Highest Crude Oil Research Articles

Biodiesel generated from Jatropha (Jatropha curcas Linn.) seeds selected based on various genotypes crossbred

The supply of fossil fuels is not parallel with resources availability. Hence, the development of alternatives fuels and bioenergy is significant to supply energy fulfill and environmentally friendly as well. Jatropha curcas Linn. seed was known as one of biodiesel source. In this study, we have selected several genotypes crossbred of J. curcas plant to get the crude oil and then converted to biodiesel fuels. The six crossbred genotypes of Jatropha, i.e., JC5, JC6, JC7, JC18, IP3A, and IP3P, were using as samples which planted on a dry land area of Pasuruan district, East Java, Indonesia. The planting trial was applied Randomized Completely Block Designed (RCBD). The result showed was not significantly different on 100 seeds dry weight, and the highest crude oil was found on JC7 by 47.58 %. Furthermore, there were no differences in free fatty acid content, acid value, and biodiesel yield, while the highest saponification value reached on JC6 with 230.01 mg KOH g−1 and JC18 with 228.61 mg KOH g−1. The highest esterification value was obtained by JC6 (226.14 mg KOH g−1) and JC18 (224.32 mg KOH g−1). It concluded that the selected Jatropha genotypes potentially for biodiesel production.

Determination of some physicomechanical and biochemical parameters of hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) cultivars

Hazelnut is one of the most popular nuts consumed by people; it has different cultivars in Turkey. The aim of the current study was to characterize some physicomechanical characteristics, shape features, color, and biochemical properties of 6 standard and 3 local hazelnut cultivars grown in Turkey. The shape and size properties of the samples were determined using image processing techniques as an alternative to conventional measurement methods. Additionally, principal component analysis (PCA) was used to classify the hazelnut samples in terms of the biochemical parameters of the hazelnut cultivars. According to the findings, the highest crude oil (63.25%) and lowest protein contents (13.63%) were observed in the Kalınkara cultivar. Oleic and linoleic acids were the major fatty acids for all hazelnut samples. While local Devedişi and standard Çakıldak cultivars had the highest oleic acid levels, the highest linoleic acid level was observed for the Dağ fındığı cultivar. The cultivars of Foşa had the highest Zn and Mn, while the highest Cu was found in the Tombul cultivar. The greatest surface and projected areas were calculated for the Kara fındık and Dağ fındığı samples, while the greatest hardness value was measured for the Devedişi cultivar. PCA revealed some positive and negative correlations between the physicomechanical and biochemical parameters. The present analyses revealed significant correlations between hardness and internal shell b* values and between Cu content and internal L*. Such correlations should be taken into consideration in food processing applications and machine design for these hazelnut cultivars.

Fatty acid composition, diosgenin and trigonelline contents of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum): effects of phosphorus fertilizer

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of phosphorus fertilizer treatments (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 kg ha−1 P2O5) on crude oil, diosgenin, and trigonelline contents and on fatty acid composition of fenugreek plants. Experiments were conducted in a randomized block design with four replications. Results revealed under different phosphorus fertilizer doses that crude oil content varied between 4.75 and 5.54%, diosgenin content varied between 0.43 and 0.52% and trigonelline content varied between 0.74 and 0.97%. The highest diosgenin and trigonelline contents were obtained under the 30 kg ha−1 P2O5 treatment and the highest crude oil content was observed under the 60 kg ha−1 P2O5 treatment. With regard to fatty acid composition, C18:2, C18:3, C16:0, C18:0, C18:1 and C20:0 were identified as the major components and C14:0, C16:1, C17:0, C17:1, C20:1 and C22:0 were identified as the minor ones. Linoleic acid (C18:2) content varied between 42.78 and 43.44% and linolenic acid (C18:3) content varied between 26.77 and 29.21%. Except for linolenic acid (C18:3), the highest contents of all the other major components were observed with the 90 kg ha−1 P2O5 treatment.

Analysis and optimization processes of goat dung as a potential co-substrate in bioremediation

The present study investigates the analysis and optimization processes of crushed Goat Dung (GD) as a potential co substrate in bioremediation of crude oil contaminated soil (COCS). The first order crude oil (CO) degradation kinetics and biological half-life with the effects of process parameters (pH and initial CO concentration) were also investigated. Results obtained from the effects of process parameters showed that 70 and 75% of CO were degraded at pH 7 and initial CO concentration of 130 g/l. The first order CO degradation kinetics and half-life indicated that the highest CO degradation rate constant and lowest half-life was obtained at 130 g/l. The optimum values of the independent variables as indicated by response surface methodology (RSM) were pH (6.8), temperature (39.5 °C) and CO concentration (85.2 g/l). Good relation between the R2 (98.60%), adjusted R2 (97.05%) and predicted R2 (90.88%) indicated the satisfactory performance of the second order quadratic model. The findings of this present work suggest that GD could be an effective CO substrate in bioremediation of COCS.

Phragmitis australies Growth and Tolerance to Crude Oil Contamination in Mangrove Swamp Soil

The growth and tolerance of Phragmitis ausralies to 0, 1, 3 and 6% w/w crude oil contamination in mangrove swamp soil in the Niger Delta was investigated by stem propagation for 120 days period in a green house set-up. The plant recorded 100 % germination in all crude oil concentrations including control. Germination time was, 5.0, 5.3, 5.3 and 7.0 days for the various concentrations of crude oil respectively. While plant height decreased with increased concentrations of crude oil from 3% and above, increased concentrations did not show significant effects on the root length, leaf area and girth growth of plant (p<0.05). However, while there was no significant difference between 0 (control) and 3%, 1% produced an increase as against 6%, which produced a decrease in the fresh and dry weights of plant (p<0.05). The following hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria and fungi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Micrococcus luteus, Klebsiella sp. and , Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, Penicillium oxalicum , Mucor sp respectively, were isolated from the rhizosphere of Phragmitis ausralies with the highest crude oil contamination (6 % w/w) using Oil Mineral Salt Agar (OMSA). The total hydrocarbon utilizing bacterial and fungal counts were 7.1 × 106 ± 4.6 × 105 cfu/g (21.7%) and 4.5 × 105 ± 2.6 × 104 cfu/g (11.2%) respectively. Analysis of the baseline properties of soil sample for plant propagation indicate TPH level of 397.5 mg/kg, TOC, 0.06%, pH,5.05 and porosity, 32.0% . In this study, P. australies grew and survived in all concentrations of crude oil contaminated mangrove swamp soil with a high percentage population of hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria and fungi in its rhizosphere without any form of exogenous stimulation or augmentation, it is therefore a potential candidate for rhizoremediation.

Characteristics of grape seed and oil from nine Turkish cultivars

Percentages of crude oil, protein, fibre and ash of grape seeds obtained from Turkish cultivars were of the ranges 5.40–10.79, 5.24–7.54, 17.6–27.1, and 1.2–2.6, respectively. The highest crude oil, crude protein and crude fibre were determined in Siyah pekmezlik, Karadimrit and Antep grape seeds. The energy values of seeds were established to be between 102.28 and 148.07 kcal g−1. Potassium and calcium contents of seed samples were found to be at high levels compared to sodium. The seeds contained 686–967 ppm of Na, 2468–3618 ppm of K and 2373–4127 ppm of Ca. The refractive index, relative density, acidity, saponification value, unsaponifiable matter and iodine value of seed oils were determined to be in the ranges 1.474–1.477 , 0.909–0.934 25/25°C, 0.74–1.24%, 181–197, 0.91–1.66%, and 126–135, respectively. The main fatty acids were of the ranges 60.7–68.5% linoleic, 16.1–23.4% oleic and 8.0–10.2% palmitic. The highest percentages of linoleic acid (68.5%) was determined in Siyah pekmezlik seed oil.