High Efficiency Ratio Research Articles

Optimal Large Language Model Characteristics to Balance Accuracy and Energy Use for Sustainable Medical Applications.

Background Large language models (LLMs) for medical applications use unknown amounts of energy, which contribute to the overall carbon footprint of the health care system. Purpose To investigate the tradeoffs between accuracy and energy use when using different LLM types and sizes for medical applications. Materials and Methods This retrospective study evaluated five different billion (B)-parameter sizes of two open-source LLMs (Meta's Llama 2, a general-purpose model, and LMSYS Org's Vicuna 1.5, a specialized fine-tuned model) using chest radiograph reports from the National Library of Medicine's Indiana University Chest X-ray Collection. Reports with missing demographic information and missing or blank files were excluded. Models were run on local compute clusters with visual computing graphic processing units. A single-task prompt explained clinical terminology and instructed each model to confirm the presence or absence of each of the 13 CheXpert disease labels. Energy use (in kilowatt-hours) was measured using an open-source tool. Accuracy was assessed with 13 CheXpert reference standard labels for diagnostic findings on chest radiographs, where overall accuracy was the mean of individual accuracies of all 13 labels. Efficiency ratios (accuracy per kilowatt-hour) were calculated for each model type and size. Results A total of 3665 chest radiograph reports were evaluated. The Vicuna 1.5 7B and 13B models had higher efficiency ratios (737.28 and 331.40, respectively) and higher overall labeling accuracy (93.83% [3438.69 of 3665 reports] and 93.65% [3432.38 of 3665 reports], respectively) than that of the Llama 2 models (7B: efficiency ratio of 13.39, accuracy of 7.91% [289.76 of 3665 reports]; 13B: efficiency ratio of 40.90, accuracy of 74.08% [2715.15 of 3665 reports]; 70B: efficiency ratio of 22.30, accuracy of 92.70% [3397.38 of 3665 reports]). Vicuna 1.5 7B had the highest efficiency ratio (737.28 vs 13.39 for Llama 2 7B). The larger Llama 2 70B model used more than seven times the energy of its 7B counterpart (4.16 kWh vs 0.59 kWh) with low overall accuracy, resulting in an efficiency ratio of only 22.30. Conclusion Smaller fine-tuned LLMs were more sustainable than larger general-purpose LLMs, using less energy without compromising accuracy, highlighting the importance of LLM selection for medical applications. © RSNA, 2024 Supplemental material is available for this article.

Using a Fuzzy Logic Integrated Machine Learning Algorithm for Information Fusion in Smart Parking

The free flow of people and products within metropolitan areas depends on well-managed transportation systems. However, public parking places in smart cities are often limited by traffic, causing cars and residents to waste time, money, and fuel. To counteract this issue, today's automobile systems combine information fusion with intelligent parking solutions. In this research, we present a Fuzzy Logic Integrated Machine Learning Algorithm (FL-MLA) for use in smart parking and traffic management in a metropolis. The FL-MLA use fuzzy induction to distinguish between parked and moving vehicles while calculating traffic flow. The suggested technique efficiently resolves the problem of locating suitable parking places by avoiding incorrect configurations that govern traffic management difficulties. Therefore, the FL-MLA is used in traffic management systems to boost performance metrics like efficiency ratio (98.1%) and accident detection (98.1%) based on simulation results like reduced energy consumption (95.3%), more accurate traffic estimation (97.9%), higher average daily park occupancy (97.2%), and higher efficiency ratio (98.1%).

Solar thermal control system based on variable frequency heat exchanger control technology

Frequency conversion exchanger control is the critical technology of solar water heaters. It can integrate solar thermal technology and heat pump technology and makes solar thermal energy conversion efficiency higher. Based on this research background, the paper first discusses the principle of the technology. Then, it optimizes the system control strategy based on maximizing the utilization of heat energy and the highest efficiency ratio. Finally, the article established a deep learning model of solar radiation based on different time-sharing. The experimental simulation confirmed that the thermal energy control optimization algorithm model proposed in this paper could effectively predict thermal energy exchange.

Occurrence and Control of Alternaria alternata, Penicilliun citrinum and Aspergillus flavus Mycotoxins in Broad Bean Seeds by Benzoic and Sorbic Acids

Infected broad bean seeds were collected from Noubaria region during the season 2017-2018. Fungi isolated and purified from collected seeds were identified as Aspergillus flavus, Penicilliun citrinum and Alternaria alternata. The occurrence frequencies of the isolated fungi were 9.08, 15.16 and 75.76 %, respectively. Production potentials oftoxin by Alternaria alternata and P. citrinum isolates, as estimated by the Plug Agar method, were 23100 and 33700 ng/g, respectively. Production of aflatoxins by A. flavus isolates not detected. Sorbic and benzoic acids were showed to be more effective in reducing the growth of A. alternata and P. citrinum than metalaxyl and ridomyl fungicides. A. alternata was less sensitive to sorbic acid than benzoic acid. All the tested treatments significantly reduced the growth of A. alternata growth and alternariol (AOH) production; however, a higher efficiency ratio (99.86%) was realized by benzoic acid. Similar inhibition of growth and citrinin (CTN) production was found on P. citrinum. Metalaxyl was less efficient in inhibiting AOH and CTN toxins than the other tested treatments. The efficiency of benzoic and sorbic acids to reduce AOH and CTN production was higher by soaking seed treatment. Seeds inoculated with the tested fungi, then treated with sorbic or benzoic acid found to be healthy with normal color, texture and morphology.

Microcapsule efficiency of ethanol extract of rosella petal flower (hibiscus sabdariffa linn) coated crude carrageenan (Eucheuma cottony)

The research of microcapsule efficiency of ethanol extract of sepal flower (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn) coated crude carrageenan has been done. The aim of research is to determine the highest efficiency microencapsulation based on the ratio of ethanol extract of the sepal flower toward seaweed crude carrageenan (Eucheuma cottony ) as coating substance. The microencapsulation was carried out by using freeze drying technique. This encapsulation may preserve the active compound of ethanol extract. Ratio of ethanol extract of the sepal flower toward seaweed crude carrageenan were set at 1:3; 1:4; 1:5; 1:6 and 1:7 (w/w). The result of research obtained that the highest efficiency ratio is at 1:7 with percentage of 86.01%.

Analysis of swale factors implicated in pollutant removal efficiency using a swale database

Swales are traditional basic open-drainage systems which are able to remove stormwater-borne pollutants. In spite of numerous case studies devoted to their performances, parameters influencing the reduction of pollutant concentrations by swales remain elusive. In order to better characterize them, a database was set up by collecting performance results and design characteristics from 59 swales reported in the literature. Investigations on correlations among pollutant efficiency ratios (ERs) indicated that total trace metals (copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb)), total suspended solids (TSS), total phosphorus (TP), and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) exhibited many cross-correlated ERs. High ERs were observed for pollutants including a particulate form such as TSS (median ERs = 56%) and total trace metals (median ERs ≥ 62%), suggesting that these pollutants are efficiently trapped by sedimentation in swale bed and/or filtered within swale soil. Medium to high ERs were found for dissolved trace metals (median ERs ≥ 44%), whereas ERs for nutrient species were lower (median ERs ≤ 30%). The inflow concentration was identified as a major factor correlated to ER for most pollutants. For some pollutants, there is also a trend to get higher ER when the geometrical design of the swale increases the hydraulic residence time. Overall, this database may help to better understand swale systems and to optimize their design for improving pollutant removal.

Phosphorous Use Efficiency of Safflower and Sunflower Grown in Different Soils

The use of nutrient efficient alternative crops is a possible strategy of sustainable land use. Plant species vary in their phosphorous (P) use efficiency under suboptimal P supplies in different soils by using different strategies. Cultivating P efficient species to improve yields may be possible if P efficiency mechanisms are elucidated. Therefore P use efficiency of the alternative oil crops safflower and sunflower was studied under semi-controlled conditions in sandy and loamy soils using three P supplies. Both species responded strongly to increasing P supplies in both soils and performed better in loamy soil. In both soils, both species contained similar P concentrations in shoots at low P supplies, but safflower accumulated less P amounts in shoots than sunflower at all P levels. Sunflower had less external P requirements than safflower in both soils. Safflower had higher efficiency ratio than sunflower at low P supply in sandy soil, and less values in loamy soils. Safflower had lower utilization index than sunflower in both soils at all P levels. Safflower recovered less external P (added P, extractable-P, soil solution-P) than sunflower in both soils. The P use efficiency of crops is based on different competitive components. Neither safflower nor sunflower showed a combination of high values of all P use efficiency components in both soils at all P levels, but safflower was inferior to sunflower in most studied traits. Therefore safflower cannot be considered a low input species as compared to sunflower in terms of P uptake and utilization efficiency.

Influence of electropolymerized polypyrrole optical properties on bifacial Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

In this work the effect of different doping anions on transparency, photovoltaic efficiency and interface properties of electropolymerized polypyrrole (PPy) films as counter electrode in bifacial DSSCs was study. The transparency of the counter electrode becomes relevant in order to enhance the final device efficiency and for alternative application area like of Building-Integrated Photovoltaic. PPy was prepared by electrochemical process with doping anions: chloride, perchlorate, sulfate and dodecylbenzenesulfonate. PPy doped with high concentration (0.5 M) of small anions (chloride) produced the highest transparency film (65% at 525 nm), the DSSCs with highest efficiency ratio (close to 70%) and lowest device reflectance (11%). Considering all of these results, not only the transparency of counter electrode was found to influence the efficiency of the bifacial DSSCs, but also the optical properties of PPy/electrolyte interface. This interface is probably strictly affected to the PPy morphology produced by different doping anions and the electropolymerization process used.

Style Investing with Machine Learning

<p>This paper applies machine learning techniques to style investing. Support Vector Regression is applied to multi-factor investing based on momentum, dividend, quality, volatility and growth. The results show that Support Vector Regression selects stocks consistently with a higher efficiency ratio than a broad market investment and outperforms linear regression methods. The methods are applied to global stocks in the MSCI World index between 1996 and 2016. The behavior of both models is analyzed for economic sectors and over time. Interestingly, factors like low-volatility and momentum contribute both positively and negatively in some economic sectors and certain time periods.</p>

Effect of Benzoic and Sorbic Acids on Mycotoxins Inhibition in Edible Broad Bean Seeds

Natural infected broad bean seeds were collected from Noubaria region during the season of 2012-2013. The isolated and purified fungi from these seeds were identified as: Alternaria alternata, Penicilliun citrinum and Aspergillus flavus. Occurrencefrequencies of the isolated fungi were 75.76, 15.16 and 9.08%, respectively. Toxin production potentials of Alternaria alternata and P. citrinum isolates, as estimated by Plug Agar method, were 231.00 and 337.00 µ.g/g, respectively., whereas, A.flavus isolate was unable to produce aflatoxins. Sorbic and benzoic acids were proved to be more effective in reducing fungal growth of A. alternata and P. citrinum than metalaxyl and ridomyl fungicides. A. alternata was less sensitive to sorbic acid than benzoic acid. All the tested treatments, at their MICs, significantly reduced growth of A. alternata growth and alternariol (AOH) production; however, higher efficiency ratio (99.860%) was realized by benzoic acid. Similar inhibition of growth and citrinin (CTN) production was induced by P. citrinum. Metalaxyl was less efficient in inhibiting AOH and CTN than the other tested treatments. Soaking seeds in water significantly raise the efficiency of mycotoxins production in all the tested seed treatments. Moreover, efficiency of benzoic and sorbic acids in reducing AOH and CTN production was higher during soaking process. Seeds inoculated with the tested pathogens, then treated with sorbic or benzoic acid appeared healthy with normal color, texture and morphology.

Stress-induced increases in avoidance responding: an animal model of post-traumatic stress disorder behavior?

One prominent symptom of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is avoidance of stimuli reminiscent of the traumatic event. We attempted to study this aspect of PTSD in two experiments. Groups of rats received forty 3-s tailshocks, or served as home cage controls (HCC). Twenty-four hours later, all subjects received a 4-h session of leverpress escape/avoidance conditioning. In Experiment 1, shock periods in the absence of a response were 1 s; in Experiment 2 they were 30 s. No group differences were observed in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, previously shocked animals made more avoidance responses and had a higher percent avoidance during the fourth hour of the session than controls. Further, previously shocked animals had a higher efficiency ratio (the percent of responses that were avoidances). No group differences were observed in leverpresses during the safety period (an index of anxiety) in either study. Results are discussed in terms of the effects of stress on avoidance behavior as a potential model for this important feature of PTSD.

Maternal Performance of Brangus and Hereford x Brahman F1 Cows with Intensive Grazing Management of Two Forage Types1,2

AbstractA feeder-calf production system was evaluated on Coastal Plain soils in southwestern Arkansas. Two beef cow types [Brangus (BG) vs Brahman × Hereford F, (HBR)] were studied on two forage types [Tifton 44 hybrid bermudagrass (T44HB) vs common bermudagrass-dallisgrass (CBD)]. Two 9.6-ha pastures of each forage type were used with 30 cows (15 of each breed) on each pasture. An intensive rotational grazing system was used in which each pasture was subdivided into three 3.2-ha paddocks, and cows were rotated weekly from mid-April through mid-October. Simmentalsired calves were born in February-March and weaned in mid-October for yr 1988, 1989, 1990, and 1991. Birth weight (BIW) and 205-d weaning weights (WW) of calves were analyzed using a split-plot 2×2×2 factorial design. No two- or threeway interactions were significant (P>.05). Mean BIW for calves from cows on T44HB and CBD were 35.6kg and 35.8kg P>.05), respectively. Mean WW was higher for calves from cows on CBD than for calves from cows on T44HB (240.3 vs 235.1 kg; P<.10). Calves with BG dams had heavier BIW than calves with HBR dams (36.9 vs 34.6 kg; (P<.05); however, calves with HBR dams had heavier WW (241.9 vs 233.6 kg; P<.05). An efficiency ratio (ER) was calculated for each group as (total 205-d weight per group)/(total weight at weaning of cows exposed to breeding per group) × 100. There was no difference in ER due to forage type, but HBR cows had a higher ER than BG cows as a group (45.6 vs 37.6%; P<.05).

Aluminum effects on growth and P, Ca, and Mg uptake efficiency in red clover cult1vars

Abstract Climatically controlled growth rooms were used to evaluate performance of 23 red clover cultivars in a nutrient culture system at 5 levels of Al (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 μM). The shoot and root growth of all the cultivars was reduced by Al. Considerable reduction in growth was observed at Al levels beyond 50 μM. The efficiency ratio (ER) (mg shoot dry matter per mg shoot element) for P declined with increasing Al. ER values for Ca and Mg declined slightly with increasing concentration of Al to 50 μM but then increased considerably with increasing Al. In the absence of Al, Redman, K4–184 and Chesapeake showed the highest ER for P, Ca and Mg, respectively. However, in the presence of 50 μM Al, Altaswede had the highest ER for P and Mg, and Redland showed the highest ER for Ca. In the presence of 50 μM Al, Florie, Norlac and Redmor gave the lowest ER values for P, Ca, and Mg. The growth and ER for P, Ca, and Mg in the presence or absence of Al appears to be different among the various red clover culti...