Higher Levels Of State Anxiety Research Articles

Emotional burnout in medical workers of the outpatient clinic

Introduction. Much attention is paid to the study of the prevalence of emotional burnout syndrome (EBS) among health workers (HW). There are few studies of the relationship between EBS and factors influencing the HW subjective well-being. Material and methods. HW in outpatient clinics (nineteen doctors and 45 nurses) were examined. EBS was diagnosed using the method by V.V. Boyko, trait (TA) and state anxiety (SA) – using the Spielberger–Khanin scale, subjective social well-being (SSW) – the PWI-A questionnaire by R. Cummins. The Mann–Whitney criterion, χ2 was used to analyze the differences between the indicators, Pearson’s contingency coefficient – to assess the strength of the relationship, two-way variance analysis – to detect the simultaneous influence of two factors on the studied indicators, Spearman’s rank coefficient – to assess the correlation relationship. Results. All HW showed EBS signs of varying severity. In the structure of dominant symptoms, the leading places were occupied by experiences of psychotraumatic circumstances (46.2% in doctors and 54.2% in nurses), emotional and moral disorientation (43.5% in doctors), expansion in the sphere in economy, in emotions (30.2% in nurses), emotional deficit (33.3% in doctors and 35.2% in nurses), depersonalization (33.3% in doctors and 32.4% in nurses). The specificity of the severity of symptoms does not depend on the age, but has positive relationships with experience. 34.7% of HW had high levels of TA and SA; no differences were found between the group of doctors and nurses. The levels of TA and SA did not depend on the age and experience. Inverse relationships were established between the development of EBS and the indicators of the SSW (confidence in the future, their achievements, level of personal security, and their standard of living). Limitations. The cross-sectional design of the study, a small sample does not allow making unambiguous cause-and-effect conclusions regarding the factors influencing on the development of EBS. Conclusion. Data on the dominant symptoms in each phase of EBS, the levels of SA and TA, and the SSW assessments can be used to develop a program for the prevention and psychological correction of EBS in HW.

Relationship between Experiential Avoidance and Emotional Disturbances in Coping with Disease in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative disease that presents with both motor and non-motor symptoms, with anxiety and depression being prominent and potentially exacerbated by negative thoughts. Therefore, the experiential avoidance (EA) exhibited by patients post diagnosis is particularly relevant. This study aimed to measure the degree of EA in patients with MS and determine its relationship with emotional disturbances. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted using a sample of 64 patients diagnosed with MS. In October 2018, these patients underwent evaluations of functional and cognitive variables, such as anxiety, depression, and avoidant behaviors towards the disease, using the Expanded Disability Status Scale, Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II, Self-Compassion Scale Short Form, Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire-15, prefrontal symptoms inventory, Beck Depression Inventory II, and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory to assess coping mechanisms in handling the disease. Higher levels of state anxiety (β = 0.79; p < 0.001), trait anxiety (β = 0.82; p < 0.001), and depression (β = 0.62; p < 0.001) were observed in patients with MS as their EA and psychological inflexibility increased. Participants with high self-compassion/self-acceptance tended to have fewer negative thoughts and exhibited better coping with the disease, which may, in turn, affect patterns of psychological rigidity or inflexibility. Dimensions such as kindness and humility could act as positive factors in coping with the disease, whereas self-judgment and isolation are negative elements often associated with avoidant behaviors that hinder effective coping with the illness.

&lt;p&gt;Self-concept, anxiety and academic performance in adolescents with ADHD: a comparative study&lt;/p&gt;

Introduction. The main objective of the study is to compare the anxiety levels, self-concept and academic performance of a group of adolescents with ADHD with an age-matched group without the disorder. Method. The sample consisted of a total of 93 adolescents (46 with ADHD and 47 without ADHD) with a mean age of 13.31 years (11-16 age range). The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAI-CH), the Five-Factor Self-Concept Questionnaire (AF5), and their grade point average were used in the evaluation. Results. The results in primary education, indicated lower scores in social and physical self-concept and academic performance, and higher levels of state anxiety in adolescents with ADHD. The differences observed in secondary education were only in academic performance. Discussion and Conclusion. Based on the results, intervention strategies are proposed to improve academic skills and those related to self-concept in adolescents with ADHD.

Fear of Cancer and State Anxiety Among Women Undergoing Hysterectomy

Background Fear of cancer may develop after surgery in women who underwent surgery for suspected malignancy in preoperative examinations. It is important from a psychosocial point of view that the fear of cancer and the factors affecting anxiety are determined and necessary interventions are made. Objectives The aim of this study was to determine the level of state anxiety, fear of cancer, and influencing factors in women who had hysterectomies with a risk of cancer in the waiting period for the pathology result. Methods The research data were collected from 109 women who underwent hysterectomy while waiting for the pathology result on the third or fourth postoperative day. Patients completed the Personal Information Form, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-I, and Cancer Worry Scale. Results Women who underwent hysterectomy with the risk of gynecological cancer had high levels of state anxiety and cancer fear after hysterectomy; type of hysterectomy significantly affected cancer fear (P = .022), and social support (P = .015), type of hysterectomy (P = .024), and family history of cancer (P = .022) significantly affected state anxiety. Conclusion The management of these women’s concerns can be improved if healthcare professionals know more about the factors affecting their state anxiety and fear. Implications for Practice Health professionals witness patients’ most private experiences and play a key role in providing care and support. This study may be foundational in the planning and implementation of nursing interventions to manage causes of anxiety and fear during this waiting period.

The change of state-trait anxiety among patients undergoing orthognathic surgery: A longitudinal study

This study aimed to assess state-trait anxiety level changes in Chinese patients with dentofacial discrepancies before and after orthognathic surgery and to explore the feasibility of developing a reference index for the preoperative screening of postoperative patients with high anxiety. A total of 96 Chinese patients with dentofacial discrepancies who underwent orthognathic surgery were included in this study. Data were collected before orthognathic surgery and at 2 weeks (T2), 3 months, and 6 months (T4) after surgery using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Receiver operating characteristic and linear regression analyses were performed to screen for preoperative indicators of postoperative high-state anxiety. State-trait anxiety levels in patients with dentofacial discrepancies decreased after surgery (F= 18.95, P<0.01; F= 6.90, P<0.01). Trait Anxiety Inventory can be used to screen patients with high-state anxiety from T2 to T4 (area under cover 95% confidence interval: T2, 0.74 [0.62-0.86]; 3 months, 0.79 [0.69-0.90]; T4, 0.77 [0.66-0.87], P<0.01), corresponding to cutoff values of 48.5, 46.5, and 45.5, respectively. All participants' state-trait anxiety levels improved after surgery compared with their preoperative levels. Preoperative trait anxiety levels can be used as a reference indicator to screen patients who may have high-state anxiety levels after orthognathic surgery. The creation of a screening scale will assist health care professionals to more pertinently help patients with high anxiety.

Colonoscopy and the psyche – pain and discomfort associations with affect and cognitive functions

Introduction: Colonoscopy is an important diagnostic and therapeutic procedure, however it causes considerable discomfort in patients. Their psychological functioning is sometimes not sufficiently taken into account by the medical staff, preoccupied with somatic conditions. The aim of this study was to reveal affective and cognitive aspects of how patients undergoing colonoscopy function in order to better understand periprocedural discomfort and pain and suggest interventions to reduce them. Material and methods: A total number of 101 patients, undergoing colonoscopy during their stay at the internal ward, were asked to participate in this prospective, observational study. Three measurements were made: the day before the examination, on the colonoscopy day (after bowel cleansing, before the procedure) and the following day. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory II, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, short version of The Illness Perceptions Questionnaire , as well as analog scales (measuring pain, sadness, anxiety, irritability, general discomfort and distress) were used. Ultimately, 50 people completed the study. Results: It has been shown that pain and discomfort on the colonoscopy day correlate positively with all measured aspects of negative affect. On the colonoscopy day 18% of the subjects revealed depressive symptoms matching a depressive episode, while 56.6% of the subjects displayed a high level of state anxiety. The worse the patient's understanding of the disease, the more periprocedural pain he/she experiences. Their cognitive functioning is worse on the colonoscopy day. Conclusions: The results suggest that it is advisable to educate patients early enough (not on the day of the procedure) about their ailments and planned colonoscopy. Keywords: psychiatry, colonoscopy, pain, emotions, cognitive function

Anxiety and sportsmanship in adolescent athletes: the multiple mediating effects of athlete burnout and exercise cognition

ABSTRACT Sportsmanship is a core characteristic of competitive sports. To determine the factors related to sportsmanship and explore effective strategies to maintain sportsmanship in adolescent athletes, the present study examined the relationship between anxiety and sportsmanship in adolescent athletes and evaluated the potential mediating roles of athlete burnout and exercise cognition. In this study, 1,544 adolescent athletes (852 boys and 692 girls) with an average age of 14.43 years (SD = 1.92) were enrolled. The analyses showed that there was a significant correlation between state anxiety, trait anxiety, athlete burnout, exercise cognition, and sportsmanship. Additionally, state and trait anxiety were associated with lower levels of sportsmanship, and athlete burnout and exercise cognition played multiple mediating roles in the relationship between anxiety and sportsmanship. These findings suggest that anxiety is a plausible explanation for sportsmanship. Adolescent athletes with high levels of trait or state anxiety are more likely to experience athlete burnout, have poorer levels of exercise cognition, and display less sportsmanship.

What drives retail entrepreneurs’ intentions to engage in CSR? The effects of societal concern, social pressure and state anxiety

ABSTRACT In this study, we investigate what drives retail entrepreneurs' intentions to engage in corporate social responsibility (CSR) across environmental, economic, and social domains. To be more specific, we aim to explore the extent to which retail entrepreneurs’ societal concern and perceived social pressure are related to their CSR intentions both directly and indirectly through state anxiety. State anxiety refers to retail entrepreneurs’ general and potentially excessive worry over societal problems. By applying the theory of reasoned action (TRA), we develop and test five hypotheses with structural equation modeling on a sample of 324 independent retail entrepreneurs. Our study showed that societal concern and social pressure have a direct effect on CSR intentions across all three studied domains. Furthermore, the results indicate that greater the anxiety, the stronger the impact of societal concern and social pressure on CSR intentions. Thus, state anxiety positively mediates the relationship between societal concern and CSR intentions and the relationship between social pressure and CSR intentions. However, our study revealed that the relationship between state anxiety and CSR intentions is non-linear, indicating that high levels of state anxiety can deter retail entrepreneurs from engaging in CSR. This is a significant finding that calls for further research.

A DOR NOS TEMPOS DA COVID-19: TRANSTORNO DE ADAPTAÇÃO NOS PROFESSORES DO ENSINO SUPERIOR BRASILEIRO

ABSTRACT: This paper presents the results of longitudinal research to identify professors’ adaptation and stress and anxiety levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. We conducted cross-sectional, exploratory, quantitative, and qualitative fieldwork. We used three instruments (the International Adjustment Disorder Questionnaire to identify the adjustment disorder, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory to measure the anxiety state, and the Teacher Stress Inventory to measure professors’ stress) and socio-biographical questions. We analyzed the data through descriptive statistics and logistic regression. We also included an open question for professors to express their feelings openly. We analyzed these testimonies through word clouds, and six were transformed into a video: https://youtu.be/N6q7iz09WWk. To obtain the data, we followed 129 professors for one year during the pandemic. We found that approximately 3 out of 4 professors in the sample experienced adjustment disorder during the data collection period, and 1 out of 2 professors had a high level of state anxiety. The following factors were associated with the probability of not being adapted to the pandemic: being a woman, being married, and having a negative perception of their daily lives after so many restrictions and risks. However, other factors could contribute to professors’ adjustment: years of teaching, a positive perception of their physical health, and the non-use of substances such as alcohol, cigarettes, medication, and others. Therefore, we identified the psychosocial vulnerability of professors during the pandemic. Consequently, we highlight the need to develop public and private policies to unequivocally contribute to these individuals’ adjustment, especially considering the negative repercussions this situation can have over the years.

PROGNOSTIC VALUES OF CIRCADIAN RHYTHM AND SLEEP PARAMETERS IN ASSESSMENT OF STATE ANXIETY IN PARKINSON’S DISEASE WITH REGARD TO MOTOR SUBTYPE

Introduction. Parkinson’s disease is characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms, the connection between which has recently attracted much attention from researchers. Sleep disturbances and anxiety can be non-motor signs of Parkinson’s disease. The specificity of non-motor symptoms in different motor subtypes is being actively studied, with the PIGD (postural instability and gait difficulty) subtype being associated with more severe non-motor symptoms. Methods. We conducted a clinical monocentric cross-sectional study that included 64 patients with Parkinson’s disease. Patients were assessed according to the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale, and their motor subtype was determined by calculations using the method of Jankovich and Stebbins. We assessed circadian rhythm using the Ukrainian version of the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire, sleep quality – using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, excessive daytime sleepiness – using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, and state anxiety – using the first block of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Results. Our sample consisted of approximately equal numbers of men and women with a mean age of 63.80 ± 9.30 years. All patients were approximately equally distributed by motor subtype and sleep quality. At the same time, our sample was dominated by patients with a high level of state anxiety, morning chronotype, and the absence of excessive daytime sleepiness. State anxiety demonstrated a moderate direct correlation with sleep latency, mid-sleep, subjective sleep quality, subjective sleep latency, sleep disturbance, and total score of Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and a moderate indirect association with average weekly light exposure. It was found that an increased mid-sleep time, a decreased average weekly light exposure during the day, poor sleep quality, and PIGD subtype elevated the odds of more severe situational anxiety. Conclusions. Our study demonstrates the relationship between the level of situational anxiety and parameters of sleep and circadian rhythm in patients with Parkinson’s disease, considering their motor subtype. It was found that a later mid-sleep, lower average weekly light exposure, poor sleep quality, and PIGD subtype of Parkinson’s disease had a prognostic role regarding the increase in state anxiety

Mental disorders, social and demographic characteristics of patients with chronic and episodic migraine

To compare socio-demographic, clinical and psychological characteristics and comorbid mental disorders in patients with chronic migraine (CM) and episodic migraine (EM). Eighty patients with migraine (40 with CM (16 men and 24 women, mean age 33.5±6.1 years) and 40 with EM (9 men and 31 women, mean age 31.4±5.7 years) were examined. All patients were interviewed and tested with psychometric methods. Socio-demographic and clinical-psychological characteristics were determined in all patients. The psychiatrist assessed the mental status of patients and diagnosed comorbid mental disorders according to the ICD-10 criteria. Symptoms of depression, high levels of trait and state anxiety, and a tendency to emotional inadequacy of response were more common in CM patients than in EM patients (p<0.05). Mental disorders, predominantly of the anxiety-depressive spectrum, were more common in CM patients than EM patients (OR (95% CI)=2.54 (2.03 to 2.98, p<0.001). Seventy-five percent of CM patients had more than one psychiatric diagnosis, almost a quarter of CM patients had schizotypal disorder, which is significantly higher than in EM patients (OR (95% CI)=1.99; 1.03 to 2.42, p<0.001). There were more unmarried, single (without constant partner), unemployed, high-education patients in the CM group than in the EM group. The negative impact of headache on the daily activity of patients was significantly higher in the CM group than in the EM group (p<0.05). Mental disorders and psychological features (anxiety, depression symptoms, a tendency to emotional inadequacy of response) are more common in CM patients than in EM patients. The presence of these factors may contribute to the chronification of migraine.

FREQUENCY OF ANXIETY DISORDERS IN PATIENTS WITH ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION AND COMORBID DISEASES

Background. Anxiety is more common in patients with hypertension. The comorbid presence anxiety disorders and arterial hypertension complicates medical treatment, may change the severity and/or progression of disease.&#x0D; Objective. To study the influence of comorbid diseases on the development of anxiety disorders in patients with hypertension in outpatient practice.&#x0D; Methods. This observational cohort study employed the State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI, Spielberger anxiety scale) to assess symptoms of anxiety in several groups with hypertension. The study cohort included 360 patients with isolated hypertension, 172 patients with hypertension in combination with obesity and 72 patients with comorbid hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM)&#x0D; Results. A high incidence of anxiety disorders was found in patients with hypertension 98.06% regardless of the presence of obesity 97.09% and type 2 diabetes 98.18%. The incidence and severity of trait anxiety in the examined patients was the lowest in the group of patients with hypertension in combination with obesity 59.65%, compared with patients with isolated hypertension 68.61% p =0.042045 and the group of hypertension in combination with type 2 diabetes 78.18% p=0.012662. According to the severity of the combination of hypertension with obesity, patients with a low 40.35% and an average 41.52% indicator of trait anxiety prevailed, in patients with hypertension in combination with type 2 diabetes, an average 52.73% and a high 25.45% level of anxiety were more often observed (p&lt;0.5).&#x0D; The presence of type 2 diabetes increases the frequency and severity of state anxiety in patients with hypertension. Thus, patients with hypertension in combination with type 2 diabetes were more likely to have a high (50.91%) level of state anxiety, while patients with isolated hypertension were more likely to have low (5.56%) and medium (70.35%) levels of anxiety disorders.

Stress and anxiety levels and factors affecting coping mechanisms in patients hospitalised with COVID-19

Introduction and objective: The purpose of the present study was to assess stress and anxiety levels during hospitalisation due to COVID-19 and the relationship between them and personality traits, and coping strategies among women and men, and assessment of stress predictors. Materials and methods: The study was conducted in a reference single-name hospital in Warsaw. The Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10), the BRIEF-COPE Questionnaire, the State and Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and the Ten Item Personality Inventory (TIPI-PL) were used. Results: The study involved 60 patients (30 women and 30 men) aged 24 to 82 years (M = 52.42, standard deviation, SD = 12.94). Elevated stress levels were found in half of the subjects studied; state anxiety levels were increased in 70% of the participants, and trait anxiety in 77% of them. Compared to men, women had significantly higher levels of state anxiety, and lower levels of openness to new experiences. It was shown that reducing stress levels during hospitalisation depends on the use of either an Active Coping strategy or an avoidance of the Helplessness strategy, with the level of state anxiety being the moderator in both models. Conclusions: Half of the patients hospitalised with COVID-19 did not experience elevated stress levels; women felt state anxiety more intensely as a condition during their hospital stay than men, and 40% of the subjects had an increased level of trait anxiety. For lower stress levels and/or state anxiety, adaptive coping strategies and personality traits were crucial: conscientiousness and agreeableness for women, and openness to experiences and agreeableness for men.

Anxiety in oncology outpatients is associated with perturbations in pathways identified in anxiety focused network pharmacology research

PurposeEvaluate for perturbed signaling pathways associated with subgroups of patients with low versus high levels of state anxiety. These pathways were compared to the pathways identified across eight network pharmacology studies of the anxiolytic effect(s) of a variety of compounds.MethodsAdult outpatients had a diagnosis of breast, gastrointestinal, gynecological, or lung cancer; had received chemotherapy within the preceding four weeks; and were scheduled to receive at least two additional cycles of chemotherapy. Latent profile analysis was used to identify subgroups of patients with distinct anxiety profiles based on Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory scores that were obtained six times over two cycles of chemotherapy. Blood samples were processed using RNA sequencing (i.e., RNA-seq sample, n = 244) and microarray (i.e., microarray sample; n = 256) technologies. Pathway perturbations were assessed using pathway impact analysis. Fisher’s combined probability method was used to combine test results using a false discovery rate of 0.01.ResultsIn the RNA-seq sample, 62.3% and 37.7% of the patients were in the low- and high-anxiety classes, respectively. In the microarray sample, 61.3% and 38.7% were in the low and high-anxiety classes, respectively. Forty-one perturbed signaling pathways were identified. Eight of these pathways were common to those identified in the network pharmacology studies.ConclusionsFindings increase our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms that underlie anxiety in patients receiving chemotherapy. This study provides initial insights into how anxiety in patients with cancer may share common mechanisms with anxiety in patients with other clinical conditions.

Psychoemotional state during the formation of emotional burnout syndrome in middle-grade medical staff

Introduction. The study of the specifics of the emotional burnout (EB) manifestation, the factors contributing to its occurrence in people of different occupations, is very relevant. However, the influence of personality factors on EB remains insufficiently resolved. &#x0D; The purpose of the study is to identify the relationship between anxiety, depression levels, and EB in health care workers.&#x0D; Materials and methods. An online study of the EB components, anxiety, and depression in health care occupations was carried out using V.V. Boyko’s questionnaire, Spielberger-Khanin and Zung scales. The research results are displayed as median, upper and lower quartiles, intensive and extensive indicators. The assessment of the relationship between variables was performed with the calculation of the Spearman correlation coefficient.&#x0D; Results. The formation of EB phases is characterized for the examined group: “Tension” – in 35.7 per 100 examined, “Resistance” – in 53.6 per 100 examined, “Exhaustion” – in 14.3 per 100 examined. The dominant symptoms are experience of traumatic circumstances (50.0%), reduction of occupational responsibilities (60.7%), emotional and moral disorientation (46.4%), expansion of the sphere of saving emotions (42.9%), and depersonalization (46.4%). Persons in whom any formed EB phase have a high level of trait and state anxiety, and depression. Among those surveyed with an unformed EB phase, the proportion of highly anxious individuals is significantly lower, and there are no signs of depression. Correlation analysis of the relationship revealed statistically significant relationships between the symptoms caused the formation of a particular EB phase and depression, anxiety.&#x0D; Limitations. The study is one-stage, performed with the participation of one professional group.&#x0D; Conclusion. A significant share of the health care occupations experience EB symptoms, and there is a reciprocal relationship between the EB severity and anxiety, and depression. In the majority of examined respondents, EB syndrome is in a dynamic development state. Prospective longitudinal studies are needed, in which a special place should be given to systematic clinical observation.

Anxiety level in nursing students of a private university during the COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Lima

Anxiety is a phenomenon that generates concern and anguish in students because they cannot carry out their classes adequately, therefore, the objective of the study is to determine the level of anxiety in nursing students of a private university during the COVID-19 pandemic in North Lima. It is a quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional and non-experimental study, composed of 215 participants who developed a questionnaire of sociodemographic aspects and the anxiety scale. In their results, 41 % (n=59) of the students have a high level of state anxiety, 51,4 % (n=74) medium level and 7,6 % (n=11) low level. In conclusion, this research will allow the development of specific measures to decrease anxiety in students in order to maintain their mental health.

Female students’ personality and stress response to an academic examination

ABSTRACT Background Women are vulnerable to stress-related disorders. Examinations are a source of stress, triggering emotional, cognitive, and hormonal responses. We examined women’s psychological and hormonal stress responses and academic performance according to personality during a real-life examination. Methods Female students (N = 66) were divided into two groups based on hierarchical cluster analysis: one cluster characterized by high neuroticism and moderate extraversion (HN-ME; n = 42) and the other by low neuroticism and high extraversion (LN-HE; n = 24). Academic performance, perceived stress, and emotional dysregulation were analyzed. State anxiety, affect, and cortisol release were measured before and on the examination day. Results The HN-ME cluster was high in perceived stress, emotional dysregulation, and negative affect. This cluster also had higher state anxiety levels two days before and shortly after the examination compared to the LN-HE cluster. Students’ cortisol levels were higher on the examination day, and there was a marginal significance of the Cluster factor in the cortisol release regardless of the day of measurement. Conclusions Women with high neuroticism and moderate extraversion may be more vulnerable to psychological stress in academic settings but similar to other women in their cortisol response.

Changes in State and Trait Anxiety Throughout Concussion Recovery in High School- and College-Aged Individuals.

Researchers have indicated that individuals may experience anxiety symptoms after concussion. A potential mechanism for these presentations is shifts in anxiety throughout recovery. To examine the levels of state and trait anxiety in individuals after concussion throughout recovery compared with the levels in individuals serving as uninjured matched control participants. Prospective cohort study. University laboratory. Seventy-eight high school- and college-aged individuals (concussion group = 39, age = 18.4 ± 2.3 years; matched control group = 39, age = 18.4 ± 2.3 years) were enrolled. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory was administered within 72 hours of injury (day 0: first test session), 5 days (±1 day) after the first test session (day 5), and at the time of full medical clearance (+2 days). Separate 2 × 3 repeated-measures analyses of variance were used to investigate differences in state and trait anxiety for each group throughout recovery. State and trait anxiety were higher in the concussion group than in the control group at day 0, day 5, and full medical clearance. For state anxiety, we observed a group × time interaction (F2,150 = 10.45, P < .001, ƞp2 = 0.12). For trait anxiety, we did not note an interaction (F1.74,150 = 1.5, P = .22, ƞp2 = 0.02) but did find main effects for time (F1.74,150 = 25.7, P < .001, ƞp2 = 0.3) and group (F1,75 = 7.23, P = .01, ƞp2 = 0.09). Participants with concussion experienced higher levels of state anxiety throughout recovery than matched control individuals. Although trait anxiety was higher in the concussion group and decreased over time, no interaction was seen, demonstrating that concussion may not affect this aspect of personality. Postinjury anxiety may result from increased state anxiety, and clinicians should screen for and manage these symptoms throughout recovery.

Psychological Reactions during and after a Lockdown: Self-Efficacy as a Protective Factor of Mental Health.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of home confinement/social isolation (i.e., lockdown), imposed to reduce large-scale spread of a disease in the population, on the mental health of individuals. Through an online survey during the lockdown (DL) related to COVID-19 (1085 respondents, 627 females, agerange: 18-82) (Italy, 23 April-2 May 2020), we revealed that situational factors, i.e., the presence of children at home and female gender, and psychological factors, i.e., a greater sense of isolation, lower perception of safety outside the home and higher trait anxiety, predicted higher levels of state anxiety (R2 = 0.58). The same factors, but with young age instead of the presence of children, predicted higher levels of perceived stress (R2 = 0.63). Then, these data were compared with those collected after the lockdown (AL) (174 respondents, 128 females, agerange: 19-78) (Italy, 1 July-31 October 2021). The results showed that along with a reduced sense of isolation (DL = 2.90 vs. AL = 2.10) and an increased perception of safety outside the home (DL = 2.63 vs. AL = 3.05), a reduction in state anxiety (DL = 45.76 vs. AL= 40.88) and stress appeared (DL = 18.84 vs. AL = 17.63). However, the situation was better for men than for women. Perceived self-efficacy emerged as a protective factor for mental health (R2range: 0.03-0.27). The results are discussed in light of the evidence on the effects of lockdown on individuals worldwide. These results may be used to make more educated decisions on targeted help for individuals who may be most adversely affected by the adoption of lockdowns in the future.

Evaluation of Anxiety in Turkish Parents of Newborns with Cleft Palate with or Without Cleft Lip.

(1) To compare anxiety between parents of newborns with cleft lip and palate (CLP), isolated cleft palate (CP), and healthy newborns and (2) to evaluate anxiety between parental dyads within these groups. A cross-sectional study. University Hospital. Surveys were completed by 20 mothers and 20 fathers of newborns with CLP, 21 mothers and 21 fathers of newborns with CP, and 23 mothers and 23 fathers of healthy newborns (controls). The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) assessed parental anxiety. Mothers of newborns with a cleft reported on concerns regarding cleft-related issues and facial appearance. State and trait anxiety were generally in the moderate range for parents of newborns with a cleft, while control parents had low state anxiety and moderate trait anxiety. Mothers of newborns with CP and CLP had significantly higher state and trait anxiety levels than control mothers (p < .05). Fathers of newborns with CLP had a higher state anxiety level than control fathers. When maternal and paternal anxiety was compared within the groups, only trait anxiety scores were significantly higher in mothers of newborns with CLP than that of fathers (p < .05). More than half of mothers of newborns with a cleft were concerned about their newborn's feeding, speech, and palate. Parents of children with a cleft may need psychological support in the early postnatal period. It is important for neonatal cleft team providers to help reduce parental anxiety and educate families about cleft care, with a focus on feeding.