High Content Of Unsaturated Fatty Acids Research Articles

High-Density Genetic Map Construction and Quantitative Trait Locus Analysis of Fruit- and Oil-Related Traits in Camellia oleifera Based on Double Digest Restriction Site-Associated DNA Sequencing.

Camellia oleifera, an important tree species and source of edible oil in China, has received significant attention owing to the oil's high unsaturated fatty acid content, which has benefits for human health. However, the mechanisms underlying C. oleifera yield and oil quality are largely unknown. In this study, 180 F1 progenies were obtained from two parents with obvious differences in fruit- and oil-related traits. We constructed a high-density genetic map using a double digest restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (ddRAD-Seq) strategy in C. oleifera. This map spanned 3327 cM and anchored 2780 markers in 15 linkage groups (LGs), with an average marker interval of 1.20 cM. A total of 221 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with fruit- and oil-related traits were identified across three years' worth of phenotypic data. Nine QTLs were detected simultaneously in at least two different years, located on LG02, LG04, LG05, LG06, and LG11, and explained 8.5-16.6% of the phenotypic variation in the corresponding traits, respectively. Seventeen major QTLs were obtained that explained 13.0-16.6% of the phenotypic variance. Eleven and five flanking SNPs of major QTLs for fruit- and oil-related traits were detected which could be used for marker-assisted selection in C. oleifera breeding programs. Furthermore, 202 potential candidate genes in QTL regions were identified based on the collinearity of the genetic map and the C. oleifera "CON" genome. A potential regulatory network controlling fruit development and oil biosynthesis was constructed to dissect the complex mechanism of oil accumulation. The dissection of these QTLs will facilitate the gene cloning underlying lipid synthesis and increase our understanding in order to enhance C. oleifera oil yield and quality.

Effects of natural and mechanical drying processes on unsaturated fatty acids, vitamin E, estradiol, and physicochemical properties of Rana chensinensis ovum

Although Rana chensinensis Ovum (RCO) is enriched with high nutritional value, its quality varies due to the different drying methods used by farmers. This study aims to explore the impact of natural and mechanical drying methods on the nutritional compositions and physicochemical properties of RCO. Five different drying methods were studied, including blast drying (BD), mild breeze light drying (MBLD), natural air drying (NAD), vacuum heat drying (VHD), and vacuum freeze drying (VFD). The quality assessment was based on unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) content, iodine value, estradiol, vitamin E, saponification value, thiobarbituric acid value (TBA), acid value, and antioxidant properties. The results showed that VFD had higher UFA content and lower acid value (139.950 ± 0.397 mg · g−1) and TBA value (0.097 ± 0.003) than others. VFD and NAD had higher iodine values (147.166 ± 1.475 and 146.803 ± 1.209, respectively) than others. There were no significant differences in estradiol, vitamin E, peroxide value and the clearance rates of ABTS+ free radicals and DPPH• free radicals with different drying methods. The findings will provide valuable insights into the industrialization of RCO.Graphical

The effect of citral loading and fatty acid distribution on the oleogels: Physicochemical properties and in vitro digestion

Oleogels containing bioactive substances such as citral (CT) are used as functional food ingredients. However, little information is available on the influence of different oleogel network structure caused by CT addition and fatty acid distribution on its digestion behavior. Coconut oil, palm oil, high oleic peanut oil, safflower seed oil, and perilla seed oil were used in this study. The results showed that perilla seed oil-CT-based oleogels had the highest oil-holding capacity (99.03 ± 0.3), whereas CT addition higher than 10 wt% could lead to the morphology collapse of oleogels. Physical and thermodynamic analyses revealed that CT could reduce oleogel hardness and higher unsaturated fatty acid content is more likely to form oleogel with stable and tight crystalline network. Moreover, the dense structure of oleogels hinders the contact between oleogels and lipase, thus weakening triglyceride digestion. These findings provide valuable insights into the design of oleogels loading with CT.

A telomere-to-telomere gap-free reference genome assembly of avocado provides useful resources for identifying genes related to fatty acid biosynthesis and disease resistance.

Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) is an economically valuable plant because of the high fatty acid content and unique flavor of its fruits. Its fatty acid content, especially the relatively high unsaturated fatty acid content, provides significant health benefits. We herein present a telomere-to-telomere gapless genome assembly (841.6Mb) of West Indian avocado. The genome contains 40 629 predicted protein-coding genes. Repeat sequences account for 57.9% of the genome. Notably, all telomeres, centromeres, and a nucleolar organizing region are included in this genome. Fragments from these three regions were observed via fluorescence in situ hybridization. We identified 376 potential disease resistance-related nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat genes. These genes, which are typically clustered on chromosomes, may be derived from gene duplication events. Five NLR genes (Pa11g0262, Pa02g4855, Pa07g3139, Pa07g0383, and Pa02g3196) were highly expressed in leaves, stems, and fruits, indicating they may be involved in avocado disease responses in multiple tissues. We also identified 128 genes associated with fatty acid biosynthesis and analyzed their expression patterns in leaves, stems, and fruits. Pa02g0113, which encodes one of 11 stearoyl-acyl carrier protein desaturases mediating C18 unsaturated fatty acid synthesis, was more highly expressed in the leaves than in the stems and fruits. These findings provide valuable insights that enhance our understanding of fatty acid biosynthesis in avocado.

Possibility of using fatty acid profiles for the authentication of beef adulterated with pork, donkey, and dog meat

Detection of meat adulteration is a critical issue in food labeling procedures and a serious concern related to food fraud, authenticity, and religious beliefs. The current work detected and quantified adulteration of raw ground beef with pork, donkey, and dog meat based on fatty acid profiles using GC-MS/MS. The study design incorporated pork, donkey, or dog meat with beef meat; negative and positive controls were used for the different meat species. Results demonstrated several significant differences (p < 0.05) in fatty acid contents between mixed/adulterated meat and pure beef. In addition, higher total saturated fatty acid levels in ground beef (57.91%) compared to dog fat (46.44%), donkey (38.71%), and pork fat (lard) (40.23%). High total unsaturated fatty acids content was observed in donkey (61.92%), pork (59.77%), and dog (53.56%) fats compared to beef fat (42.09%). On the other hand, total unsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids in beef meat were lower than in pork, donkey, and dog meat. Moreover, the highest trans-fatty acid content was found in pork compared to the other meat types. All incorporated samples correlated positively with pure ground beef concerning the fatty acid profiles. Therefore, alteration of the mixed beef fatty acid profiles was a potential indicator for adulteration since a marked decrease in total saturated fatty acid content and an increase in unsaturated fatty acids was observed in the substituted samples. We concluded that GC-MS/MS-based fatty acid profiling is a promising technique that can be used to detect meat adulteration.

The changes in the physical and chemical quality of catfish oil (Pangasius sp.) with rice bran oil addition during room temperature storage

Catfish oil (CFO) is an oil product that can be obtained through catfish extraction by the dry rendering method and followed by a purification procedure. Fish oil has a high content of unsaturated fatty acid and is susceptible to oxidation and hydrolysis processes leading to a decrease in physical and chemical quality. Rice bran oil (RBO) which is rich in phenolic acid has a good antioxidant potential to inhibit the deterioration of fish oil during storage. This study aimed to determine the effect of the CFO and the RBO ratio on the physical and chemical quality of the CFO with the RBO addition during room temperature storage. This research used a completely randomized design with one factor. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance method and continued by Duncan’s Multiple Range Tests (p<0.05). The ratio of CFO:RBO was 100:0, 90:10, 80:20, 70:30 and 60:40. Data were taken at storage times of weeks 0, 2, 4 and 6. Based on the results obtained, the ratio of 60(CFO):40(RBO) at week 0 has the best physical and chemical quality. It can be concluded that the addition of RBO on CFO effectively inhibits the hydrolysis and oxidation damage up to 6 weeks of room temperature storage.

Land use composition, configuration and nutrient: Key drivers of benthic metabolism in streams

Benthic metabolism is an essential process which plays a critical role in the carbon and nutrient cycles and in the transfer of material and energy in stream ecosystems. Benthic algae are one of principal primary producers in stream food webs that converts dissolved inorganic carbon to organic matter, and algae are more palatable basal resources for aquatic consumers due to its higher unsaturated fatty acid content than terrestrial carbon. Despite the importance of algae, few studies have investigated how the benthic metabolism is influenced by distal factors, such as upland land use and landscape configuration, and proximal factors, such as stream temperature, nutrient availability, and light availability at various spatial scales. Here, we measured the benthic metabolism and proximal factors at the outlet of 14 selected sub-catchments in a subtropical river. Land use and landscape metrics at the catchment, riparian, and reach scales were processed as distal factors. Using stepwise regression models, we found that the proximal factors, such as water temperature (WT) and total phosphorus (TP), significantly increased primary production, and that nitrate-nitrogen (NO3--N), pH, and electrical conductivity (EC) decreased gross primary production (GPP). Also, TP was positively correlated with respiration (R) while NO3--N negatively impacted R. Structural equation modeling demonstrated that the patch cohesion index negatively affected GPP by restraining WT and TP at the catchment scale while the increased shape index elevated the WT and TP to promote GPP. Our results suggested that stream metabolism is vulnerable to anthropogenic disturbances, such as upland land use and landscape patterns. Thus, land use planning and administration, particularly at catchment scale, should consider how to minimize the influence of human activities on ecosystem function in streams.

Food quality upgrade of carbon from submerged macrophytes by flagellates via a heterotrophic pathway can stimulate growth of Daphnia magna.

Submerged macrophytes play crucial roles in maintaining the stability of clear-water states in shallow lakes. Recent stable isotope studies have shown that crustacean zooplankton can utilize submerged macrophyte carbon, but macrophytes alone cannot support the growth and reproduction of such grazers, being deficient in highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA). We hypothesized that flagellates feeding on macrophytes can synthesize HUFA and thereby support crustacean zooplankton. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a feeding experiment in which Daphnia magna were provided with a diet of submerged macrophyte Hydrilla verticillata detritus which had been degraded by lake microbes. The chlorophyte Scenedesmus bijuga and undegraded macrophyte detritus were used as controls for comparison of Daphnia's performance. Using biochemical analysis, we examined how the degradation process affected the food quality of the macrophyte. Flagellates were subsequently isolated from the degraded macrophyte and cultured heterotrophically to detect their HUFA synthesis. The 5-day degraded H. verticillata showed significantly higher HUFA concentrations than undegraded macrophyte detritus. They supported better Daphnia performance than undegraded macrophyte, being comparable with S. bijuga. Two isolated flagellates (SL-1 and SL-2), identified as Ochromonas sp. and Poterioochromonas sp., were found to contain HUFA when cultured heterotrophically without dietary sources of fatty acids, suggesting their HUFA synthesis ability. Our results demonstrate that submerged macrophytes may thus indirectly support crustacean zooplankton via flagellate mediation. As crustacean zooplanktons are of key importance for water quality in the grazer control of phytoplankton, this microbial facilitation may contribute to the maintenance of macrophyte clear-water conditions in shallow lakes.

Effects of Extraction Strategies on Yield, Physicochemical and Antioxidant Properties of Pumpkin Seed Oil.

This study investigated the effects of three extraction methods, including cold pressing (CP), microwave pretreatment pressing (MP), and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), on the yield, physicochemical properties, bioactive compounds content, and antioxidant properties of pumpkin seed oil (PSO). Furthermore, the correlation between bioactive compounds and the antioxidant properties of PSO was determined. The results revealed that the yield of PSO extracted using the three methods was in the order of SFE > MP > CP. Additionally, the PSO generated by SFE showed the highest unsaturated fatty acid content, followed by MP and CP. Additionally, MP-PSO exhibited the highest acid value and saponification value, while SFE-PSO displayed the highest moisture content, peroxide value, and iodine value. Moreover, the PSO generated by MP demonstrated superior antioxidant properties compared to that of PSOs from CP and SFE in the oxidation induction, DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS tests. Finally, the correlation analysis revealed that specific types of bioactive compounds, such as β-sitosterol and γ-tocopherol, were highly correlated with the antioxidant properties of PSOs. Consequently, this study provides comprehensive knowledge regarding PSO extraction, physicochemical properties, bioactive compound extraction, and the correlated antioxidant properties.

Identification of Fat in Pork Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrum and GC-MS

Halal food safety issues receive serious attention. Methods for analyzing contamination of non-halal ingredients, such as lard, must be developed to assist in the halal authentication process for food. This study was conducted to compare the fat profile of pork thighs using FT-IR and GC-MS. The pork is dried in the oven and then extracted using n-hexane. The resulting fat was characterized by FT-IR. Determination of fatty acids was carried out by GC-MS using a derivatization technique. Based on the results of the study showed that the infrared pattern of lard can be identified from the difference in absorption intensity. Pork fat has a higher unsaturated fatty acid content than beef and chicken. Infrared spectra can confirm the presence of -C=C- bonds at 3005, 1745, 1116, 1550, and 722 cm-1. The FTIR data shows that there are larger unsaturated fatty acid groups in pork fat than in beef and chicken fat. This procedure is a non-destructive method that can be carried out quickly, and cheaply, and can be developed into a routine procedure for halal authentication of food. Based on the results of unsaturated fatty acid testing with GC-MS it can show the content of oleic acid (C18:1) contained in pork. The results of mapping the content of free fatty acids in pork can be used to complete halal authentication data easily and quickly.

Fatty Acid Synthase Polymorphism of Awassi Sheep and its Impact on Fatty Acid Composition

Livestock intramuscular fat content is determined by fatty acid synthase (FASN). The fatty acid profile of the fat is of relevance to human health.  Thus, this study explores the relationship between the polymorphism of the FASN gene in Awassi sheep and its impact on fatty acid composition. The study used 100 Awassi rams, ranging in age from 1 to 2.5 years. Molecular DNA was isolated from each blood sample; genotyping, sequencing reactions, and in silico tools were subsequently used to confirm the variants in amplified fragments.  The results revealed two genotypes (GG and GA) of the ovine FASN gene (exon 2). The novel missense c.186 GA was identified in the genotype GA.  The GA genotype had significantly (P0.05) increased intramuscular fat, higher unsaturated fatty acid content, and lower saturated fatty acid content than the GG genotype. Cumulative in silico analysis indicated a detrimental effect of the SNP c.186 GA on FASN activity. The intramuscular GA genotype of Awassi sheep had a low saturated content relative to unsaturated fats. The result confirmed that the c.186 GA SNP in ovine FASN gene variation is potentially helpful in assessing carcass traits, and this might lead to a more efficient selection of animals with healthier fatty acid profiles, resulting in higher-quality meat.

Propolis and carnauba wax‐based safflower oil oleogels as fat substitutes in cakes: Production, oxidative stability, and characterization

AbstractIn this study, safflower oil oleogels were made using propolis wax and carnauba wax in three different concentrations each, and their effectiveness as a fat substitute in cake was evaluated afterward. Oleogels' oxidative stability and characterization were looked into. In oleogels, the oil binding capacity, solid fat content, and crystallization time were all assessed. The cakes underwent an examination for moisture content, texture, and sensory evaluation. Additionally, analyses of fatty acid composition, free fatty acidity, oxidative stability (peroxide value, conjugated diene‐triene), 3‐monochloropropane‐1,2‐diol (3‐MCPD), and glycidyl were carried out both before and after baking in oleogels and shortening. Several of the physical, textural, and sensory qualities of the oleogel‐based cakes were acceptable when compared to those of the shortening‐based cakes. The general acceptability of cakes made with carnauba wax was very high and almost under control. The acceptability of cakes made with propolis wax oleogels was lower than this. The study of these criteria has shown that safflower oil‐based carnauba and propolis wax oleogels can be utilized to produce high‐quality, healthful cakes with a high amount of unsaturated fatty acids.Practical Applications: To replace fat phases in cake products high in saturated fatty acids and to enhance the fatty acid profile of the cakes, safflower oil‐based oleogels with propolis wax and carnauba wax are a very good option. The results obtained provide useful information for the production of high‐quality cakes with higher unsaturated fatty acid content, recommended for a healthier diet, with these oleogels containing different concentrations of oleogelator.

Nutritional and Phytochemical Composition and Associated Health Benefits of Oat (Avena sativa) Grains and Oat-Based Fermented Food Products.

Oats (Avena sativa L.) are a popular functional cereal grain due to their numerous health benefits. This review article summarized the information on the chemical composition and phytonutrients of oats grown in different countries. It also reviewed recently developed fermented oat products to highlight their potential for human health. Oats have an interesting nutritional profile that includes high-quality protein, unsaturated fats, soluble fiber, polyphenolic compounds, and micronutrients. Oat grain has a unique protein composition, with globulins serving as the primary storage protein, in contrast to other cereals, where prolamins are the main storage proteins. Oats have the highest fat content of any cereal, with low saturated fatty acids and high essential unsaturated fatty acid content, which can help reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Oats are a good source of soluble dietary fiber, particularly β-glucan, which has outstanding functional properties and is extremely important in human nutrition. β-Glucan has been shown to lower blood cholesterol and glucose absorption in the intestine, thereby preventing diseases such as cardiovascular injury, dyslipidemia, hypertension, inflammatory state, and type 2 diabetes. Oats also contain high concentration of antioxidant compounds. Avenanthramides, which are unique to oats, are powerful antioxidants with high antioxidative activity in humans. Recognizing the nutritional benefits of oats, oat-based fermented food products are gaining popularity as functional foods with high probiotic potential.

Policy interventions, market, and trade considerations with special reference to rapeseed and mustard

Rapeseed and mustard oil is one of the most consumed edible oils in India due to pungency and colour. India needs nearly 15-20 million tonnes of rapeseed and mustard seed to meet its growing demand as against current production of 9-10 million tonnes of seeds. As per WHO standards, mustard oil with low saturated fatty acid content and high mono unsaturated fatty acid content is a healthy oil and therefore needs special importance in domestic edible oil basket. Currently (2022-23), Government of India (GOI) is implementing National Food Security Mission (NFSM) - (Oilseeds & Oil palm) for increasing oilseeds production and area expansion under oil palm. The NFSM (OS&OP) will be dropped and two new Scheme National Mission on Edible oils (NMEO)-Oilseeds and NMEO-Oil Palm will be implemented with the aim to enhance the edible oilseeds production and oils availabilityin the countrybyharnessing oilseeds and palmoil productivityand to reduce import burden on edible oils. Besides, NMEO-OS the private participation in technology demonstration, input supply, procurement of produce, value addition, infrastructure development and honey production are very much essential to increase edible oils production.

Diversity in Cell Morphology, Composition, and Function among Adipose Depots in River Buffaloes.

Fat deposition is a significant economic trait in livestock animals. Adipose tissues (ATs) developed in subcutaneous and visceral depots are considered waste whereas those within muscle are highly valued. In river buffaloes, lipogenesis is highly active in subcutaneous (especially in the sternum subcutaneous) and visceral depots but not in muscle tissue. Revealing the features and functions of ATs in different depots is significant for the regulation of their development. Here, we characterize the cell size, composition, and function of six AT depots in river buffaloes. Our data support that the subcutaneous AT depots have a larger cell size than visceral AT depots, and the subcutaneous AT depots, especially the sternum subcutaneous AT, are mainly associated with the extracellular matrix whereas the visceral AT depots are mainly associated with immunity. We found that sternum subcutaneous AT is significantly different from ATs in other depots, due to the high unsaturated fatty acid content and the significant association with metabolic protection. The perirenal AT is more active in FA oxidation for energy supply. In addition, the expression of HOX paralogs supports the variable origins of ATs in different depots, indicating that the development of ATs in different depots is mediated by their progenitor cells. The present study enhances our understanding of the cellular and molecular features, metabolism, and origin of AT depots in buffaloes, which is significant for the regulation of fat deposition and provides new insights into the features of AT depots in multiple discrete locations.

Quality of Vegetable Oil in Rural Punjab: Study on Soybean Oils

Abstract: Soybean oil is the second highest-produced vegetable oil in India. Due to the high unsaturated fatty acid content, this oil is highly susceptible to oxidation. Even though branded oils are supposed to adhere to BIS standards, the quality of this vast unbranded oil segment requires monitoring. Furthermore, in the branded category, quality assessment is required on the end-user side because monitoring is primarily done on the production side. Monitoring is especially important in rural markets, which are frequently overlooked. Thus the present work describes the physicochemical properties of different branded and non-branded soybean oil sold in the market of Talwandi Sabo, district Bathinda. Four samples are collected randomly. Their refractive index, specific gravity, surface tension, Viscosity, acid value and peroxide value were determined. The observed values were in the range 1.473 to 1.474 (refractive index), 0.9216 to 0.9237 g/ml (specific gravity), 37.479 to 40.945 mΝ/m (surface tension), 61.602 to 68.973 mPa.s (Viscosity), 0.140 to 0.477 mg of KOH/g (acid value) and 1.075 to 6.331 milliequivalent/Kg (peroxide value). Observed data showed that the samples were good in all parameters. However, Sample C has a high acid and peroxide value but is still good for consumption. There is a need to study the quality of vegetable oil sold in the rural market in India. Since all these markets are not regularly monitored, there is a possibility of adulteration in the supply chain.

Oxidative Stability of Nano-Encapsulated Candlenut Oil

Candlenut has a lot of potential pharmacological benefits including in hair care, in treating skin problems such as psoriasis, and in its use as an emollient. However, the high unsaturated fatty acid content of candlenut oil causes it to be easily degraded by oxidation due to exposure to air, light, and humidity. Nanoencapsulations were found to be an alternative in protecting the materials from degradation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of polymer-based nanoencapsulations on the oxidative stability of candlenut oil. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was used as a polymer wall material. A lower peroxide value indicates better oil stability against oxidation. Results showed that nano-encapsulated candlenut oil has a significantly lower average peroxide value of 0.41 meq/100g over 35 days storage time, compared to 3.8 meq/100g in pure candlenut oil. Furthermore, based on its physical characterization, it was found that the reduction of particle size with the optimal size of 172±12 nm was achieved by increasing the amount of PVA. A well-chosen and well-calculated amount of polymer material, therefore, plays an important role to obtain optimal nano-encapsulated candlenut oil.
 Keywords: nanoencapsulation, candlenut oil, oxidative stability, polymeric materials

Effect of nutritionally complete feed with different fatty acid profile on the fatty acid composition of common carp fillet

AbstractHungarian pond fish production is based on grains, but in the last few years, new ideas and efforts have appeared to intensify carp production technology. The basic objective was to change grain-based feeding to nutritionally complete feeds, which ensure rapid growth and more efficient feed conversion rates. This study aimed to utilise empty ponds during the summer period for carp production. Thus, there is no need for fish producers to catch fish in large ponds at the operating water level to satisfy smaller market demands appearing during the summer.The other aim was to compare the meat quality of fish raised on traditional and nutritionally complete feed until market size in the last year of production. Fatty acid profile and the levels of saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids in fish fillets were specified, and their ratios were analysed. The result showed that nutritionally complete feed with different fatty acid composition affects the fatty acid composition of carp fillet during the rearing period. Quality of the fillet of carp fed with higher unsaturated fatty acid content became more favourable to the consumers due to health promoting effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Aquaporin expression and changes in fatty acid levels in apple leaves subjected to partial root-zone irrigation

ABSTRACT Partial root-zone drying (PRD) can induce changes in levels of the membrane fatty acids, transporter channels such as aquaporins (AQPs) and drought stress-responsive transcription factors (TFs) expression. The apple (Malus domestica (Suckow) Borkh. cv. Braeburn) trees were exposed to different PRD treatments for two consecutive years. The plasma-membrane intrinsic proteins (PIP1;1) and tonoplast-intrinsic proteins (TIP1;1) AQPs presented the highest expression in alternate partial root-zone drying (APRD75) and fixed partial root-zone drying (FPRD75) treatments than FPRD50 and control throughout the entire irrigation season, which was 120-140-fold higher in these treatments during some times. The TFs were highly expressed in APRD75 and FPRD75 treatments. The highest unsaturated fatty acid content was observed in APRD75 and FPRD75 treatments, and the lowest saturated fatty acid content was obtained in FPRD50 in both years. In addition to improving the water use efficiency (WUE) and maintaining the yield, APRD75 and FPRD75 treatments had a higher jasmonic acid (JA) content than the control. These results implied that changes in levels of the membrane fatty acids, AQPs, JA and TFs induced by APRD75 and FPRD75 treatments may be one of the possible ways for apple trees to adapt to the changing environmental conditions caused by PRD.

Oxidative stability and health-related indices of anhydrous milk fat and vegetable oil blends

Anhydrous milk fat (AMF), although relatively resistant to oxidation due to its low content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (FAs), raises certain health concerns due to a high saturated FAs content. Blending AMF with other edible fats is an ideal strategy for modifying its FA profile, health-promoting properties and oxidative stability. Addition of 30% vegetable oils to AMF significantly modified its FA profile. Oils with a high unsaturated FAs content, i.e., walnut, grapeseed and linseed oils, were particularly effective in increasing the content of unsaturated FAs in AMF and reducing its atherogenicity index and thrombogenicity index. AMF and vegetable oil blends were characterised by higher oxidative stability than pure vegetable oils. Blends comprising AMF and oils abundant in monounsaturated FAs, i.e., hazelnut, rapeseed and peanut oils, were most resistant to oxidation. Depending on intended use, the properties of AMF can be easily and cheaply modified through blending with selected vegetable oils.