Highest Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research Articles

Agro-industrial by-products as a feeding strategy for producing functional milk

Agro-industrial by-products contain valuable components such as polyphenols that can play a significant role in producing milk with specific properties through rumen fermentation. In Egypt, the buffalo milk chain has a potential market, which is larger than that for cow milk, especially in small villages. Therefore, this study aims to explore different feed ingredients from agro-waste for enhancing the functional properties of raw buffalo milk including polyphenols, flavonoids, vitamins A, C, α-tocopherol, and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) contents. For this purpose, thirty dairy water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) with a weight of about 520 kg were randomly divided into five groups of six animals each. The first group was fed a basal diet (silage) without agro-waste, while the other four groups were fed the basal diet after replacing 25% of the diet with different agro-wastes including barley (snack/bakery waste), sweet potato/carrot, biscuit/cake waste and tomato pomace. The feeding experimental period lasted 90 days, then milk samples (n = 150) were collected. Our results show that adding sweet potato/ carrot or tomato pomace to the basal diet enhanced the contents of vitamins A, C, and phenolic compounds reflecting on the enhancement of the antioxidant capacity of raw buffalo milk. Concerning the CLA content, the milk samples collected from buffalo fed the basal diet fortified with tomato pomace and biscuit/cake waste had the highest CLA and α-tocopherol content. Therefore, this study recommends using the tested agro-waste ingredients for producing functional buffalo milk, especially for small-medium milk producers.

Fatty acid and conjugated linoleic acid content of Anatolian buffaloes at different muscle types and slaughter weight.

This research was performed to detect tissue fatty acid (FA) composition and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content in Anatolian buffaloes at different muscle types (MTs) and slaughter weights (SWs). The research was carried out on a private commercial livestock farm in Tokat. The research's animal material comprised 20 Anatolian buffalo calves with approximately 100kg body weights, weaned at about 150days of age.Before the experiment started, the calves were randomly dividedinto two slaughter groups (SW) as low weight (LW=225 kg) and high weight (HW=325 kg). Ten calves from each of the two experimental groups, which were intensively fed, were slaughtered in two different weights. After the slaughtering, FA composition and CLA content of the Semimembranosus (SM), Semitendinosus (ST), and Triceps brachii (TB) muscle tissues of the animals were examined. The study determined that palmitoleic acid (C16:1) and stearic acid (C18:0) were affected by MTs and oleic acid (C18:1) and α-linolenic acid (C18:3 n-3) were affected by SW (P < 0.05). The highest CLA was in the ST muscle type (0.298) and the LW group (0.289) of the SW groups (P > 0.05). With the increase of SW (in LW and HW groups), n-6/n3 (SM: 7.783 and 6.533; ST: 8.115 and 7.859; TB: 8.416 and 8.215) (P > 0.05) and PUFA ratio decreased (P < 0.05). The SW increase raised the SFA ratio in the SM muscle (P < 0.05) while lowering it in the TB muscle (P > 0.05). Again, with the increase in SW, AI and TI values increased in SM and ST muscles, while the same index values decreased in TB muscle (P > 0.05). In conclusion,when considering the PUFA/SFA ratio and the beneficial effects of CLAs on human health, ST in the MT and LW groups in SW, and thus ST and LW in MT and SW were prominent in Anatolian buffaloes.

Valorization of waste chicken skin for conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) production: optimization using response surface methodology.

The valorization of waste chicken skin fat (WCSF) for conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) production was performed by photoisomerization and optimized the process conditions for high CLA production by response surface methodology. The fat extraction yield from waste chicken skin was approximately 52%. The linoleic acid content of the fat obtained from waste chicken skin was increased by the fractionation process approximately 2 times, up to 52%. Optimum iodine amount and processing time for predicted maximum total CLA amount were determined as 0.87% and 116.36h, respectively. The maximum total CLA amount was predicted and produced experimentally as 32.14% and 29.01%, respectively. Additionally, iodine amount, processing time, and their interaction significantly affected the amount and variety of produced CLA isomers. The results indicated that dominant isomers produced by photoisomerization of WCSF were trans, trans isomers. However, the amount of cis 9, trans 11 and trans 10, cis 12 CLA isomers could be more increased by optimizing the production parameters. The present study indicated that waste chicken skin could be valorized in CLA production by photoisomerization and obtained high value-added product, and also a more economical and faster CLA production could be realized.

Identification of feeding pattern and their impact on milk fatty acid profiles from traditional dairy cows in Pangalengan Sub-district

Fatty acids (FA) profiles especially conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) are commonly used to distinguish milk quality. However, its content is very sensitive and tends to change with a different type of feed. The study aims to identify the relationship between the feeding system and milk FA profile in the Pangalengan sub-district. The feeding system and milk FA profiles were studied using two-step post observatory research. Step one, milk was collected from 27 traditional-dairy farms using purposive random sampling and compare with a large-scale farm. The result shows that FA profiles vary greatly among traditional-farms especially for long-chain FA (LCFA) which was found in small concentrations. CLA content was also found higher in traditional-farms. Step two, five traditional-farms with the highest CLA milk content were observed for their feeding systems. Parameter observed including cow’s specification, feed type used, and feed intake. The best ration produced high milk CLA and production was the ration consisted of 38 % high-quality forages and 62 % commercial concentrate. Thus, it can be concluded that milk from traditional farms was better than milk from large-scale farms. The best milk CLA was produced with a combination of 38 % high-quality forages and 62 % commercial concentrate.

Linoleic Acid Triggered a Metabolomic Stress Condition in Three Species of Bifidobacteria Characterized by Different Conjugated Linoleic Acid-Producing Abilities

Abundant conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) producers exist among Bifidobacterium species. This CLA production is related to the mitigation of LA toxicity. However, there is still a lack of information on the metabolic response underlying this detoxification strategy. In this study, six bifidobacteria strains belonging to three different species were used to characterize growth and CLA accumulation in the presence of LA. A combination of non-targeted metabolomics techniques and biochemical indicators were used to explore metabolic profile changes in response to LA and the expression of important factors driving CLA production in Bifidobacterium species. The results suggested that free LA had growth inhibitory effects on bifidobacteria, resulting in a global metabolic stress response that caused metabolic reprogramming on all tested strains and promoted malondialdehyde production, inducing a redox imbalance. In particular, a strong decrease in reduced glutathione level was observed in Bifidobacterium breve CCFM683 [log2(FC) = -3.29]. Furthermore, LA-induced oxidative stress is an important factor driving high CLA production in certain strains.

Reasons for the differences in biotransformation of conjugated linoleic acid by Lactobacillus plantarum

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has attracted a great deal of attention for its functions in weight loss, regulation of metabolism, and antioxidant capabilities. Many microorganisms, including rumen bacteria, propionic acid bacilli, and Lactobacillus, have CLA biotransformation ability. The CLA production capability of different species is different, as are those different strains of the same species. However, the reasons for this discrepancy remain unclear. In this study, 14 strains of Lactobacillus plantarum were found, through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, to be capable of converting linoleic acid to CLA. The transcriptional levels of CLA-related genes in the high- (AR195, WCFS1, and AR488) and low-yield strains (AR176, AR269, and AR611) were analyzed using real-time quantitative PCR. The transcriptional levels of cla-hy, cla-dh, and cla-dc in AR195 were the lowest in the exponential phase, but it had the highest CLA yield. Correlation analysis showed no correlation between CLA yield and the transcription level of these genes in the exponential phase. The results showed that a high transcriptional level in the exponential phase of cla-hy, cla-dh, and cla-dc did not necessarily lead to high CLA production. Investigation of the transcription level in different growth phases showed that the CLA biotransformation abilities of Lactobacillus plantarum strains significantly depended on the transcriptional maintenance of cla-hy, cla-dh, and cla-dc. We observed a correlation between CLA production and increased levels of cla-hy transcription, but a prerequisite is needed: the transcription of cla-dh and cla-dc should be upregulated and maintained a high transcriptional level during the platform period. This study provides a new strategy for screening high CLA-producing strains. It also lays a theoretical foundation for regulating CLA biotransformation and increasing the yield of CLA.

Mechanisms underlying the hormetic effect of conjugated linoleic acid: Focus on Nrf2, mitochondria and NADPH oxidases

Nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor2 (Nrf2) is a redox-sensitive transcription factor. Its activation by low dietary intake of ligands leads to antioxidant effects (eustress), while pro-oxidant effects (oxidative distress) may be associated with high doses. NADPH oxidases (NOXs) and the mitochondrial electron transport chain are the main sources of intracellular ROS, but their involvement in the biphasic/hormetic activity elicited by Nrf2 ligands is not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the involvement of NOX expression and mitochondrial function in the hormetic properties of omega-3 typically present in fish oil (FO) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in the mouse liver.Four-week administration of FO, at both low and high doses (L-FO and H-FO) improves Nrf2-activated cyto-protection (by phase 2 enzymes), while a significant increase in respiration efficiency occurs in the liver mitochondria of H-FO BALB/c mice. Eustress conditions elicited by low dose CLA (L-CLA) are associated with increased activity of phase 2 enzymes, and with higher NOX1-2, mitochondrial defences, mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) expression, compared with controls. Steatogenic effects (lipid accumulation and alteration of lipid metabolism) elicited by high CLA (H-CLA) elicited that are associated with oxidative distress, increased mitochondrial complex I/III activity and reduced levels of phase 2 enzymes, in comparison with L-CLA-treated mice.Our results confirm the steatogenic activity of H-CLA and first demonstrate the role of NOX1 and NOX2 in the eustress conditions elicited by L-CLA. Notably, the negative association of the Nrf2/PGC-1α axis with the different CLA doses provides new insight into the mechanisms underlying the hormetic effect triggered by this Nrf2 ligand.

Utilization of optimized processing conditions for high yield synthesis of conjugated linoleic acid by L. plantarum AB20–961 and L. plantarum DSM2601 in semi-dry fermented sausage

The aim of this study was to utilize optimized processing conditions to obtain the highest conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) contents in semi-dry fermented sausages produced with L. plantarum AB20–961 and L. plantarum DSM 2601. Optimized conditions were 5.7 meat pH, 5% hydrolyzed safflower oil addition, 108 CFU/g added starter culture, fermentation time of 73 h for L. plantarum DSM2601 and 79 h for L. plantarum AB20–961, 24 °C fermentation temperature, 65 °C internal cooking temperature and 90% relative humidity. Results indicated that CLA contents in sausages were increased 21% by L. plantarum AB20–961 and 121% by L. plantarum DSM2601 after fermentation compared to initial CLA level determined on manufacturing day (P < .05). After fermentation, an increased CLA content of sausages remained stable during heat processing and storage. Sausages incorporated with L. plantarum strains and hydrolyzed safflower oil had the highest TBARS and PUFA levels, and the lowest pH and moisture content (P < .05). Differences were not found in sensorial and other physicochemical properties among sausage treatment groups. This study demonstrated that high CLA content can be achieved in sausages by utilizing optimum processing conditions described above and starter cultures (L. plantarum AB20–961 and L. plantarum DSM2601) without any adverse effects on quality of the final product.

Optimization of conjugated linoleic acid production by Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. Lactis and its application in fermented milk

Response surface methodology was used to optimize the concentration of fructooligosaccharide (FOS), sonication time and salt concentration for maximizing the production of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) by Bifidobacterium animalis. The highest CLA was obtained under the optimized conditions including FOS (22.43%), salt (0.136%) and ultrasound time (1.47 min). The validity of the statistical model was confirmed by investigation of CLA and comparing the results by predicted value. Cell enumeration, lactose content and viscosity of optimum sample and controls were also determined. The count of cells in sonicated samples was the lowest (8.6 log10 CFU g−1) and the mean amount of lactose during the fermentation time decreased in all samples, but this decrease was more significant in the optimized sample (20 g L−1). The viscosity of all samples increased with increasing the fermentation time, but this was significantly higher in the optimum sample (136 cp). According to the sensory evaluation, the optimum sample got the highest scores for appearance, mouthfeel and taste. The results confirmed the possibility of using the product as a functional food.

Efficient conversion of conjugated linoleic acid c9,t11 by Lactobacillus fermentation from vegetable oil to generate fermented milk with high CLA content

The purpose of this study was to develop a functional and valuable dairy product with high conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content through a fermentation method utilizing vegetable oil and probiotic lactic acid bacteria. Bifidobacterium breve KCTC 3419 was selected as a standard strain for high efficiency conversion of the CLA c9,t11. This standard strain was mixed in a definite ratio of 4:3:3 with Lactobacillus sakei LJ011 isolated from kimchi and the commercially available YF-L812 culture to generate a high-efficiency CLA conversion starter stock for use in fermented milk production. CLA conversion by safflower seed oil fermentation by the starter stock yielded the highest CLA containing fermented milk. The pH level, titratable acidity, and number of lactic acid bacteria in the fermented milk were altered to suitable levels during the fermented milk production process. The CLA content of CLA-fermented milk was maintained at 0.1% of the total CLA content during the storage period of 2 weeks.

Efecto de la especie y la edad de rebrote en el perfil de ácidos grasos de leguminosas y arbustivas tropicales

Se evaluó el efecto de tres edades de rebrote (4, 8 y 12 semanas) sobre la producción de forraje, calidad nutricional y perfil de ácidos grasos en leguminosas herbáceas: Clitoria ternatea, Pueraria phaseoloides, Canavalia brasiliensis, Centrosema molle, Centrosema macrocarpum, Alysicarpus vaginalis y Lablab purpureus; en leguminosas arbustivas: Cratylia argentea, Gliricidia sepium, Desmodium velutinum, Cajanus cajan y Leucaena leucocephala; y en una arbustiva no leguminosa: Moringa oleifera (Moringaceae). Se utilizó un diseño de parcelas divididas con bloques al azar, en el cual la parcela principal fue la especie forrajera y la subparcela la edad de rebrote. Los principales ácidos grasos presentes en las especies fueron el ácido palmítico (C16:0), ácido linolénico (C18:3) y linoleico (C18:2). Sin embargo, en las leguminosas herbáceas y arbustivas, el contenido de ácidos grasos fue diferente y disminuyó con la edad de rebrote en los dos grupos. La relación C18:2/C18:3 fue mayor en las leguminosas herbáceas que en las arbustivas, lo cual podría resultar en una mayor concentración de ácido linoleico conjugado (ALC) en la grasa de la leche. La leguminosa Cajanus cajan presentó el mayor (p&lt;0,05) contenido de ácido linolénico (C18:3) y de precursores de ALC en las tres edades de rebrote evaluadas, lo cual sugiere que su uso en la alimentación de bovinos en sistemas de doble propósito resultaría en concentraciones altas de ALC c9 t11 en la grasa de la leche, en comparación con otras especies.

Stabilization of conjugated linoleic acid via complexation with arabinogalactan and β‐glucan

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) was stabilized via its complexation with arabinogalactan or beta‐glucan by freeze‐drying. The complexes were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and scanning electron microscopy. The results have shown that only a fraction of CLA is present in the form of inclusion complex while the rest is adsorbed on the surface of the polysaccharide matrix. Even though the materials prepared contain relatively high amount of uncomplexed CLA, the complexation yields products with significantly increased stability toward thermal and oxidative stress compared to pristine CLA.Practical applications: The results demonstrate that it is possible to integrate dietary fibre and dietary fat into a single solid functional food material with increased shelf life. Moreover, the combination of CLA with polysaccharide matrix allows preparation of stable O/W emulsions of CLA.Interaction between polysaccharides (beta‐glucan and arabinogalactan) and CLA allows preparation of materials with high CLA loading of up to 30% while maintaining improved oxidative stability compared to free CLA or physical mixture.

Characterization of CLA-producing Butyrivibrio spp. reveals strain-specific variations.

Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA), a fatty acid with high nutraceutical value is produced in rumen by resident bacterial species, especially Butyrivibrio spp. The present study was undertaken to examine the diversity of indigenous Butyrivibrio spp. from rumen liquor of Indian ruminants. The isolates were screened for their CLA production capability at different level of linoleic acid (LA) (0, 200, 400, 600, 800 μg/ml) at different time intervals (0, 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 h). A total of more than 300 anaerobic cultures were isolated and 31 of them were identified as Butyrivibrio spp. based on morphological, biochemical and molecular characterization. Further, molecular characterization revealed that a large portion (67.7 %) of isolated Butyrivibrio belonged to Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens (B. fibrisolvens) species which is considered to be the most active bacteria amongst the rumen bacteria populace in terms of CLA production. Bacterial isolate VIII (strain 4a) showed highest CLA production ability (140.77 μg/ml) when incubated at 200 μg/ml LA for 2 h, which is 240 % higher than the isolate XXVII, Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus (B. proteoclasticus) showing lowest CLA production (57.28 μg/ml) amongst the screened isolates. It was evident from the observations recorded during the course of experiments that CLA production ability is strain specific and thus did not follow a single pattern. CLA production also varied with time of incubation and concentration of free linoleic acid supplemented in the growth medium. The results of these findings put forward a strain that is high CLA producer and can be further exploited as an additive for enhancing meat and milk quality in ruminants.

Dietary supplementation of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens alters fatty acids of milk and rumen fluid in lactating goats.

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers have high health amelioration potential and hence it is of great interest to increase the CLA content in dairy products. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of administration of high CLA producing Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens In-1 on fatty acid composition of milk and rumen fluid in lactating goats. Four groups (n = 5) of lactating goats were assigned the following treatments: Control (C) (basal diet); T1 (basal diet + linoleic acid source), T2 (basal diet + suspension of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens In-1, 10(9) CFU head(-1)) and T3 (basal diet + linoleic acid source + suspension of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens In-1, 10(9) CFU head(-1)). Rumen liquor and milk samples were collected on days 0, 15, 30, 60 and 90 of the experiment and linoleic isomerase enzyme (LA-I) activity and fatty acid profiles were elucidated. Major effects of treatments were seen on day 30 of the experiment. Total CLA content of rumen fluid increased (P < 0.05) by 218.72, 182.26 and 304% whereas total saturated fatty acid (SFA) content was lowered (P < 0.05) by 6.1, 4.44 and 9.55% in T1, T2 and T3, respectively, as compared to control. Vaccenic acid in groups T2 and T3 increased (P < 0.05) by 66.67% and 105.7% as compared to control. In milk, total CLA increased by 2.03, 1.61 and 0.61 folds in T3, T2 and T1, respectively. Total monounsaturated fatty acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid content increased (P < 0.05) in group T3 by 14.15 and 37.44%, respectively. Results of the present study indicated that administration of B. fibrisolvens In-1 along with a linoleic acid (LA) source is a useful strategy to alter the biohydrogenation pattern in the rumen that subsequently decreased SFA content while increased CLA and unsaturated fatty acids in ruminant's milk.

Conjugated linoleic acid-enriched butter improved memory and up-regulated phospholipase A2 encoding-genes in rat brain tissue

Reduced phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity has been reported in blood cells and in postmortem brains of patients with Alzheimer disease (AD), and there is evidence that conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) modulates the activity of PLA2 groups in non-brain tissues. As CLA isomers were shown to be actively incorporated and metabolized in the brains of rats, we hypothesized that feeding a diet naturally enriched in CLA would affect the activity and expression of Pla 2 -encoding genes in rat brain tissue, with possible implications for memory. To test this hypothesis, Wistar rats were trained for the inhibitory avoidance task and fed a commercial diet (control) or experimental diets containing either low CLA- or CLA-enriched butter for 4 weeks. After this period, the rats were tested for memory retrieval and killed for tissue collection. Hippocampal expression of 19 Pla 2 genes was evaluated by qPCR, and activities of PLA2 groups (cPLA2, iPLA2, and sPLA2) were determined by radioenzymatic assay. Rats fed the high CLA diet had increased hippocampal mRNA levels for specific PLA2 isoforms (iPla 2 g6γ; cPla 2 g4a, sPla 2 g3, sPla 2 g1b, and sPla 2 g12a) and higher enzymatic activity of all PLA2 groups as compared to those fed the control and the low CLA diet. The increment in PLA2 activities correlated significantly with memory enhancement, as assessed by increased latency in the step-down inhibitory avoidance task after 4 weeks of treatment (rs = 0.69 for iPLA2, P < 0.001; rs = 0.81 for cPLA2, P < 0.001; and rs = 0.69 for sPLA2, P < 0.001). In face of the previous reports showing reduced PLA2 activity in AD brains, the present findings suggest that dairy products enriched in cis-9, trans-11 CLA may be useful in the treatment of this disease.

The effects of probiotics and prebiotics on the fatty acid profile and conjugated linoleic acid content of fermented cow milk

The ability of probiotic bacteria (Lactobacillus acidophilus La5 and Bifidobacterium animalis Bb12), to produce conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in association with Streptococcus thermophilus and Lb. bulgaricus during milk fermentation has been evaluated in this study. Pasteurized cow milk and infant formula were used. Infant formula was selected for its high linoleic acid content, for being a source of CLA and for its prebiotic compounds, e.g. galacto-oligosaccharides. The microorganisms were not able to increase the CLA content of the fermented products under the given experimental conditions. No statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) occurred between the CLA content in milk and the fermented samples. The CLA contents of 10 commercial fermented milk products were determined. The highest CLA content was observed in fermented milk containing only Str. thermophilus and Lb. bulgaricus.

Cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 CLA mixture does not change body composition, induces insulin resistance and increases serum HDL cholesterol level in rats.

Synthetic supplements of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) containing 50:50 mixture of cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 CLA isomers have been commercialized in some places for reducing body fat. However the safety of this CLA mixture is controversial and in some countries the CLA usage as food supplement is not authorized. Changes in insulinemic control and serum lipids profile are potential negative effects related to consumption of CLA mixture. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of a diet containing mixture of cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 CLA on prevention of obesity risk as well as on potential side effects such as insulin resistance and dyslipidemia in Wistar rats. Thirty male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to the following dietary treatments (n=10/group), for 60 days: Normolipidic Control (NC), diet containing 4.0% soybean oil (SO); High Fat-Control (HF-C), diet containing 24.0% SO; High Fat-synthetic CLA (HF-CLA), diet containing 1.5% of an isomeric CLA mixture (Luta-CLA 60) and 22.5% SO. Luta-CLA 60 (BASF) contained nearly 60% of CLA (cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 CLA at 50:50 ratio). The HF-CLA diet contained 0.3% of each CLA isomer. HF-CLA diet had no effect on dietary intake and body composition. HF-CLA-fed rats had lower levels of PPARγ protein in retroperitoneal adipose tissue, hyperinsulinemia compared to HF-C-fed rats, hyperglycemia compared to NC-fed rats while no differences in glycemia were observed between NC and HF-C groups, increased HOMA index and higher levels of serum HDL cholesterol. Thus, feeding rats with a high fat diet containing equal parts of cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 CLA isomers had no effect on body composition and induced insulin resistance. Despite HF-CLA-fed rats had increased serum HDL cholesterol levels, caution should be taken before synthetic supplements containing cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 CLA are recommended as a nutritional strategy for weight management.

Variation of Fatty Acid Content in Zamorano-Type Ovine Cheese According to the Milk Conjugated Linoleic Acid Content

A total of 30 Zamorano-type cheeses were manufactured in order to study the effects of milk conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content, ripening time, and interactions between both effects on fatty acid (FA) profile. Cheeses elaborated from milk with a high CLA content showed higher contents of vaccenic, oleic, alpha-linolenic (ALA), CLA, monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated (PUFA) FA, and lower contents of capric, lauric, myristic, palmitic, estearic, linoleic, and saturated (SFA) FA than cheese from milk with a low CLA content. Content of unsaturated C18 FA along with MUFA and PUFA groups increased throughout the ripening, while SFA content decreased. The interactions between milk CLA content and ripening time were significant for palmitic, linoleic, CLA, SFA, and omega-6/omega-3 ratio in Zamorano-type cheese. Decreases in cheese omega-6/omega-3 ratio were obtained from milk with a high CLA content; this ratio worsened over ripening in cheeses from low-CLA milk. In conclusion, these results emphasize the importance of the initial CLA content in milk with regard to improve the lipid profile in cheese for consumption.

Perfil de ácidos graxos na carne de novilhos superjovens da raça Devon, terminados sob diferentes sistemas de alimentação

The objective of this study was to evaluate the fatty acid profile of meat of Devon steers finished in feedlot, or winter pasture (pasture of ryegrass - Lolium multiflorum Lam), or tropical pasture (association of millet pasture - Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke - and alexander grass – Brachiaria plantaginea). At the beginning of finishing the average weight of steers was 320 kg and the age was 15 months. A completely randomized design with three treatments and variable number of repetitions. The roughage:concentrate ratio from feedlot was 60:40. The lipid content of Longissimus dorsi muscle was influenced by the feeding system, the winter pasture showed higher lipid content in comparison to tropical pasture, while the lipid content of feedlot was intermediary. The tropical pasture showed intramuscular fat more saturated in relation to winter pasture, mainly due to the higher participation of C15:0, C17:0 and C20:0 acids. The feedlot and winter pasture animals showed meat with higher content of monounsaturated fatty acids in relation to tropical pasture, but there was no effect of the diet on the total polyunsaturated fatty acids. The winter pasture provided meat with higher conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and of omega-3 acids in relation to feedlot, while the tropical pasture did not differ from the other two treatments. Pasture finishing provided omega6/omega3 ratio more benefic in relation to feedlot finishing. The winter pasture finishing provided meat with intramuscular fat more benefic in comparison to feedlot finishing, mainly due to higher CLA content, higher omega-3 acids and lower omega-6/omega3 ratio. Tropical pasture finishing resulted in meat with intermediate nutritional value between winter pasture and feedlot.

High conjugated linoleic acid enriched ghee (clarified butter) increases the antioxidant and antiatherogenic potency in female Wistar rats

BackgroundHypercholesterolemia and oxidative stress are the main stimulating factors responsible for coronary artery disease and progression of atherosclerosis. Dairy food products are rich in conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) which is considered as an important component due to its potential health benefits such as anticarcinogenic, antiatherogenic, antidiabetic and antiadipogenic properties. In the present study, the effect of CLA enriched ghee on the antioxidant enzyme system and antiatherogenic properties in Wistar rats has been studied.MethodsFemale Wistar rats of 21 days were taken for the study and fed with soybean diet (Control diet), low CLA diet and high CLA ghee diet (treatments) for thirty five days for studying antioxidative enzymes and sixteen weeks in case of antiatherogenic studies.ResultsFeeding of high CLA enhanced ghee during pubescent period in rats lead to an increase in catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activities in blood and increased CAT, SOD and glutathione transferase (GST) enzymes activities in liver by 27, 130 and 168 percent, respectively. Plasma nitrate concentration and Haemoglobin levels remained the same in all the treatments. Feeding of high CLA ghee resulted in lower (P < 0.01) plasma cholesterol & triglyceride level (52.17 and 30.27%), and higher high density lipoproteins (33.26%) than feeding of soybean oil (control group) and thus manifested in decreased (P < 0.05) atherogenic index (from 0.472 to 0.244). Lesser cholesterol and triglyceride levels were observed in the liver and aorta of high CLA fed rats than in those of the other groups. Histopathological studies of liver showed normal hepatic cords with portal triad in the high CLA ghee fed rats whereas fatty degeneration of hepatocytes containing fat vacuoles was observed in the liver of the other groups.ConclusionThis paper is the first report of the antioxidant and antiatherogenic properties of the high CLA enriched ghee suggesting that high CLA ghee can be used as a potential food for decreasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases, particularly in India, where, ghee is widely used for culinary and medicinal purposes.