Higher Values Of Magnetic Field Research Articles

Non-similar analysis of bioconvection MHD micropolar nanofluid on a stretching sheet with the influences of Soret and Dufour effects

In this study, we investigate the capabilities of magnetohydrodynamic bioconvective micropolar nanofluids, considering the impact of Soret and Dufour effects using a non-similarity analysis. Our objective is to forecast the complex heat and mass transfer phenomena observed in both biological and industrial systems. In recent years, notable progress in energy applications has spurred our inquiry and exploration. To augment thermal conductivity and explore potential biocompatibility, we utilize blood as the base fluid, incorporating silver Ag\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\left({\ ext{Ag}}\\right)$$\\end{document} and copper oxide (CuO)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$({\ ext{CuO}})$$\\end{document}. This distinctive configuration offers improved control over thermal properties and supports the exploration of advanced applications across various domains. In our analysis, we also consider factors such as viscous dissipation, the influences of Soret and Dufour effects, the existence of a magnetic field, and the occurrence of heat generation. The governing PDEs and their corresponding boundary conditions are transformed into dimensionless form through the use of suitable non-similar transformations. The outcomes generated by the modified model are obtained through the application of a local non-similarity approach, extended up to the second degree of truncation, and integrated with a finite difference code (bvp4c). Furthermore, the effects of different factors on fluid flow, micro-rotation, heat transfer, volume fraction, and microorganism properties in the analyzed flow scenarios are demonstrated and examined through visual representations, following the attainment of satisfactory agreement between the obtained results and those reported in prior studies. The tables are designed to present numerical variations for the drag coefficient and Nusselt number. A comparative analysis is conducted on previously published work, despite certain limitations, in order to evaluate the accuracy of the numerical scheme. It can be shown that the material parameter K\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$K$$\\end{document} has two effects on micropolar fluid dynamics: it increases the micro-rotation profile, which leads to higher fluid stiffness, and it reduces the velocity profile in response to an angled magnetic field. Furthermore, in bio-convective micropolar fluid, greater K\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$K$$\\end{document} values are correlated with an elevated temperature profile, showing enhanced heat transfer efficiency via increased fluid speed and kinetic energy production. The velocity profiles in bioconvective micropolar fluids rise with higher magnetic field values (M)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$(M)$$\\end{document}, highlighting the significance of magnetic field orientations for a thorough comprehension of the behavior of fluids in these systems. Increasing the Dufour effect (Du)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$({\ ext{Du}})$$\\end{document} raises the temperature profile, whereas increasing the Soret effect (Sr)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$({\ ext{Sr}})$$\\end{document} lowers the concentration profile. Furthermore, increasing the bio-convective Lewis numbers (Le)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$({\ ext{Le}})$$\\end{document} results in larger concentrations of moving microorganisms, but increasing the Peclet number (Pe)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$({\ ext{Pe}})$$\\end{document} results in a drop in microbe concentrations. The main focus of our study is to devise unique transformations customized to address the intricacies of the specific problem under investigation. These transformations aim to produce precise and efficient outcomes, offering valuable insights for future research in the realm of nanofluid flows, particularly concerning pressure ulcer problems.

Investigating the impact of applied magnetic field and current on anode power deposition in AF-MPDT

The high temperature superconductors enhanced magnetoplasmadynamic thruster is a promising device for various space mission scenarios. However, a critical issue hindering the enhancement of the thruster’s performance is the problem of anode power deposition. Previous studies have identified the anode fall voltage as a major contributor to this power deposition. This paper introduces an approximate analytical formula for calculating anode power deposition resulting from anode fall voltage. The paper further analyzes and calculates the variation of anode fall voltage with an applied magnetic field and discharge current. The findings reveal a direct correlation between applied magnetic field and both anode fall voltage and power, indicating an increase with higher magnetic field values. In contrast, while the anode fall voltage experiences a slight decline with increased discharge current, the anode power deposition remains elevated due to the transition from field ionization to thermal ionization. To gain a comprehensive understanding of anode power deposition, an experiment was conducted to obtain measurements under different operating conditions, involving varying levels of applied magnetic field and discharge current. The experimental results align with the theoretical predictions. These insights have the potential to serve as a valuable reference for enhancing the efficiency of magnetoplasmadynamic thrusters, bringing us closer to unlocking the full potential of these remarkable propulsion systems in the realm of space exploration.

Observation of an abrupt 3D-2D morphological transition in thin Al layers grown by MBE on InGaAs surface

Among superconductor/semiconductor hybrid structures, in situ aluminum (Al) grown on InGaAs/InAs is widely pursued for the experimental realization of Majorana Zero Mode quasiparticles. This is due to the high carrier mobility, low effective mass, and large Landé g-factor of InAs, coupled with the relatively high value of the in-plane critical magnetic field in thin Al films. However, growing a thin, continuous Al layer using the molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) is challenging due to aluminum's high surface mobility and tendency for 3D nucleation on semiconductor surfaces. A study of epitaxial Al thin film growth on In0.75Ga0.25As with MBE is presented, focusing on the effects of the Al growth rate and substrate temperature on the nucleation of Al layers. We find that for low deposition rates, 0.1 and 0.5 Å/s, the growth continues in 3D mode during the deposition of the nominal 100 Å of Al, resulting in isolated Al islands. However, for growth rates of 1.5 Å/s and above, the 3D growth mode quickly transitions into island coalescence, leading to a uniform 2D Al layer. Moreover, this transition is very abrupt, happening over an Al flux increase of less than 1%. We discuss the growth mechanisms explaining these observations. The results give new insights into the kinetics of Al deposition and show that with sufficiently high Al flux, a 2D growth on substrates at close to room temperature can be achieved already within the first few Al monolayers. This eliminates the need for complex cryogenic substrate cooling and paves the way for the development of high-quality superconductor-semiconductor interfaces in standard MBE systems.

Energy loss of heavy quarks in the presence of magnetic field

We study the heavy quark energy loss in the presence of a background magnetic field. The analysis considers the high magnetic field generated by spectators from initial hard collisions that were incorporated using the medium-modified Debye mass, determined from quark condensates at finite temperature and magnetic field via recent lattice quantum chromodynamics calculations. We analyse the impact of medium polarization on the heavy quark propagation in a quark–gluon plasma formed in relativistic heavy-ion colliders like relativistic heavy ion collider and large hadron collider. For simplification, we considered the static medium with constant temperature and magnetic field values. Then, we explore the nuclear modification factor (R AA) at different magnitudes of magnetic field strengths at fixed temperatures. The energy loss of heavy quarks significantly increases, leading to R AA suppression at higher magnetic field values.

Magnetic Filaments: Formation, Stability, and Feedback

As is well known, magnetic fields in space are distributed very inhomogeneously. Sometimes, field distributions have forms of filaments with high magnetic field values. As many observations show, such a filamentation takes place in convective cells in the Sun and other astrophysical objects. This effect is associated with the frozenness of the magnetic field into a medium with high conductivity that leads to the compression of magnetic field lines and formation of magnetic filaments. We analytically show, based on the general analysis, that the magnetic field intensifies in the regions of downward flows in both two-dimensional and three-dimensional convective cells. These regions of the hyperbolic type in magnetic fields play the role of a specific attractor. This analysis was confirmed by numerical simulations of 2D roll-type convective cells. Without dissipation, the magnetic field grows exponentially in time and does not depend on the aspect ratio between the horizontal and vertical scales of the cell. An increase due to compression in the magnetic field of highly conductive plasma is saturated due to the natural limitation associated with dissipative effects when the maximum magnitude of a magnetic field is of the order of the root of the magnetic Reynolds number Rem. For the solar convective zone, the mean kinetic energy density exceeds the mean magnetic energy density for at least two orders of magnitude, which allows one to use the kinematic approximation of the MHD induction equation. In this paper, based on the stability analysis, we explain why downward flows influence magnetic filaments, making them flatter with orientation along the interfaces between convective cells.

Cationic mismatch effect on structural and magnetic behavior of La0.5-xEuxCa0.5-yBayMnO3 charge-ordered manganites

In this research, we have tried to investigate the effect of the cationic disorder on charge ordering and magnetic phase separation in La0.5-xEuxCa0.5-yBayMnO3 (x = 0, 0.05, and 0.1) compounds synthesized by using the sol-gel method. All the samples possess the same average ionic radius at A site <rA> and the same Mn3+/Mn4+ ratio. Our analysis confirmed the chemical composition by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and verified the structural integrity and purity of the phase by X-ray diffraction, revealing an orthorhombic structure with Pnma space group, which is in agreement with the tolerance factor. The important mismatch effect observed in the substituted specimens induces drastic effects on the structural and microstructural properties. Magnetic measurements indicate a great reduction of Curie temperature for substituted samples (from 250 K for x = 0 to 90 K for x = 0.05 and 85 K for x = 0.1), which indicates a weakening of ferromagnetic double exchange interactions induced by cationic disorder. The Arrott plots and the magnetocaloric study of the Eu−based samples indicate the persistence of the antiferromagnetic charge-ordered state characterizing the pristine compound (x = 0) as well as the presence of a first-ordered metamagnetic transition for all the studied samples, which is ascribed to the presence of antiferromagnetic domains. Such transition induced the appearance of a shoulder peak near 100 K in the magnetic entropy change curves for high magnetic field values, resulting in an extra cooling efficiency.

Investigation on Magnetotransport Properties and Specific Heat Capacity of FeTe0.58Se0.42 Single Crystals Grown by Self‐Flux Method

A comprehensive study of magnetotransport and field‐dependent specific heat of FeTe0.58Se0.42 single crystals synthesized using the self‐flux method is reported. The transport measurement reveals the presence of Fermi liquid behavior in the normal state resistivity of the single crystals. Furthermore, the grown single crystals exhibit anisotropy and demonstrate a high value of upper critical magnetic field (HC2). The magnetoresistance exhibits a linear behavior as the magnetic field increases, suggesting the possible presence of a Dirac‐cone state. Anisotropy is also observed in magnetoresistance near the superconducting transition temperature (TC). The sign reversal of the Hall coefficient and the violation of Kohler's rules are observed, which provide evidence of the presence of multiband effects in FeTe0.58Se0.42 single crystals. Specific heat measurements confirm the bulk superconductivity in the grown single crystals. Additionally, the specific heat jump is estimated, which is approximately equal to . The magnetic field‐dependent specific heat also suggests multiband superconductivity and offers insights into the upper critical field. Furthermore, the electronic specific heat is best fitted with a two‐band model. Moreover, the field‐dependent residual Sommerfeld coefficient gives information about the superconducting pairing symmetry.

Magneto-Hydrodynamic Effects on Heat and Mass Transfer in Hybrid Nanofluid Flow over A Stretched Sheet with Cattaneo-Christov Model

This study uncovered a numerical simulation of the Williamson hybrid nanofluid's MHD on “heat and mass transfer flow” over a porous stretched sheet. The model made use of Cattaneo-Christov heat and mass fluxes. The situation's underlying physics is modelled using governing equations. Using an appropriate similarity transformation, these equations were transformed into a system of ordinary differential equations. Methodology/Approach: MATLAB software along with BVC4C tool is used to find the numerical solution of the problem. The study's findings show that while boosting the mass relaxation flux increases concentration distributions, doing so also increases temperature distributions. Thermal radiation, heat generation, and an additional value to improve temperature and velocity distributions, the Eckert number was measured. Major findings: Higher magnetic field values are shown to result in an increase in the velocity distribution because of the applied electromagnetic force. Additionally, a rise in the thermal radiation parameter is seen to broaden the distributions of velocity and temperature. Astrophysics, geophysics, biological sciences, and biomedical engineering are all helpful to this study. The findings of this study are generally well supported by the literature.

Design and Study of the Key Characteristics of a New DC Vacuum Interrupter With a High Peak and Low Residual Magnetic Field

With the rapid development of multiterminal high-voltage direct current (HVdc) transmission systems, the research and development of high-speed and stable high-voltage dc circuit breakers have received attention. Among them, mechanical dc circuit breakers based on manual zero-crossing dc breaking technology have been applied in practical projects, owing to their small size, low on-state loss, and low price. However, this method adds a high-frequency current, which deteriorates the magnetic field between the poles of the interrupter when the arc is broken. Therefore, the development of HVdc circuit breakers that maintain high peak magnetic fields and low residual magnetic fields at high frequencies has become the key to the development of multiterminal HVdc transmission. To solve this problem, this article proposes a new interrupter for a vacuum dc circuit breaker based on artificial zero-crossing technology and studies its key characteristics, such as temperature rise, electromagnetic field, and arc column plasma distribution characteristics. The results reveal that the new interrupter proposed in this article has a low-temperature rise, uniformly distributed electric field, high peak value and low remanence of the longitudinal magnetic field, and uniformly distributed plasma in the arc column, and exhibits arc diffusion. Its ability to cope with high-frequency current is significantly higher than that of the traditional cup-shaped axial magnetic field (AMF) contact system interrupter, which is conducive to the high-speed and stable breaking of the interrupter.

AB Bilayer graphene in the external magnetic field

This paper is dedicated to studying the magnetic field effects on the physical properties of the AB bilayer graphene. We consider the generalized Hubbard model to study the physical properties in the AB staked bilayer graphene exposed to the external magnetic field and applied electric field potential. We calculated a series of physical parameters in the system numerically as a function of the magnetic field and electric field potential. Different site-filling regimes have been considered and their influence on the behavior of the calculated physical parameters has been studied. We show that at the half-filling and high magnetic field values the charge neutrality is attained in the bilayer graphene, while at the partial-filling the system gets only charge-stabilized. Moreover, for both filling regimes, we have found a narrow region of the magnetic field parameter, where the excitonic pairing interaction survives.

Robust quantum entanglement and teleportation in the tetrapartite spin-1/2 square clusters: Theoretical study on the effect of a cyclic four-spin exchange

The whole entanglement measure so-called geometric Π4 average of tangles and bipartite entanglement of the antiferromagnetic spin-1/2 XXX Heisenberg model on a tetranuclear square cluster with cyclic four-spin interaction are rigorously examined by the help of thermal negativities. The model comprises two nearest-neighbor exchange couplings J1 and J2 such that J1≫J2. When the cyclic four-spin exchange is zero, the maximum value of whole entanglement Π4 is achieved at low enough temperatures and relatively high magnetic fields (B≈J1). Also, maximum bipartite entanglement between pair spins with exchange coupling J1 is achievable at high temperature and high magnetic field. This quantity remains alive for sufficiently high temperature and high magnetic field values comparable with the relevant exchange coupling J1. A nonzero value of the cyclic four-spin exchange notably enhances the degree of the whole entanglement, while it weakens the bipartite entanglement degree. We demonstrate that the whole entanglement reaches an unconventional minimum at a special parameter region of cyclic four-spin exchange almost ten order of magnitude smaller than J1, where the system is in a quantum antiferromagnetic state. The real complex [Cu4L4(H2O)4](ClO4)4 as a strong antiferromagnetic tetranuclear square compound provides us an experimental representative to estimate the strength of the whole and bipartite entanglements at high enough temperature. It is demonstrated that the entanglement negativities of this complex are yet depend on the considered cyclic four-spin interaction even though its magnitude is significantly smaller than J1. We realize that the possibility of quantum teleportation through a couple of discrete Cu4II complexes would solely happen for the magnetic fields lower than a critical value. It is also demonstrated that enhancing the cyclic four-spin exchange results in diminishing the average fidelity. Moreover, we conclude that the quantum Fisher information investigated for the pair of spins with exchange interaction J1 reaches its minimum close to the critical magnetic field at which a ground-state phase transition occurs from highly entangled state to separable one.

An Unsteady Nanofluid Flow Past Parallel Porous Plates: A Numerical Study

Background: This study investigates an unsteady, two-dimensional, incompressible viscous boundary layer flow of an electrically conducting nanofluid past parallel plates. The plates are permeable to allow both suction and injection to take place. It is assumed that viscosity, thermal conductivity and mass diffusivity of the nanofluid vary with temperature. The novelty of this study is in consideration of the combined effects of chemical reaction, permeability, externally applied magnetic field, and momentum diffusivity on the flow varibles. The magnetic field force is significant because it provides information regarding the boundary layer characteristics. Methods: The highly nonlinear partial differential equations are solved numerically using the newly developed bivariate spectral quasilinearization method (BSQLM) along with varying thermal and concentration boundary conditions. The BSQLM method is an innovative technique that is more reliable and robust as it demands fewer grid points and has a global approach to solving PDEs. Results: An analysis and comparison of results with existing literature are reported. Excellent agreement has been found between our results and those previously published. Among the findings, we show, inter alia, a significant increase in the profiles for fluid velocity, temperature and concentration with an increase in the chemical reaction, applied magnetic field, and thermal radiation. The BSQLM converges fast and is computationally efficient when applied to boundary layer problems that are defined on a large computational domain. Conclusions: A numerical study on nanofluid flow between parallel porous plates has been carried out, and here are the key findings: 1. Heat flux is directly related to thermal radiation, the applied magnetic field, permeability, and the chemical reaction involved. 2. Mass flux increases with increased chemical reaction, permeability, and the magnetic parameters. 3. The nanofluid concentration is directly related to the Prandtl and magnetic numbers and inversely related to the Reynolds number and chemical reaction. 4. The skin-friction coefficient reduces with higher values of magnetic field and permeability parameters and increases with an increment in thermal radiation and chemical reaction. 5. The BSQLM has a high convergence rate with high accuracy.

Near Field on Inductor Loops for Inductive Couple Fed Antenna

Abstract This paper presents an evaluation on the near field of square loop and circular loop for inductive couple fed RFID Tag antenna. The loop is simulated with different diameter and width The turns number (N) of the loop is varies up to three number of turns for each loop length. The magnetic fields and inductance are simulated to estimate the signal strength that can be coupled to the tag antenna. To evaluate the performance, the inductive feeding loop is designed to operate at RFID UHF band (860 MHz - 960 MHz) and simulated using CST software. It is confirmed that 6 mm loop length of the square and circular loop has higher magnetic field values as the surface area of the loop is bigger. The loop with different overall dimension gives out different reactance, inductance and magnetic field, dipole antenna, CST, and loop antenna.

An Analysis of a Laminar-Turbulent Transition and Thermal Plumes Behavior in a Paramagnetic Fluid Subjected to an External Magnetic Field

Transition to turbulence and changes in the fluid flow structure are subjects of continuous analysis and research, especially for unique fields of research such as the thermo-magnetic convection of weakly magnetic fluids. Therefore, an experimental and numerical research of the influence of an external magnetic field on a natural convection’s fluid flow was conducted in the presented research. The experimental part was performed for an enclosure with a 0.5 aspect ratio, which was filled with a paramagnetic fluid and placed in a superconducting magnet in a position granting the enhancement of the flow. The process was recorded as temperature signals from the thermocouples placed in the analyzed fluid. The numerical research enabled an investigation based not only on temperature, but velocities as well. Experimental and numerical data were analyzed with the application of extended fast Fourier transform and wavelet analysis. The obtained results allowed the determination of changes in the nature of the flow and visualization of the influence of an imposed strong magnetic field on a magnetic fluid. It is proved that an applied magnetic field actuates the flow in Rayleigh-Benard convection and causes the change from laminar to turbulent flow for fairly low magnetic field inductions (2T and 3T for ΔT = 5 and 11 °C respectively). Fast Fourier transform allowed the definition of characteristic frequencies for oscillatory states in the flow, as well as an observation that the high values of magnetic field elongate the inertial range of the flow on the power spectrum density. Temperature maps obtained during numerical simulations granted visualizations of thermal plume formation and behavior with increasing magnetic field.

Size effects in ultrafine iron. New structures: 2D - 3D

This article is devoted to the analysis of the size of iron nanoparticles impact on the structure, to comparison of the results obtained for the nanopowders in the various authors’ researches. The article considers factors that may impact on the form and parameters of the Mössbauer spectra of iron nanopowders obtained by the inert gas condensation technique (Gen-Miller’s method). Possible causes of the new state of the iron are proved with the effective magnetic field at the 57 Fe nucleus (H=365 kOe). But the results related to size effects differ from the researches of other authors. It was revealed that nanoparticles with a mean (X-ray data) particle size of 50 nm have also Angstrem patterns, which can meet the new structure. Presence of small amounts of superparamagnetic oxide could be a catalyst, impetus for the formation of the new structure, and also, at the exchange interactions, could modify the charge of the electron density at the Fe nuclei. Reviewed and other factors can result in appearing of such a high value of the effective magnetic field at the iron nuclei.

Forced convection in 3D Maxwell nanofluid flow via Cattaneo–Christov theory with Joule heating

In this article, an investigation of the thermal and solutal energy transport in the 3 D flow of Maxwell nanofluid through a porous medium under the influence of the magnetic field is performed. The heat generation source and chemical reaction are also taken in account as a controlling agent for the heat and mass transport in the Maxwell liquid. A novel idea of Cattaneo-Christov theory and Buongiorno model for nanofluid is employed under the impact of Joule heating for the present analysis. The governing partial differential equations (PDEs) are transformed into a non-linear system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by using flow similarities. The solution of similar ODEs is constructed through a well known semi-analytical technique which is the homotopy analysis method. The results of the investigation are explored in the form of graphs. It is observed that higher values of magnetic field decline the flow field. The temperature and concentration distributions decrease with the higher magnitude of thermal and solutal relaxation time phenomena, respectively. Moreover, the temperature field enhances when the Brownian motion of nanoparticles increases in flow while the concentration profile decreases. Also, it is found that the increase in resistive heating boosts up the thermal energy transport in the fluid motion.

Radio loud and radio quiet pulsars with hard emission

Two parameters such as magnetic fields near the light cylinder $B_{lc} $ and rates of rotational energy losses $\frac{dE}{dt} $ for 1795 radio pulsars without high energy emission (R), 52 radio loud gamma-ray pulsars ( $\gamma$ +R), 33 radio quiet gamma-ray pulsars ( $\gamma$ ) and 61 radio loud X-ray pulsars (X+R) are compared with each other in this work. Pulsars with registered X-ray and gamma-ray emission have the higher median values of $B_{lc} $ and $\frac{dE}{dt} $ as compared to the population of ordinary radio pulsars. There is a trend of increasing of luminosities in X-ray and gamma-ray ranges for higher values of magnetic field near the light cylinder. We hypothesize that non-thermal X-ray and gamma-ray emissions are generated near the light cylinder by the synchrotron mechanism.

3D superconducting hollow nanowires with tailored diameters grown by focused He+ beam direct writing.

Currently, the patterning of innovative three-dimensional (3D) nano-objects is required for the development of future advanced electronic components. Helium ion microscopy in combination with a precursor gas can be used for direct writing of three-dimensional nanostructures with a precise control of their geometry, and a significantly higher aspect ratio than other additive manufacturing technologies. We report here on the deposition of 3D hollow tungsten carbide nanowires with tailored diameters by tuning two key growth parameters, namely current and dose of the ion beam. Our results show the control of geometry in 3D hollow nanowires, with outer and inner diameters ranging from 36 to 142 nm and from 5 to 28 nm, respectively; and lengths from 0.5 to 8.9 µm. Transmission electron microscopy experiments indicate that the nanowires have a microstructure of large grains with a crystalline structure compatible with the face-centered cubic WC1−x phase. In addition, 3D electron tomographic reconstructions show that the hollow center of the nanowires is present along the whole nanowire length. Moreover, these nanowires become superconducting at 6.8 K and show high values of critical magnetic field and critical current density. Consequently, these 3D nano-objects could be implemented as components in the next generation of electronics, such as nano-antennas and sensors, based on 3D superconducting architectures.

Investigation of the Detailed Internal Structure and Dynamics of Itraconazole by Solid-State NMR Measurements.

The structure and dynamics of itraconazole were investigated by 13C 2DPASS MAS SSNMR and spin-lattice relaxation time measurement to get an insight into its multiple biological activities, e.g., antifungal, antiviral, anticancer activities, etc. The molecular correlation time at chemically different sites of carbon nuclei was calculated by considering that the spin-lattice relaxation mechanism is mainly dominated by chemical shift anisotropy interaction and heteronuclear dipole–dipole interaction. The spin-lattice relaxation time is long for C35, C6, C5, and C34 carbon nuclei that participated in the 1, 2, 4-triazole ring. On the contrary, it is comparatively shorter for C1, C2, C3, and C4 carbon nuclei associated with the sec-butyl group in the triazolane side-chain region. Chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) parameters of C5, C6, C34, and C35 nuclei are much higher than those of C1, C2, C3, C4 nuclei, indicating that the relaxation mechanism at a high value of magnetic field is predominated by chemical shift anisotropy interaction. The molecular correlation time of carbon nuclei residing at the side-chain region is 2–3 orders of magnitude lesser than that of those participated in the 1,2,4-triazole ring. The spin-lattice relaxation time is very long for carbon nuclei C28 and C30 bonded with chlorine. Asymmetry and anisotropy parameters are also very high for the spinning CSA sideband pattern corresponding to the C28 and C30 nuclei. The molecular correlation time is on the order of 10–3 s for C28 and 10–4 s for C30, whereas for side-chain carbon nuclei, it is on the order of 10–6 s. This suggests that the effective magnetic field experienced by C28 and C30 nuclei is affected by the polarization of the chemical bond. A huge variation in molecular correlation time is observed for chemically different sites of carbon nuclei of the itraconazole molecule. These investigations vividly portrayed how the structure is correlated with the dynamics of a valuable drug, itraconazole, with multiple biological activities. This study will enlighten the way of inventing advance medicine for multiple biological activities in the pharmaceutical industry.

CXRS measurements of ion temperature profile in NBI shots of the Globus-M spherical tokamak.

Ion temperature is one of the most important parameters of high-temperature plasma. Information on the ion temperature spatial distribution is necessary for understanding and modelling of particle and energy transport processes, evaluating the effectiveness of plasma heating system operation.Active spectroscopy also known as CXRS (Charge eXchange Recombination Spectroscopy) is a powerful diagnostic tool for measurements of local values of ion temperature, and is widely used in experiments with magnetic confinement of high-temperature plasma.Active spectroscopy diagnostics on the Globus-M tokamak utilizes a tangentially injected heating beam of neutrals (hydrogen or deuterium atoms). The CXRS-system setup is described. The results of ion temperature measurements for the last Globus-M experimental campaign before the machine shutdown and further upgrading to higher values of magnetic field and plasma current are presented. Ion temperature significant rise in the experiments with moderate increasing of toroidal magnetic field and plasma current is detected and discussed.