High Purchase Price Research Articles

A Stackelberg game framework for promoting battery-powered construction machinery through government subsidies

Diesel-powered construction machinery is a major source of harmful pollutants and carbon emissions. Technological advancements have made battery-powered construction machines (BPCMs) increasingly viable in operations. However, the high purchase prices of BPCMs represent a huge obstacle for contractors to embrace these low-emission alternatives. To facilitate the sustainable development of the construction industry, it is imperative for the government to implement effective subsidy allocation policies to promote the electrification of construction machinery. This paper proposes a Stackelberg game framework for optimal subsidy allocation. In the proposed framework, the government decides the subsidy amount offered to each type of BPCMs to minimize both pollutant emissions and carbon emissions. The contractors can then observe the government’s decision and make their optimal decisions regarding the purchase, operation, and replacement of construction machines accordingly to minimize their total costs. Contractors’ decisions in turn influence the government’s decision. Such an intricate framework has many appealing properties, which are analyzed in depth to provide useful managerial insights. Additionally, the design of effective subsidy policies by the government depends on a precise prediction of the contractors’ demand for construction machinery. To this end, a random forest machine learning model is developed. Real data were collected for model construction and testing. Statistical results and industrial comments show the high quality of our predictions.

The Hydrogen Vehicle in the Context of the Sustainable Development of the Green Road Transport System

Abstract The scientific work presents concrete research carried out by the authors to implement some concepts of technical and managerial nature, so that those interested in this field can get acquainted with a certain way of exposing the problems concerning the hydrogen-powered vehicle, in the context of the sustainable development of the ecological road transport system. At the moment, the car whose energy for propulsion is generated by means of hydrogen or hydrogen fuel cells does not enjoy a high popularity among users, due to the very high purchase price (where we have high technology, we also have a price to match - a fuel cell is more expensive than an electric battery), the reluctance of the population to use this type of fuel, defined by the danger of explosions and fires generated by hydrogen, and the lack of hydrogen refueling stations in Romania and in some European countries. The use of alternative fuels in internal combustion piston engines has the advantage of significantly reducing pollution due to combustion products. With regard to the direct use of hydrogen as a fuel in internal combustion piston engines, we can say that it has proved its inefficiency, because the hydrogen injected or sucked directly into the engine cylinders is unstable, produces uncontrolled burns and detonations, and in the liquid state it is very difficult to store, it requires special transport methods, hydrogen tanks must be armored with Kevlar because hydrogen in the event of a car accident can explode. For example, if we use it as a fuel in a diesel engine, hydrogen may not ignite itself because the self-ignition temperature in the cylinders of compression-ignition engines is high (600°C). However, at a normal stoichiometric ratio, hydrogen has a high flame rate, much higher than gasoline. This creates a thermodynamic cycle of the thermal engine almost perfectly, but ideally, let us not forget that in poor mixtures of air-hydrogen the flame propagation speed is considerably reduced. The compression ratio of the engine is of utmost importance because it is finally defining the thermal efficiency of the engine. In the following, we present a technical and managerial study with engineering nuances, through which readers can look and understand the stage of development, place and role of the vehicle propelled by hydrogen fuel cells. Finally, the conclusions and further directions of research and development in the field addressed are presented.

Integration Assessment of Renewable Energy Sources (RESs) and Hydrogen Technologies in Fish Farms: A Techno-Economical Model Dispatch for an Estonian Fish Farm

A fundamental aspect of fish farms is their energy consumption, which is essential for various activities like water supply, pool aeration, thermal conditioning, lighting, filtration, and recirculation systems. Due to volatile prices and rising energy use, costs have surged, requiring energy-optimization solutions for economic viability and pollution reduction. In this context, this study aims to evaluate renewable energy integration in these installations based on real data, assessing current operations, proposing renewable energy optimization, and exploring hydrogen systems for energy needs, using HOMER PRO® to analyze different scenarios. For this purpose, it targets a rainbow trout farm in Estonia, and by simulating the various hybrid configurations proposed, it aims to optimize its energy production and storage, ensuring feasibility and technical integration. The results of the simulations primarily demonstrate the potential for using the byproduct of electrolysis to cover the oxygen demand in these types of processes, reducing the demand for raw materials. Additionally, it is observed that storage enhances performance in isolated systems; however, the economically viable integration of hydrogen technology requires three assumptions: a regulatory framework allowing surplus energy sales to the grid, an existing infrastructure for hydrogen trading, and high energy purchase prices.

Comparative Analysis of Sustainable Electrification in Mediterranean Public Transportation

The Mediterranean region is a hot spot for climate change, with transportation accounting for a quarter of global CO2 emissions. To meet the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), a sustainable urban transport network is needed to cut carbon emissions and improve air quality. This study aims to investigate the electrification of public transport in both developed and underdeveloped countries by examining the existing public transport network of two modes of transportation (buses and trams) across the Mediterranean region. This study suggests that the electrification of public transportation could result in a significant additional demand for more than 200 GWh of electricity, depending on the size and congestion of the city. It also studies the potential reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through the electrification of buses. Results show that electrification significantly impacts decreasing GHG emissions, helping achieve SDG 13. Furthermore, a financial analysis was conducted to determine the feasibility of using different bus fuel technologies. Regarding economic benefits, electric buses are not consistently optimal solutions, and diesel buses can be advantageous. Our finding shows that, at a 5% discount rate, the diesel bus is most favorable for Marseille, and, as discount rates increase, the advantage of electric buses diminishes. However, the high purchase price of electric buses compared to diesel buses is currently a major obstacle in achieving SDG 11, particularly for developing countries.

Barriers to adoption of electric vehicles in Texas.

Sustainable mobility options such as electric vehicles (EVs) have the potential to improve the quality of life for Americans as well as those in other countries, as they can enhance the quality of the air we breathe, while reducing greenhouse gas emissions, fossil fuel consumption, and the adverse impacts of global warming. Despite their many benefits, however, the demand for EVs remains low. Therefore, this study aims to identify the barriers that affect the widespread EV adoption in the United States. Seventeen barriers were identified from the literature, and a questionnaire survey was designed and distributed to potential consumers of EVs. The survey yielded 733 responses, and various statistical tests like cluster analysis and chi-squared tests were performed. The results revealed that the high purchase price of the vehicle, high battery replacement cost, and the lack of public infrastructures for charging them were the primary concerns. The results also revealed that middle-aged men with high education and income are more enthusiastic about adopting EVs. The results presented in this study indicate a range of developments that different stakeholders could implement. To surmount the economic barriers to EV adoption, policymakers should strengthen incentives countrywide, and automakers should introduce more affordable EVs to the market. To overcome the challenges associated with charging, it is necessary to make investments in rapid charging infrastructure along the primary toll routes.

Prejudicial findings regarding suitability for intended purpose during pre-purchase examinations in a mixed horse population-A retrospective observational study in the United Kingdom.

Pre-purchase examinations (PPEs) are performed for prospective purchasers of horses to identify prejudicial findings that could make animals unsuitable for an intended use. Although this examination process is often standardised, PPEs remain, in large parts, a subjective procedure. In the United Kingdom, PPEs generally consist of either a two stage (two stage vetting [2SV], i.e., general physical examination at rest and basic trot in-hand) or a five stage-examination (five stage vetting [5SV], i.e., general physical exam at rest and after exercise, lameness evaluation including strenuous exercise with re-evaluation after a period of recovery). To identify the proportion of PPEs with prejudicial findings in a mixed horse population in the United Kingdom and to determine those findings. Retrospective observational study. PPE certificates from three first opinion equine practices were reviewed. Data collected included practice identity, examination format (i.e., 2SV or 5SV), PPE outcome, radiographs obtained (yes/no), purchase price, animal signalment, intended use and prejudicial PPE findings, if indicated. Prejudicial findings were grouped in 10 subcategories. Descriptive statistics were obtained for all parameters. Non-normally distributed numeric data between groups were compared using Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Categorical data were compared between groups using Pearson's chi-squared test or Fisher's exact test. Overall, 133 pre-purchase examination certificates were analysed. Seventy-six horses (57.1%) had prejudicial findings: Sixty-one (68.5%) horses undergoing 5SV and 15 (34.1%) of horses undergoing 2SV. Most horses had lameness as the primary prejudicial finding. Horses with a higher purchase price were more likely to undergo 5SV, undergo pre-purchase radiography, and were more likely to have prejudicial findings identified. Data were obtained retrospectively from PPE certificates from a single mixed horse population and different results may have been obtained by analysing a larger number of animals or PPEs of horses intended for different uses, from different geographical regions or undergoing a different PPE format. The level of competition in the intended discipline for horses was not recorded. Analysed data were limited to the information recorded on the PPE certificates, and the original radiographs, ultrasonography images and other additional diagnostic data were not reviewed. Lameness was the most common prejudicial PPE finding. More expensive horses were more likely to undergo a 5SV, have pre-purchase radiographs obtained and have prejudicial findings identified. These results may help inform prospective studies examining the merits of 5SV versus 2SV formats and the value of inclusion of additional diagnostic imaging in PPEs in the general horse population.

Medicinal aspects, pharmaceutical dosage forms, and Brazilian legislation against cannabinoids

Cannabinoids are substances found in the Cannabis sativa plant, which have relevant legal aspects for their use despite having health benefits. Therefore, this article aimed to conduct a bibliographical survey on the use of cannabinoids in the treatment of severe diseases, presenting its possible pharmaceutical forms, the mechanism of action of isolated drugs and metabolites, and the legalization of C. sativa medicines in Brazil. Hence, documents were selected between 2010 and 2020, in Portuguese, English, and Spanish, from the Virtual Health Library, Capes Periodicals, PubMed, and Academic Google databases. 52 documents were used in the results. Cannabidiol and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol stood out among the substances by composing medications such as Mevatyl® and Edipiolex®. Mevatyl® for multiple sclerosis, dronabinol/nabilone for nausea and vomiting, and Epidiolex® for severe epilepsies. The most cited pharmaceutical forms are oral and inhaled sprays, whose mechanism of action is acting through the endocannabinoid system. RDC nº 17/15, Ordinance nº 344/98, and RDC nº 2.113/14 were the leading legislations cited. We can conclude that the legislation favored the possibility of using cannabinoids. However, there is still bureaucracy, in addition to the high purchase price. Cannabinoids have promising results in the treatment of diseases. However, there are still differences in the benefit against some pathologies, requiring the development of more research to fill the gaps still open regarding the use of medicinal cannabis.

Mitigating barriers to adopting electric vehicles in an emerging economy context

The world is facing significant challenges in addressing environmental problems, particularly in the transportation sector, which has a noteworthy influence on ecological degradation. The widespread use of automobiles in recent years has compounded the issue. Electric vehicles (EVs) have emerged as a critical solution for a more supportable future and to handle the anticipated barriers. Nevertheless, the adoption of EVs is not straightforward, as numerous barriers exist. This research aims to assess the critical barriers to adopting EVs and effective mitigation strategies for overcoming barriers using an integrated quantitative approach. The study begins by determining the importance of each barrier using a fuzzy stepwise weight assessment ratio analysis (fuzzy-SWARA) method. In the next step, the barriers are mapped with mitigation strategies and ranked by the fuzzy weighted aggregated sum product assessment (fuzzy-WASPAS) technique. The study shows that the major barriers to adopting EVs are their higher purchase price and less availability of charging stations. The topmost effective mitigation strategies to overcome EVs barriers are government policies, support, and strategic planning. The study offers crucial insights for professionals, executives, and researchers seeking EVs adoption.

Výsledky robotické kolorektální chirurgie na III. chirurgické klinice 􀍷. LF UK

Introduction: Robotic surgery is a rapidly developing field both in our country and abroad. The beginnings of robotic surgery dated back to the 1980s, but development took place after 2000, especially with the robotic systems from the company Intuitive. In the Czech Republic, the first robotic surgery was performed in October 2005, whereas at our surgical department, it was in June 2018. Robotic surgery techniques are now part of the standard procedures of our workplace. Method: Retrospective analysis of patients from our results database. We included all 150 patients operated between June 2018 to October 2022. Results: The operation technique is almost identical to laparoscopic or open surgery. The difference is so-called docking of the robotic system and the correct placement of the robotic arms. Now in the databases are 150 patients with colon and rectal resection. Most patients underwent rectal resection. 9.4% of the patients had anastomosis leak, which is a figure comparable to foreign literature. The conversion was necessary for 2.4% of patients. The length of hospitalization was reduced to a median of 6 days. Conclusion: Robotic surgery is certainly the future of surgery as such. The advantage over classic operations is a shorter hospitalization period, faster recovery, less painful surgical wounds, fewer wound infections, a lower risk of hernia in the scar and fewer conversions. The disadvantage is certainly the lack of tactile perception and the high purchase price as well as higher costs for the operation. Keywords colorectal surgery, robotic surgery, robotic resection, miniinvasive surgery

Is laser technology profitable even for small quantities?

AbstractRelying on laser technology for metal cutting or marking has many advantages in practice. The processes work without contact. This protects the processed material and the tool, because a light beam does not wear out. Also, no other processing method is as flexible in terms of shaping. Tools do not have to be changed and the workpieces do not have to be clamped in time‐consuming preparation. Until now however, the high purchase prices were an obstacle to using laser technology – especially for cutting – even for smaller quantities or prototype production. But in the meantime, there are also affordable systems suitable for such applications.

The Influence of Virtual Goods Purchase on Teenagers' Online Consumption——Genshin Impact Marketing Strategy as a Case

Mihoyo's open world mobile game Genshin Impact, launched in September 2020, set the record for the highest grossing mobile game worldwide for the month with $245 million, and was the highest grossing mobile game in China for six consecutive months. Behind this impressive performance, there have also been negative voices about inducing overspending in games. For a game aimed at teenagers, it sets very high purchase prices for virtual goods and lotteries and lacks guidance and efforts to protect teenagers. Teenagers are one of the biggest consumers of online games. With the rapid development and popularity of mobile Internet and smart devices in China, it is more convenient for Chinese teenagers to access online games, and the era of touch games shows a younger trend. This paper uses two practical cases to focus on the impact of the highly developed mobile game consumer market on consumers and enterprises. It analyzes and discusses from two perspectives, involving the analysis of marketing concepts, schemes, consumer psychology and other elements. In the end, it deduces the social and moral issues that enterprises need to pay attention to in their own operations and improves a cleaner consumer market together with consumer groups.

Falling short in 2030: Simulating battery-electric vehicle adoption behaviour in the Netherlands

The widespread adoption of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) is a crucial element in climate policy for the transport sector. To design effective policies to stimulate the uptake of BEVs, it is essential to understand the barriers and drivers that influence consumers' choices for a BEV. To this aim, we present a computational model named CODEC, a hybrid choice model that estimates the future market share of different vehicle types. The model gives insight into the different effects of technical, financial and other behavioural factors that influence the adoption decision. We included social factors and routine behaviour, which are rarely analysed in other research. We assessed the share in sales of BEVs and gasoline vehicles in the Netherlands between 2020 and 2030 for privately owned new cars. To initialize the model we used data from a survey on the perceptions of prospective car buyers (n = 1522). Our analysis shows that the BEV market share in new car sales will be between 26 and 40 % in 2030, well below the government target of 100 %. The analysis also shows that current barriers for BEV adoption: higher purchase price and lower driving range, will become less important over time. In 2030 routine purchasing behaviour and social factors are the main barriers for widespread BEV adoption. New policy measures are needed to lower these barriers. Factors that affect BEV adoption positively have a relatively small effect, so also measures to reduce the attractiveness of gasoline vehicles should be considered.

Energy and Emission Quality Ranking of Newly Produced Low-Sulphur Marine Fuels

Abstract The article describes the methodology of engine tests on new types of low-sulphur marine fuels in laboratory conditions in order to conduct a comprehensive assessment of their suitability for powering full-size marine engines. The innovativeness of the proposed solution consists of adapting the laboratory Diesel Engine Test Bed to carry out experimental tests using residual and alternative fuels so that it is possible to imitate the real operating conditions of the ship engine. The main aim of the research program was to assess the energy efficiency of six different low-sulphur marine fuels and their impact on the chemical emissivity of engine exhaust gases and air pollution with toxic and harmful chemical compounds. In order to achieve the research purpose formulated in this way, it was necessary to: (1) equip the constructed laboratory stand with highly specialised measuring equipment and (2) develop a technology for determining diagnostic parameters representing the basis for developing a ranking of the energy and emission quality of the tested marine fuels according to the proposed physical model. The model distinguishes 10 diagnostic parameters that, after normalisation, form two subsets of evaluation parameters - stimulant and destimulant. Determining their values made it possible to estimate a synthetic variable, according to which all the tested fuels were adjusted in the order from the “best” to the “worst”, in accordance with the adopted qualitative criteria of such an assessment. The results of the laboratory tests show that among the considered fuels, i.e., MDO, MGO, RMD 80/L, RMD 80/S, RME 180, and RMG 380 type, the best solution is to use MDO distillate fuel to power full-size marine engines. However, taking into account its high purchase price, a rational alternative decision is to choose RMG 380 type residual fuel, which ranks second in the ranking of the functional quality of the tested marine fuels.

Comparison between Korean and Japanese consumers’ preferences for fuel cell electric vehicles

Fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) using hydrogen as a fuel has been regarded as an alternative to fossil fuel-based vehicles, especially in Korea and Japan, which are the only two countries producing commercial FCEVs as of 2021. This study aims to investigate the possibility of the successful adoption of FCEVs in Korea and Japan by eliciting the stated preferences of potential consumers toward various alternative fuel vehicles. We designed a discrete choice experiment employing the Best–Worst Scaling and conducted an online panel survey. Based on a mixed logit model, we determined the factors that affect consumer preferences and compared the characteristics of Korean and Japanese consumers. Further, the simulation analysis showed that FCEVs occupy a low market share in Korea and Japan due to their high purchase price, but they can occupy a fairly high market share in both countries if there is adequate support for fueling costs. • The possibility of fuel cell electric vehicle adoption in Korea and Japan is investigated. • Korean consumers are less sensitive to purchase prices than Japanese consumers. • Fuel cell electric vehicles in Korea and Japan have a low market share without support. • The effective support policies are shown to support operation costs in both countries.

Analysis of Pfizer's Acquisition of Biohaven

This study looks at the history and reasons for the deal between Pfizer and Biohaven, as well as the transaction model of Pfizer's acquisition of Biohaven. Analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of the two parties to the transaction as well as the result of the deal was the methodology. The findings imply that the deal was advantageous and win-win, but that there were problems due to the high purchase price.

Organization and feeding normalized growing repair heifers

The article reflects the initial state of research on the long-term maintenance heifers of Ukrainian black and white dairy cattle. Research aimed at obtaining a high-performance group of dairy cows regarding farmers' zonal characteristics of feed production technology and advanced economies of Western Europe. It should be noted that western milk production technologies have drawbacks that should be considered when implementing them in our farms. These technologies use the concentrated feeding of cattle intended for the repair group. Typically, these farms' cows eat bad food and poor voluminous use of pasture, which is an obstacle in the purchase of cows and calves, taking into account their high purchase price. The main advantages of Western technology feed an extra shredding of bulky feed to the length of stems 0.3–0.5 mm and use free access to the feed table on which the feed, which is composed of plush corn and feeds additional concentrates at milking time. Thus, the type of concentrate feeding cows has a positive, but at the same disadvantage, especially in feeding heifers repair. Cow barrenness is high (30 % or more), and the duration limits the effective use of cattle to three years. Top management of our technology can actively use cows for 5–6 or more years with barrenness no higher than 8 %. Thus, the theoretical issue of full feeding of young cattle intended for herds of repair, incredibly high performance, continues to be studied. Our research task was to examine the characteristics of the formation of future milk production of repair heifers depending on age, level of energy, and protein supply. It is a well-known fact that the early introduction of grain concentrates into the diet of month-old calves helps accelerate rumen development. This dry feed during this critical period of the calf's life will also ensure the regular and harmonious functioning of the gastrointestinal tract. Feeding whole grains, corn, and oats during this period will help strengthen the chewing muscles and improve the functioning of the salivary glands. Targeted breeding of repair heifers is one of the main tasks of animal breeders. The level of raising heifers in all age periods significantly impacts the health of animals, their subsequent milk productivity, reproductive capacity, and terms of productive use, and largely determines the efficiency of the dairy industry. Therefore, the organization and technology of rearing young animals for repair should be based on individual growth and development laws and contribute to the formation of animals with a strong constitution and high productivity. After all, it is known that the underdevelopment of organs due to insufficient feeding and inappropriate conditions of maintenance in one period of cultivation leaves negative consequences, even if the next period of animal development takes place under favorable organizational and technological conditions.

Effect of the Composition of Hybrid Sands on the Change in Thermal Expansion

In the foundry industry, silica sands are the most commonly used type of sands for the production of sand foundry moulds using various types of binders. Their greatest disadvantage is their significant volume changes at elevated temperatures, which are associated with the formation of many foundry defects from stress, such as veining, and thus have a direct influence on the final quality of the casting. In the case of non-silica sands and synthetic sands, the volume stability is more pronounced, but this is accompanied by a higher purchase price. Therefore, a combination of silica sand and synthetic sand CERABEADS is considered in order to influence and reduce the thermal expansion. The hybrid mixtures of sands, and their most suitable ratios, were evaluated in detail using sieve analysis, log W and cumulative curve of granularity. It was found that the addition of 50% CERABEADS achieves a 32.2% reduction in dilatation but may increase the risk of higher stresses. The measurements showed a significant effect of the granulometric composition of the sand on the resulting thermal expansion, where the choice of grain size and sorting can achieve a significant reduction in dilatation with a small addition of CERABEADS.

Factors affecting cost competitiveness of electric vehicles against alternative powertrains: A total cost of ownership-based assessment in the Italian market

Electric vehicles have faced a significant diffusion in the last years, however they still represent a minority share over passenger cars registrations worldwide. Economic factors play a crucial role in preventing a higher diffusion of electric vehicles, with particular reference to the higher purchase price compared to internal combustion engine vehicles . Indeed, potential electric vehicles buyers typically tend to underestimate long-term savings that can be achieved due to the lower operating costs characterizing electric vehicles compared to internal combustion engine vehicles (so-called “energy-efficiency paradox”). An emerging literature stream suggests that the availability of comprehensive economic comparisons between electric vehicles and internal combustion engine vehicles, based on the total cost of ownership, would increase the potential customers’ willingness to buy an electric vehicle. However, there is an ongoing debate on the cost competitiveness of electric vehicles considering the whole ownership period, and in particular on the most influencing factors affecting it. The paper aims to fill this literature gap by assessing the cost competitiveness of electric vehicles against a broad set of alternative powertrains , with reference to the Italian market. To this aim, an ad hoc assessment tool based on the total cost of ownership has been developed, leveraging the extant knowledge on the topic and addressing current gaps. Results show that battery electric vehicles are characterized by the lowest total cost of ownership among analysed powertrains in two out of four vehicle segments evaluated, i.e., segments A (mini cars) and C (medium cars). This is mainly due to the presence of purchasing incentives and the lower fuel-related and non fuel-related operating costs characterizing battery electric vehicles compared to other powertrains, which more than offset the higher purchase price. In other cases, the relatively high purchase price characterizing battery electric vehicles (as well as plug-in hybrid electric vehicles) negatively affects their cost competitiveness. The study provides suggestions for managers of companies within the e-mobility value chain and policymakers on the levers to promote the spread of electric vehicles to achieve the decarbonisation targets for the transportation sector.

Assessment of Women Local Cucumber (Ngulli) Marketers in Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria

The study assessed local Cucumber (Ngulli) marketing among women in Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria. The specific objectives of the study were to describe the socio-economic characteristics of the women cucumber marketers, estimate the marketing margins, examine their marketing channels and constraints faced in marketing in the study area. Two stage sampling was used to select 50 respondents from the study area. Descriptive statistical tools and marketing margin analysis were the analytical tools used for the study. The results of the study revealed that all the respondents were retailers handling less than a bag of cucumber, majority (74%) within the age range of 21-40, married (80%) with Qur’anic education (76%) and had income between ₦20,000-₦50,000 (60%). The respondents bought cucumber directly from the farm gate (50%) and sell directly to consumers (90%). The results for the marketing margin revealed a margin of 25.03%. The major constraints faced were lack of financial support, seasonal scarcity of cucumber and high purchase price. The study recommends that the marketers should form cooperatives or associations in order to enjoy economies of scale such as in transportation, access to credit and bulk purchase. Also, Financial support specifically for the women marketers by the government, NGO’s and financial institutions would go a long way in increasing their scale, returns and would ease some of the problems encountered in marketing.

Evaluation of Barriers to Electric Vehicle Adoption in Indonesia through Grey Ordinal Priority Approach

Emissions from vehicles are a major contributor to greenhouse gases, and thus climate change. Electric vehicles (EVs) provide a promising solution to deal with this problem. Even though in the emerging economies like China and Europe, the adoption of EVs is praiseworthy, the pace of the EV rollout in Indonesia is slow. The Indonesian electric vehicle market has remained stagnant due to the country's low adoption rate of electric vehicles, which is currently less than 0.3%. This is because electric vehicle adoption has been stymied in Indonesia for a variety of reasons. As such, the purpose of this study is to determine the factors influencing electric vehicle adoption in Indonesia and to rank the barriers to widespread EV rollout in the country using the Grey Ordinal Priority Approach (OPA-G). It is found that high initial purchase price, insufficient amount of charging infrastructure, and a lack of government incentives are key barriers to the EV adoption in Indonesia.