for profitable propagation and establishment of genetically constant progeny of M. suavis, with important implications for sustainable applications and germplasm conservation in Southeast Asia. Addressing the challenges faced by this valuable species through micropropagation and genetic fidelity assessment can contribute significantly to its preservation and utilization for agricultural and conservation initiatives.

BAP and Kinetin Application for In Vitro Bud Induction of Vanilla (Vanilla planifolia Andrews.) from Stem Node Explants in the Initiation Stage

Due to the scarcity of seedlings, vanilla farming in Indonesia is not at its best. The goal of this study was to comprehend how BAP and Kinetin affected the introduction of vanilla buds as a sustainable seedling strategy. The study is carried out at Salatiga, Central Java, Indonesia, at the Plant Tissue Laboratory of the Plantation Seeds Center and the Plant Tissue Laboratory of Diponegoro University’s Physiology and Plant Breeding Laboratory. A completely randomized design (CRD) 5 x 3 with two replications was utilized in the study. The first factor is BAP concentration: B0 = 0 mg.L−1, B1 = 0.6 mg.L−1, B2 = 1.2 mg.L−1, B3 = 1.8 mg.L−1, and B4 = 2.4 mg.L−1. The second factor is Kinetin concentration: K0 = 0 mg.L−1, K1 = 1 mg.L−1, and K2 = 2 mg.L−1. The result shows addition of BAP is able to shorten the day of bud emergence at 8 days. The addition of BAP and Kinetin did not significantly affect the number of buds. Application of BAP 1.44 mg.L−1 was able to increase bud length. There is interaction between Kinetin 2 mg.L−1 and the addition of BAP 2.4 mg.L−1 resulting in the largest bud diameter with a linear regression form. There is interaction between Kinetin 0 mg.L−1 and BAP 1.2 mg.L−1 resulting in the highest number of roots.

Effect of growth regulators and colchicine on regeneration of two potato cultivars in vitro

The effect of different levels of Benzyl adenine (BA) and Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) on in vitro regeneration of Spunta and Mondial potato cultivars were studied, in addition, the effect of different levels of colchicine administered either as part of MS media (0.0, 10 μ M, 100 μ M and 1 mM) or by soaking potato buds (0.0, 1, 2 and 3 mM) on in vitro regeneration of two potato cultivars was studied in the Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, An-Najah National University, Tulkarm, Palestine. Higher shoot number was obtained when BA at 1 and 2 ppm were combined with 0.5 ppm NAA or without NAA, with variation between the two cultivars. Root number was significantly affected with the hormone levels, higher root number per bud in Spunta cultivar was obtained when NAA was utilized exclusively at 1 and 0.5 ppm respectively, however with Mondial cultivar, the higher number was observed at 1 ppm NAA. Significant effect of colchicine on shoot multiplication in both cultivars was observed, higher average shoot number for both cultivars (3.25 and 3.07) was recorded when higher level of colchicine ( 1mM and 100 μ M) was added to the media for “Spunta’ and “Mondial” respectively. When potato buds were soaked in colchicine, no significant effect on regeneration ability of the two cultivars was observed. Our results indicated a positive effect of colchicine on in vitro regeneration of two potato cultivars, therefore, protocols of polypolidization of potato through in vitro culture could be implemented.

Intergeneric hybridization of two endangered orchids, Vanda stangeana and Phalaenopsis hygrochila, and molecular confirmation of hybridity using SSR and SCoT markers

Vanda stangeana Rchb. f. is an endemic species of Manipur, India. Its flowers are greenish-yellow, 5 cm in size with a pink mid-lobe, tessellated in chestnut brown color and tough texture with a long shelf life. Phalaenopsis hygrochila J.M.H. Shaw is a large-sized, hot to cool growing, epiphytic orchid with sturdy, 20 to 40 cm, more or less flattened stem with elliptic-oblong leaves. The flowers are fragrant, pale greenish yellow, more or less dotted with brown or brown-red, with a whitish or white base, waxy, long-lasting, up to 6 cm in diameter, column white, labellum slightly purplish purple, paler towards the margins. Both plants are included under CITES' Appendix II. The current study concentrates on a hybridization program involving two vandaceous orchid genera, namely Vanda stangeana and Phalaenopsis hygrochila to investigate their cross-ability and molecular confirmation of the synthesized hybrid using SSR and SCoT marker system. MS medium at half-strength enriched with 0.5 mg/L NAA + 0.5 mg/L Kn was the optimal medium for the development of the synthesized hybrid seedlings with the longest shoot (2.6 cm), the maximum number of leaves (4.5), leaf length (2.5 cm) and highest number of root (4.4) after 150 days of culture on the medium. In total, 65 amplified bands were revealed by seven SCoT primers (SCoT4, SCoT6, SCoT9, SCoT10, SCoT34, SCoT35 and SCoT36), of which 38 (58.46%) were polymorphic with the percentage ranging from 22.22% to 85.75%, thereby convincingly demonstrated the hybridity. Out of 8 pairs of SSR primers used, 3 primers (C106, MOK26 and C268) showed complementary banding patterns. Our study demonstrated that an intergeneric hybrid can be successfully produced by the hybridization of vandaceous orchids belonging to two different genera.

Root Parameter Investigation in Standardized Media for Bougainvillea (Bougainvillea comm. Ex Juss.) Propagation

The study was conducted in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 16 treatments and 5 replications comprising of soilless media and biofertilizer Azotobacter. The present experiment entitled “Standardization of media for propagation of Bougainvillea (Bougainvillea comm. Ex Juss.)” was carried out at Horticultural nursery, College of Agriculture, IGKV, Raipur, (C.G) during the year 2019-20. All of the media treatments compared to the control had better vegetative and rooting qualities. Soil + Sand + Cocopeat had the highest sprouting rate and survival percentage of all the media treatments tested. All other Root attributes viz. The minimum days to rooting (144.80), The longest root length (6.08), highest number of roots per cutting (63.54). The most cuttings that could successfully take root (24.00) were found to be idealistic in media including soil, sand, and cocopeat. The results showed that all increasing media treatments had a substantial impact on all variables related to Bougainvillea development, including shoot and root growth. The results showed that the development of Bougainvillea as well as all the growing media treatments had a significant impact on all the characters' associated root growth. The maximum overall production cost has been seen in T6 (Soil + Sand + Cocopeat) and the least production cost in T13 (Soil + Azotobacter). Combination of rooting media has been beneficial to significantly increase the vegetative growth parameters and economics as compared to control in Bougainvillea.

The Effect of IAA and BAP on Root Induction of Cattleya Orchids

Orchid is an ornamental plant commodity that has an important meaning in international trade. Until now, orchids are still the center of attention of farmers and lovers of ornamental plants, because of their bright potential as cut flowers and potted plants. The popular and widespread type of orchid is Cattleya sp. The Cattleya orchid is also called the queen of orchids because of its colorful flowers. Cattleya sp. orchids take a long time to propagate by seed, about 4 to 7 years, so other methods are needed to deal with them. Tissue culture is a method for isolating plant parts such as cells, tissues or organs, and cultivating them in an aseptic environment. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal interaction of growth regulators indole acetic acid (IAA), benzyl amino purine (BAP), and their interactions with the root induction of Cattleya sp. Cytokinins interact with auxin in determining the direction of cell differentiation. In this research method, differences in concentrations of indole acetic acid (IAA: 0, 2, 4, 6 ppm) and concentrations of benzyl amino purine (BAP: 0, 0, 5, 1 ppm) were carried out. Parameters observed were the number of roots and root length. Data were analyzed descriptively and inferentially using ANOVA. The highest number of roots was obtained in the treatment medium containing 0.5 ppm BAP and 6 ppm IAA, which was 6.33. The highest root length was found in the B0I4 treatment (BAP 0 + IAA 4 ppm). The results of the analysis of the interaction variance between the IAA treatment and the BAP treatment were 0.005, meaning that there was a significant effect of the combination of IAA and BAP on the leaf length of Cattleya sp.

In vitro propagation of oil-bearing Rosa damascena using phloroglucinol: A protocol for rapid and high-quality shoot multiplication and rooting

Damask rose (Rosa damascena Mill.), of the family Rosaceae, is an important ornamental-medicinal, essential oil-bearing species. Due to its economic value, the aim of this study was to establish a new protocol for the in vitro propagation of R. damascena ‘Isfahan' using phloroglucinol. Axillary bud explants, Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium, and combinations of various plant growth regulators (PGRs) were used for the development of an effective method for rapid and high-quality shoot multiplication and in vitro rooting of Damask rose ‘Isfahan’. In the establishment step, 0.1 mg·L–1 phloroglucinol (PG), 0.2 mg·L–1 gibberellic acid (GA3), 0.1 mg·L–1 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 1 mg·L–1 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) were used. Secondary explants (nodal segments containing an axillary bud), obtained after 30 days of culture, were transferred to the proliferation media enriched with different concentrations of PG (0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 mg·L–1), BAP (0, 1, 2 and 3 mg·L–1) and IBA (0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 mg·L–1). A total of 64 combinations of these PGRs were investigated as a factorial experiment on the basis of a completely randomized design. Results showed that the shortest time until bud break (4.3 days), the highest number of green leaves (13.3) and lowest number of yellow leaves (1.3) were obtained in the explants grown on the medium containing 0.3 mg·L–1 PG + 2 mg·L–1 BAP + 0.2 mg·L–1 IBA. The largest number of shoots (4.8), and the highest fresh (5.9 g) and dry (1.2 g) weight of roots per explant were produced in the medium supplemented with 0.2 mg·L–1 PG + 2 mg·L–1 BAP + 0.3 mg·L–1 IBA. The highest regeneration coefficient (2.53), stem length (6.47 cm), fresh (2.32 g) and dry (0.51 g) weight of stem were obtained in the medium with 0.2 mg·L–1 PG + 2 mg·L–1 BAP + 0.2 mg·L–1 IBA. On the other hand, the highest number of roots (4.7) per explant were produced in the media supplemented with 0.3 mg·L–1 PG + 2 mg·L–1 BAP + 0.3 mg·L–1 IBA. None of the shoots regenerated roots in the absence of IBA. In most measured traits, the lowest values of the measured traits were obtained in the control medium without PGRs. Rooted plantlets were transferred to pots containing perlite and peat moss in 2:1 proportion and acclimatized in a greenhouse with a mean 82% survival rate. The positive role of PG in micropropagation was confirmed. The obtained results are more efficient than the previously established ones. Therefore, this cost-effective protocol can be used for the in vitro mass propagation of R. damascena Mill.