Highest Importance Value Index Research Articles

Species Diversity and Composition of Macrophytes in Shallabugh Wetland, Ganderbal, Jammu, and Kashmir, India

Macrophyte diversity, richness, and composition of the Shallabugh wetland Reserve, one of the Important Bird and Biodiversity Area in India. The wetland shows the presence of 39 plant species of 27 families and three tree species belonging to three families and a diversity index of H = 3.12 and Evenness e^H/S = 0.5836. The high Importance Value Index (IVI=22.8) was recorded for Typha latifolia, followed by Ceratophyllum demersum (IVI=19.2). The shift in macrophyte community structure is evidenced by the local extinction of Nelumbo nucifera from the Shallabugh wetland area and the near-disappearance of some economically important plants such as Trapa natans (IVI= 0.24). The investigation of various aspects of the wetland ecology of Shallabugh reveals that species composition has witnessed great changes over the years. The conversion of the 141 hectares of wetland into grassland gave way for terrestrial species to flourish. The study serves as the baseline study of the macrophyte community composition and structure of the Shallabugh wetland.

Ethnoecology of home garden landscapes on Seliu Island, Belitung District, Indonesia

Abstract. Efendi D, Chikmawati T, Sulistijorini, Djuita NR. 2024. Ethnoecology of home garden landscapes on Seliu Island, Belitung District, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 1304-1319. Seliu Island, Belitung District, Indonesia, once famous for its copra production, is now a popular tourist destination for its mangoes. People on this island use many plants from their home gardens, but more information about the diversity of plants in the landscape needs to be presented. This study explored the ethnoecology of the home garden landscape on Seliu Island to determine vegetation cover and its role. Research methods include interviews, cruising, and purposive sampling for vegetation inventory to calculate the Importance Value Index (IVI). The research results showed that 119 species belonging to 58 families were identified as growing in Seliu Island home gardens. Based on the habit type, herbaceous plants are the mostly found. Based on the aspect of utilization, medicinal plants are the most found plants. Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. had the highest IVI (14.65). People use seven parts of plants for medicinal purposes, and the leaves are the most widely used part. Home gardens on Seliu Island have social, economic, cultural, and ecological functions. Plant diversity in home gardens on Seliu Island must be preserved and improved, considering that Seliu Island is separated from the main island, Belitung Island, so plants' availability must be maintained.

Plant Biodiversity of MTR Forest Area in PT PLN Nusantara Power, Cirata, West Java

The biodiversity park in the Cirata Reservoir MTR area is a part of Mount Cantayan, is located in Purwakarta Regency. The elevation of area is 140 to 280 meters above sea level with total area 11.2 hectares. The research aims to identify plant species and their diversity and provide recommendations for species enrichment in biodiversity parks. The data collection method used purposive sampling. Vegetation analysis is carried out using Nested Sampling. Vegetation data analysis includes the Important Value Index (IVI) and species diversity index (H’). The research results found 23 families consisting of 59 species including seedlings, saplings, poles and trees. Diversity index of Shanon-Wiener (H’) in for seedlings, saplings, poles and trees was 2.72; 3.34; 3.40 and 4.04. This diversity index is included in the high category. In the plant growth phase at seedling level, the highest IVI was for the kidahu (Dracontomelon dao) species at 82.95%. At the highest IVI sapling level, robusta coffee (Caffea canaephora) was 58.6%. At the pole level, the highest IVI was for mahogany (Swietenia mahogany) 300%, and at tree level, the highest IVI was obtained for mahogany (Swietenia mahogany) 174.7%. The recommendation species for enrichment planting in biodiversity park are 26 species. The species combination of Pingku (Dysoxylum densiflorum) (Blume) Miq., Tangkele (Kleinhovia hospita), Kosambi (Scleichera oleosa), Loa (Ficus variegata) and Nangsi (Villebrunea rubescens) has the potential to become the dominating plant species in the future.

Floristic Diversity of Mangrove Restoration Area: A Case Study in Pasar Rawa, North Sumatra

Mangrove forests are important ecosystems. However, land conversion and degradation have destroyed a significant area of mangrove. Mangrove restoration employing native species has been performed in several degraded areas, including some North Sumatra regions. However, information regarding floristic diversity in monoculture restoration areas is still limited. This research aims to analyze the floristic diversity in the mangrove restoration area, which is dominated by Soneratia alba species in Pasar Rawa Village, North Sumatra. The plotted path approach was employed for vegetation analysis in a 3-ha area in Pasar Rawa. The findings revealed that 8 (eight) species were found in the S. alba restoration area. The highest Important Value Index (IVI) in the seedling stage was found in Acanthus ilicifolius, while at the sapling and tree stages, S. alba was the highest. The highest diversity index was obtained at the sapling stage, which was 1.46 (medium), and the lowest was obtained at the tree stages, which were 0.26 (low). The result showed a new recruitment of seedlings in the research location, although the species diversity value is still lower. The appearance of new species, particularly pioneer species, in the research area indicates that natural succession processes are currently taking place. Keywords: floristic, mangrove, monospecies, restoration, Sonneratia alba

Composition and Diversity of Forestry Plant Species in Forest Areas Manado State University, North Sulawesi

Indonesia is an archipelagic country with a tropical climate so it has a large forest area. High rainfall and sufficient solar irradiation make the diversity of living things both flora and fauna very high. This study aims to identify and determine the level of diversity of forestry plants in the forest area of Manado State University, North Sulawesi. This research will be carried out in April - May 2023 in the forest area of Manado State University, North Sulawesi. Sampling in this study was carried out using the Purposive Sampling (Judgmental Sampling) technique with 9 plots in 3 observation stations. The results of the study found that in all sampling plots, there were 17 individuals of forestry plants with 9 species. The highest Important Value Index (IVI) belongs to the species Petrocarpus indicus with an IVI of 61%. The Shannon Winner diversity index H = 2.07 was found to be in the medium category.

Rhizosphere Fungi Abundance on Acid Dry and Tidal Soils in Borneo Prima Citrus Fields, East Kalimantan

Acid dry and Tidal land in East Kalimantan is one of the suboptimal land ecosystems, that needs to increase the quality of its fertility to support the production of citrus of the Borneo Prima variety. One of them with rhizosphere microbes can increase fertility, decomposition process and and as biological control agents to plant diseases. The aim of the study was to determine the abundance of rhizosphere fungi on citrus trees on dry acid and tidal soils and their relationship with soil physico-chemical factors. Rhizosphere fungi was isolated from the soil around citrus plant roots, East Kalimantan were analysed for their abundance and their correlation with soil physio-chemical factors. The results showed that found 29 rhizosphere fungi. The highest importance value index was found TR25 rhizosphere fungi isolates in the acid dry land block A and TR 17 in block B. The highest importance value index is at TR1 in block A tidal land, and TR23 in block B. Principal Component Analysis results showed that there is a strong relationship between the abundance of rhizosphere fungi and soil physicochemical. The highest number of rhizosphere fungal colonies was on tidal land B. The number of colonies was directly proportional to humidity.

Mangrove Community Structure and Healthiness in Rote Ndao, East Nusa Tenggara

Mangroves in Rote Ndao play an important role in protecting and preserving 65% of fish and marine biota in this surrounding area. Unfortunately, the data and information about the condition of the mangrove ecosystem are limited and less published. This study aimed to determine the mangrove community structure and spatial distribution of mangrove healthiness in Rote Ndao District. Mangrove distribution was investigated using the k-means algorithm classification method by Sentinel 2A Surface Reflectance. Mangrove community structure and condition were studied in 39 observation plots spread around Rote Ndao Regency. The Healthiness distribution of the mangrove ecosystem was analyzed using the MHI Algorithm produced by Dharmawan. A total of 13 mangrove species have been identified, with the highest Important Value Index (IVI) Rizhophora apiculata and Sonneratia alba. The average canopy cover shows a medium value of 63.48±16.34%, density of 21.55±9.31 stand/plot, Diameter Breast Height (DBH) 15.93±5.25 cm, and height 12.05±4.54 m. Mangrove Health Index (MHI) shows a moderate to excellent category with an average of 64.01±13.18 %. The distribution of mangrove areas in Rote Ndao is 2,081.44 ha, and 6% or 124 ha areas are in the poor category.

Compositional and Structural Diversity of Woody Stands in the Community Forests of Rogho and Boala in Central-West Burkina Faso

The biodiversity of community forests is poorly studied in Burkina Faso. This results in a lack of understanding of their ecological importance, which is characterized by neglect in their management. The main objective of this study is to characterize the flora and woody vegetation of the community forests of Rogho and Boala to demonstrate their importance. For this purpose, a forest inventory was conducted using stratified random sampling methods. Shannon, Simpson, Margalef, and Pielou diversity indices reveal significant biodiversity of the flora in both forests, with a better distribution of individuals within the species that make them up. The horizontal structure of the two woody populations is characterized by a predominance of individuals with small diameters (DBH € [5cm-25cm[) on either side, with respective regeneration rates of 58.36% and 22.46% for Rogho and Boala. Regarding the ecological importance of species, Lannea microcarpa has the highest Importance Value Index (IVI = 99.06) for the Rogho site, and Vitellaria paradoxa for the Boala site (IVI = 136.58). Phanerophytes dominate the flora of both forests with a strong presence of mesophanerophytes. The average density of woody plants is evaluated at 330.34 trees/ha and 742.01 trees/ha respectively in Rogho and Boala, with respective average land areas of 14.8 m2/ha and 119.78 m2/ha. This study highlights the strong ecological potential of the forests studied. Communal and regional authorities must develop strategies for the sustainable management of these forest areas.

Studi Populasi dan Distribusi Palahlar (Dipterocarpus hasseltii Blume) di Resort Gunung Salak I, Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun Salak

Gunung Halimun Salak National Park (GHSNP) is a conservation area that a habitat for rare and protected flora and fauna. Palahlar (Dipterocarpus hasseltii Blume) is a rare plant species found in the GHSNP area with an endangered species and had declining population trend. This study aimed to analyze habitat conditions, population and distribution patterns of D. hasseltii at Gunung Salak I Resort of GHSNP. Data were collected by purposive sampling method based on the presence of D. hasseltii. Vegetation analysis used the grid-lined method of 5 lanes measuring @ 100 m × 20 m, so that the total area of the observation plots was 1 ha. The observation plots were dominated by puspa (Schima wallichii), which had the highest Importance Value Index (IVI) at the seedlings (26,80%), saplings (24,04%), and trees (53,86%). The regeneration rate of D. hasseltii, showed an abnormal condition, because the number of seedlings was less than the number of saplings. A total of 28 individuals of D. hasseltii were found at the observation plots consisted of 4 individual seedlings, 15 individual saplings, 3 individual poles, and 6 individual trees. The results showed that the distribution pattern of D. hasseltii was clustered.
 Keywords: Dipterocarpus hasseltii, endangered species, Gunung Halimun Salak National Park, palahlar

IDENTIFIKASI TANAMAN DALAM SISTEM AGROFORESTRI DI DESA TIGARAS KABUPATEN SIMALUNGUN

One form of land use around forest areas is a program to develop agroforestry programs.Agroforestry is one of the possible land management systems that can be offered to overcomeproblems arising from land use change and, simultaneously, to overcome food problems. Inaddition, the existence of agroforestry will provide ecological and economic benefits. Thepeople of Tigaras Village, Simalungun Regency, have used the land by planting various types ofplants, both forestry plants, plantation crops, and crops. Based on the identification results,multiple kinds of plants have been developed, including 11 types of agroforestry plants, namelyIngul (Toona sure), Mango (Mangifera indica), Avocado (Persea americana), Durian (Duriozibethinus murr), Guava (Psidium guajava), Ketapang (Terminalia catappa), Pinus (Pinusmerkusii), Coffee (Coffea), Cloves (Syzygium aromaticum), Rimbang (Solanum torvum sw) andSugar Palm (Arenga pinnata merr.).The highest Important Value Index (I.V.I.) at the tree level was found in Mango tree species at59.74%, while the lowest I.V.I. was in Clove tree species with a value of 5.20%. The I.V.I. at thehighest pole level was found in the Mango tree species at 108.14%, while the lowest I.V.I. wasfound in the coffee plant species with a value of 2.90%. At the same time, the level of speciesdiversity is at a moderate level. Forms and Patterns of Agroforestry in Tigaras Village is asimple agroforestry combining forestry, agricultural, and plantation crops.

KARAKTERISTIK POHON INANG DAN KEANEKARAGAMAN ANGGREK (Orchidaceae) EPIFIT DI HUTAN LINDUNG LUNUNIANAM, DESA FATU’ULAN, KECAMATAN KI’E, KABUPATEN TIMOR TENGAH SELATAN, PROVINSI NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR

This study was conducted to determine the characteristics of orchid host trees, the diversity of epiphytic orchids (Orchidaceae), and the preservation of host trees and epiphytic orchids in the Lununianam protected forest area. This research was conducted in Lununianam Protection Forest, Fatu'ulan Village, Ki'e District, South Central Timor Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province. Which is carried out for 1 month, from November to December 2022. This study used purposive sampling methods, surveys, and cruising paths with data analysis using qualitative descriptive and quantitative descriptive analysis. Host tree data was processed using vegetation analysis formulas and orchid data was processed using the Shannon wiener (H') diversity index formula.
 The results showed that there were 5 species of host trees found in the study site, namely forest guava (Syzygium pycnanthum), Matani (Pterocarpus indicus), Tahi (Celtis wightii planch), Kamala (Mallotus philippensis), Jenitri (Elaeocarpus ganitrid). Host trees found in Lununianam Protection forest have the characteristics of large hard and rough bark, have a height range of 12-30 m, and bark overgrown with moss, The results of vegetation analysis of host tree species with the highest Important Value Index namely Syzygium Pycnanthum and Elaeocarpus ganitrus have the lowest Important Value Index. Orchids found in the sampling plot in the Lununianam Protection Forest contained 8 species of epiphytic orchids, namely Dendrobium Sp, Vanda insignis, Eria multiflora, Flickingeria grandiflora, Trichoglottis bipenicillata, Pholidota carnea, Appendicula reflexa Blume, and Ceologyne speciosa. The calculation of Shannon Wiener's diversity index of 1.57 (H') is classified as medium (1<H'<3). The most common type of orchid found is the type Eria multifora with a total of 168 individuals and the type that is less commonly found is Appendicula reflexa Blume with 4 individuals.

Native plant composition and soil microfauna in limestone post-mining land as potential for development of ruminant forage

Abstract. Harwanto, Karti PDMH, Suwardi, Abdullah L. 2023. Native plant composition and soil microfauna in limestone post-mining land as potential for development of ruminant forage. Biodiversitas 24: 6332-6342. Limestone post-mining land is a potential marginal land, through revegetation and integration, as a forage provider. Therefore, utilizing an exploratory systematic random sampling, this research explored the native botanical composition that had the potential for forage and soil microfauna associated with plants in the limestone post-mining land of PT Sinar Tambang Arthalestari, Banyumas, Central Java, Indonesia from June to September 2023. The results showed that the limestone post-mining soil had a slightly alkaline pH and low fertility. The botanical composition comprised 16 grasses, four legumes, and 21 forbs. Native plants that have the highest Importance Value Index (IVI) were grasses; Ischaemum rugosum, Imperata cylindrica, Paspalum scrobiculatum, and legumes; Mimosa pudica, Centrosema pubescens, and Calopogonium mucunoides. Grasses contained 8.35-12.61% Crude Protein (CP) and 42.50-50.78% Total Digestible Nutrient (TDN), while legumes contained 17.06-17.74% CP, 62.12-64.75% TDN. Mycorrhizal colonization and populations of Azotobacter, Azospirilum, and Rhizobium were associated with native plants in the rhizosphere. Conclusively, the grasses I. rugosum, I. cylindrica, P. scrobiculatum, and the legumes M. pudica, C. pubescens, and C. mucunoides have the potential to forage on limestone post-mining land and are associated with soil microfauna. However, soil fertility requires further improvement by applying organic matter, nitrogen, and phosphorus fertilizers.

Necrophagous flies as bioindicators in Cd and Zn co-contaminated areas of Tak Province, Thailand

Necrophagous flies may be effective bioindicators of chemical substances within polluted locations, as they are sensitive to environmental changes, have large populations, and thrive in a single location over their lifespan. Diversity and abundance of necrophagous flies were determined at livestock farms contaminated with potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in Tak Province and Nakhon Sawan Province, Thailand. Substantial soil zinc (Zn) concentrations (> 1100 mg kg−1) were detected at a cattle farm at Khaothong, Nakhon Sawan Province, and soil cadmium (Cd) values were significantly elevated (> 3 mg kg−1) at a cattle farm in Pha De, Tak Province. Anthropogenic inputs including Zn mining, domestic wastewater, and certain materials used in local agriculture were point sources of PTEs at the livestock farms in the Pha De and Khaothong subdistricts. Lower temperatures and humidity during the rainy season may have resulted in increased numbers of necrophagous flies, which was 1.5 times greater compared to the dry season. However, the dry season exhibited a higher PTE buildup in fly tissue. The order of important value index (IVI) values of the necrophagous flies were: Chrysomya megacephala (56.80), Musca domestica (27.21), C. rufifacies (25.40) and Sarcophaga spp. (17.54), respectively. These necrophagous flies may play a significant role in PTE-contaminated ecosystems based on their high IVI values, suggesting that they could be used as bioindicators of PTEs. Principal component analysis (PCA) results for necrophagous flies associated with each sampling site during the dry season were consistent with flies having substantial IVI values. Musca domestica and C. megacephala of both sexes displayed substantial correlations with Cr, Al, and Mn, while females of Sarcophaga spp. displayed strong associations with Cd. At the cattle farm in Khaothong, males of M. domestica showed a significant relationship with Zn, Cu, Pb, and Ni. When considering PTE accumulation capacity in flies commonly found at field sites, C. megacephala and M. domestica are the most suitable bioindicators of PTEs. This study confirms that necrophagous flies serve as reliable bioindicators of PTE pollution.

Assessing phytoremediation potentials of heavy metals on selected plants species in the restoration environments of Gold Mining Area

Mining activity have impacts on the environment which potentially expose heavy metals. Therefore, it is necessary to design the reclamation in order to improve the restoration. This research aims to assess the phytoremediation of potential acid forming (PAF) reclamation area of Henny Dump. The research was carried out by identifying the plant species, and then measuring the plant vegetation index, and measuring the concentration of heavy metals. The research showed that Falcataria molucana (IVI: 150%) and Gmelina arborea (IVI: 150%) are species with the highest Important Value Index (IVI). The soil analysis result for total concentrations of ferrous (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and mangan (Mn) showed that the most significant decrease in the four-year period i.e., Ferrous. Falcataria molucanna and Gmelina arborea as the fast-growing species for restoring the reclamation area which can survive in low acidity concentrations and high of heavy metals ferrous concentrations. These fast-growing species are tolerant in high concentration of ferrous and low acidity of soil quality, as well have the potential to absorb the essential heavy metals of ferrous, where in 2019 the iron concentration was 39,575 ppm and in 2022 was 7,100 ppm

Structure and Composition Seedling Plant in the Campus Forest of UIN Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi

Seedlings are the first stands that grow to replace damaged forest vegetation. Seedlings can have a positive impact on the balance of the wider ecosystem, because seedlings are the beginning of an ecosystem regeneration process that is greatly influenced by that ecosystem The purpose of this research to information regarding the structure and composition of seedling in the UIN Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi Campus Forest. This research was carried out in July 2022 – March 2023. The research location was determined using the Purposive Sampling Method, determining the plot using systematic sampling, and data collection using the quadratic method with a size of 2 m x 2 m. The observation results were analyzed using the Importance Value Index, Shannon-Winner Diversity Index, Morisita Index, and the Evenness Index. The research results found that there were 332 individuals, 84 types of seedlings, belonging to 28 families. The highest Importance Value Index (INP) is Gmelina arborea Roxb (11.19%), the Diversity Index (H') is in the high category (H' 3.94). The evenness index (E) (0.89) is in the high (even) category.

STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF HABITAT USED BY ORIENTAL PIED HORNBILL (Anthracoceros albirostris) IN THE UTILIZATION ZONE OF BAMA RESORT BALURAN NATIONAL PARK

Abstract
 Oriental pied hornbill (Anthracoceros albirostris) is a protected species based on Law No. 5 of 1990 on Conservation of Natural Resources and Ecosystems and Government Regulation No. 7 of 1999 concerning Preservation Plants and Animals. One area that is identified as habitat of oriental pied hornbill (Anthracoceros albirostris) in Java is in Utilization Zone of Bama Resort Baluran National Park. This study aims to determine the structure and composition of the constituent elements of habitat used by oriental pied hornbill (Anthracoceros albirostris) in Utilization Zone of Bama Resort Baluran National Park. Data collection methods include, literature review, interviews and observation. Data collected coversbiotic and abiotic components and vegetation. The method employed in this research is IPA method (Indeces Ponctuele del'Abondance) for the determination of the existence of Oriental pied hornbill (Anthracoceros albirostris), and employed a single plot method to observe the vegetation. The results show that the total trees used by oriental pied hornbill (Anthracoceros albirostris) is 14 species, consisting of ten species for cover, six species for food, two species for perches, one species for rest, and no trees were found for nesting. Trees with the highest usage frequency is gondang (Ficus variegata) usedas feed tree with adiameter of 92 cm, height of 25 m, and crown cover of 18,80 m2, with daily temperatures ranged from 29,48°C to 29,79°C, average daily humidity from 84,57% to 85,10% and light intensity from 0,7 lux to 4.460 lux. The species with the highest Importance Value Index is gebang (Corypha utans) witha value of 157,70.

Species Composition and Carbon Stock of Rehabilitated Mangrove Forest in Kupang District, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

Since 1994, the community around the mangrove forest in Kupang district, East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia, has rehabilitated the mangrove forest. Unfortunately, almost three decades of the success story of mangrove rehabilitation has not followed appropriate documentation on biodiversity and potential carbon stock. This research aimed to describe the species composition and estimate the carbon stock of rehabilitated mangrove forests. Forty-five sampling plots were distributed using purposive sampling based on mangrove zonation (distal, middle, proximal) and year of rehabilitation (2004, 2006, 2008). The findings revealed that there are ten mangrove species. Two species, namely Avicennia marina and Sonneratia alba, showed a high importance value index. The average aboveground carbon stock was 454.712 t/ha, distributed in seedlings, saplings, poles, and trees at 0.04%, 2.41%, 51.61%, and 45.94%, respectively. Mangrove rehabilitation in Kupang district, East Nusa Tenggara Province, has successfully increased the richness, heterogeneity, and carbon stock.

Morpho-anatomical adaptations of dominantly grown wild Datura inoxia to wastewater resource: Productivity and ecological issues

With the increasing global water scarcity, wastewater irrigation has become widespread, but it can have detrimental ecological consequences. Although wastewater contains valuable nutrients for plants, improper treatment or the use of untreated wastewater in irrigation can negatively impact soil fertility and plant growth. This study is divided into two parts: firstly, a phytosociological survey was conducted to identify plant species with the highest importance value index (IVI) in the vicinity of wastewater-irrigated areas. Secondly, a comparative morpho-anatomical analysis was carried out to investigate the morpho-anatomical adaptations of the species with the highest IVI under wastewater irrigation compared to normal water irrigation. The results of the phytosociological survey revealed the presence of 51 plant species in the vicinity of the wastewater-irrigated areas, with varying relative densities and coverage. Datura inoxia exhibited the highest IVI (28.79), followed by Xanthium strumarium (24.34), while Lippia nodiflora showed the lowest IVI (1.86). The morphological growth of D. inoxia was superior under normal water irrigation, but the average root length was greater under wastewater irrigation. Regarding cell anatomy, cell thickness and cell area characteristics in the dermal, ground, and vascular tissues of the stem and root tended to be greater under wastewater treatment. However, the opposite trend was observed in leaf anatomical analysis, possibly due to the combined effect of wastewater and climatic conditions. Stem and root xylem thickness were greater under wastewater irrigation, whereas phloem thickness was higher under normal water irrigation. The number of vascular bundles in the stem, root, and leaf was higher under wastewater treatment compared to normal water irrigation, but their arrangement was circular in the latter and scattered under wastewater irrigation. Datura inoxia demonstrated strong adaptive potential under wastewater irrigation, as indicated by its highest relative density, coverage, and IVI, suggesting its suitability for phytoremediation. However, due to the low relative density, coverage, and IVI of many other species, the use of untreated wastewater for irrigation cannot be appreciated.

DIVERSITY OF WEED SPECIES IN COCOA PLANTATIONS IN BANYUWANGI, EAST JAVA, INDONESIA

Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) is one of the important plantation commodities in Indonesia. However, one of the factors that can affect productivity is weeds because weeds compete with cocoa in getting water, sunlight, nutrients, air, and space to grow. One of the largest cocoa plantation areas in East Java is the Banyuwangi district. Information about the types of cocoa weeds in Banyuwangi is unknown even though weeds in one area are different from another. Weed can reduce the production of cocoa. So, This study is important for determining appropriate control methods. This study aimed to determine the type, diversity, and abundance of weeds. The research method used in this study was a survey with a square-plot size. All weed samples were identified. The results showed that there were twelve types of broadleaf weeds, three types of grass weeds, one type of sedge, and one type of fern. The highest importance value index (IVI) was found in Ottochloa nodosa at 40.91%. The diversity of weeds was in a medium category. Weed diversity in cocoa plantations in Banyuwangi was different from other areas in Indonesia. The results of this research contribute to providing information on the diversity of weeds that can be used in determining weed control strategies in cocoa plantations.

Ethnobotanical knowledge of medicinal plants in the Don Pu Ta Forest by Kaloeng Ethnic Group, Sakon Nakhon Province, Northeastern Thailand

Abstract. Appamaraka S, Saensouk S, Saensouk P, Junsongduang A, Setyawan AD. 2023. Ethnobotanical knowledge of medicinal plants in the Don Pu Ta Forest by Kaloeng Ethnic Group, Sakon Nakhon Province, Northeastern Thailand. Biodiversitas 24: 4617-4635. Don Pu Ta Forest (in Thailand) is a vital conservation area with significant natural resources that are intertwined with the way of life, traditions, beliefs, and culture of the local community. This ecosystem fosters interdependence among its components. The local healers rely on the medicinal plants found in the Don Pu Ta Forest to provide healthcare to the people in their community. This research aimed to investigate the plant diversity, ethnobotanical knowledge, and medicinal plant utilization in the Don Pu Ta Forest, specifically within the Kaloeng Ethnic Group of Sakon Nakhon Province, Thailand. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews involving three indigenous healers and 220 local residents between January 2016 and November 2017. The interviews focused on plant usage, local names, utilized plant parts, methods of use, and medicinal properties. We also conducted vegetation analysis to assess the diversity and composition of vegetation in the Don Pu Ta Forest. The findings revealed that the Don Pu Ta Forest of the Kaloeng Ethnic Group in Sakon Nakhon Province contained medicinal plants from 28 families and 44 species. The biodiversity index (H') was calculated as 3.34, the Evenness Index (E) as 0.88, and the highest importance value index (IVI) as 25.26. Interviews with folk medicine healers identified the use of medicinal plants for treating 29 different symptoms. Notably, Micromelum minutum (Forst.f.) Wright & Arn., Rhodamnia dumetorum (DC.) Merr. & L.M. Perry, Garcinia cowa Roxb., and Casearia grewiifolia var. grewiifolia exhibited the highest Fidelity Level (FL) at 100%. The results of this study imply that ancestral wisdom's role in shaping the Kaloeng group's medicinal traditions, advocating for their integration with contemporary healthcare. In summary, the study offers valuable insights into the diversity, importance, and ethnobotanical use of medicinal plants in Don Pu Ta Forest, emphasizing possibilities for conservation, sustainable practices, and further exploration of these resources for healthcare benefits.