Higher RI Research Articles

A highly sensitive temperature sensor based on long period fiber grating coated with polymer-bilayer-membrane

This study introduces a highly sensitive temperature sensor based on long-period fiber grating (LPFG). The sensor is composed of a long period fiber grating covered by a higher RI (RI) layer of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and a lower RI layer of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The PVA layer enables the sensor to operate in the mode transition region with high sensitivity, and the PDMS layer further enhances the temperature sensitivity owing to its high thermos-optic coefficient. In addition, the sensor can mitigate the influence of humidity due to the hydrophobic properties of PDMS. Experimental results show that the temperature sensitivity can achieve to 1232.3 pm/℃ within the range of 20℃-100℃ for an LPFG with a period of 363 μm coated with a 265 nm PVA layer and a 20 μm PDMS layer.

Mixed convection characteristics in a long horizontal lid‐driven channel with periodically distributed local flow modulators

AbstractThis study explores the effectiveness of periodically placed rotating blades in enhancing heat transfer in a channel. The channel consists of a cold top plate moving at a constant speed and a fixed hot plate at the bottom. Thin rotating blades are placed periodically along the channel's centerline, with the spacing between their axes equal to the channel's height. This paper analyzes a transient, two‐dimensional, laminar flow problem using energy, momentum, and continuity equations. To address the challenges posed by moving blades, the Galerkin finite element method is implemented within an arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian framework, employing a triangular mesh discretization scheme. This study comprehensively explores thermal and hydrodynamic characteristics, including overall heat transfer, thermal frequency, and power consumption of the rotating blade for heat transfer in mixed convection scenarios with Richardson numbers (Ri) ranging from 0.1 to 10 at varying rotational frequency of the blade. Outcomes demonstrate that the inclusion of a rotating blade increases heat transfer up to 50% at lower Ri, after which the impact of the rotating blade diminishes and heat transfer reduces up to 20% at higher Ri. In addition, heat transfer enhances with increasing blade frequency up to Ri = 6.5, beyond which the effect of the frequency overturns. Examining thermal and hydrodynamic characteristics reveals that the blade achieves optimal performance when operating at f = 1 and Ri = 3. The study's insights into mixed convection heat transfer offer versatile applications, benefiting industries and equipment such as electronic cooling, chemical reactors, food processing, material fabrication, solar collectors, and nuclear reactor systems. Moreover, the findings are instrumental in the thermal ventilation of buildings and the development of micro‐electromechanical systems.

Double-diffusive mixed convection in an inclined square cavity filled with nanofluid: A numerical study with external magnetic field and heated square blockage effects

This study explores the influence of Fe3O4 – water nanofluid, magnetic forces, and double-diffusive mixed convection characteristics on a steady-state, two-dimensional, laminar flow within an inclined square cavity containing four heated square blockages. The governing equations are solved using the Finite Volume Method (FVM). In this configuration, the temperature and concentration inside the square blockages are higher than those on the left and right walls, which are moving in opposite directions to each other. The remaining two are adiabatic and impermeable. A wide range of parameters is investigated, including cavity nanoparticle volume fractions (φ = 0.0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06), inclination angle (γ = 0°, 30°, 60°), Richardson number (Ri = 0.1, 1.0, 10), Hartmann number (Ha = 0, 50, 100), heated block ratio (B = 1/8), Lewis number (Le = 5.0), Prandtl number (Pr = 0.71), and Buoyancy ratio (N = 2.0). The study extensively analyzes temperature, concentration, and streamline contours based on these parameters. Furthermore, the research examines the heat and mass transfer rates on the heated block surfaces by analyzing local and average Nusselt (Nuavg) and Sherwood numbers (Shavg). The results suggest that introducing nanofluid has a more pronounced influence on the flow fields than the temperature and concentration patterns. Both the inclination angle and the Hartmann number have a significant impact on both the flow and temperature patterns. At higher Ri, an increase in φ reduces the Nuavg and Shavg. However, the total Nuavg and Shavg decrease at any Ri and γ in a magnetic field.

Effect of Prandtl number and free-stream orientation on global parameters for flow past a heated square cylinder

In this study, an in-depth examination of the aerodynamic parameters involving forced and mixed convection around a heated square cylinder is presented. The ranges of Prandtl number (Pr), Richardson number (Ri), and flow orientation (α) are kept as 0.71 ≤ Pr ≤ 1000, 0 ≤ Ri ≤ 1.6, 0° ≤ α ≤ 90°, while the Reynolds number (Re) and the cylinder orientation (ϕ) are kept fixed as Re = 100 and ϕ = 0°, respectively. The flow is considered as two-dimensional (2D), steady, laminar, incompressible, and viscous. The buoyancy effects are taken into account through the Boussinesq approximation. At lower Pr, the flow shifts from unsteady to steady with increasing Ri. This transition persists at higher Ri with increasing Prandtl values. The flow remains consistently unsteady at α = 90°. Isotherm crowding intensifies with higher Pr and/or Ri across all flow inclinations. Across the complete spectrum of flow angles, it is noted that the mean lift coefficient rises as the Richardson number increases. Additionally, the mean drag coefficient reaches its peak at Ri = 1.6 when Pr = 0.71. The findings reveal that the Strouhal number (St) rises as the Richardson number (Ri) increases, and it decreases as the Prandtl number (Pr) increases. The mean Nusselt number (Nu¯) demonstrates an upward trend as the Prandtl number increases, with Ri held constant. It is also observed that Nu¯ is more sensitive to the Prandtl number than the Richardson number and is maximum at Pr = 1000 for the selected range of flow orientations.

Spatial Hotspots and Sociodemographic Profiles Associated With Traumatic Brain Injury in Nova Scotia.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability, primarily caused by falls and motor vehicle collisions (MVCs). Although many TBIs are preventable, there is a notable lack of studies exploring the association of geographically defined TBI hotspots with social deprivation. Geographic information systems (GIS) can be used to identify at-risk neighborhoods (hotspots) for targeted interventions. This study aims to determine the spatial distribution of TBI by major causes and to explore the sociodemographic and economic characteristics of TBI hotspots and cold spots in Nova Scotia. Patient data for TBIs from 2003 to 2019 were obtained from the Nova Scotia Trauma Registry. Residential postal codes were geocoded and assigned to dissemination areas (DA). Area-based risk factors and deprivation status (residential instability [RI], economic dependency [ED], ethnocultural composition [EC], and situational vulnerability [SV]) from the national census data were linked to DAs. Spatial autocorrelation was assessed using Moran's I, and hotspot analysis was performed using Getis-Ord Gi* statistic. Differences in risk factors between hot and cold spots were evaluated using the Mann-Whitney U test for numerical variables and the χ2 test or Fisher's exact test for categorical variables. A total of 5394 TBI patients were eligible for inclusion in the study. The distribution of hotspots for falls exhibited no significant difference between urban and rural areas (p = 0.71). Conversely, hotspots related to violence were predominantly urban (p = 0.001), whereas hotspots for MVCs were mostly rural (p < 0.001). Distinct dimensions of deprivation were associated with falls, MVCs, and violent hotspots. Fall hotspots were significantly associated with areas characterized by higher RI (p < 0.001) and greater ethnocultural diversity (p < 0.001). Conversely, the same domains exhibited an inverse relationship with MVC hotspots; areas with low RI and ethnic homogeneity displayed a higher proportion of MVC hotspots. ED and SV exhibited a strong gradient with MVC hotspots; the most deprived quintiles displayed the highest proportion of MVC hotspots compared with cold spots (ED; p = 0.002, SV; p < 0.001). Areas with the highest levels of ethnocultural diversity were found to have a significantly higher proportion of violence-related hotspots than cold spots (p = 0.005). This study offers two significant contributions to spatial epidemiology. First, it demonstrates the distribution of TBI hotspots by major injury causes using the smallest available geographical unit. Second, we disentangle the various pathways through which deprivation impacts the risk of main mechanisms of TBI. These findings provide valuable insights for public health officials to design targeted injury prevention strategies in high-risk areas.

Encouraging Outcome of AML with t(8;16) Following Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation in First Remission - a Retrospective Analysis on Behalf of the Acute Leukemia Working Party of the EBMT

In the 2022 European Leukemia Net (ELN) risk classification, acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with translocation t(8;16) was newly classified as AML defined by specific cytogenetic abnormalities, associated with unfavorable prognosis. Translocation (8;16)(p11;p13) is a rare abnormality in AML with female preponderance and occurs more frequently in secondary AML (sAML), especially therapy-related, than in de novo disease. Clinically, AML with t(8;16) is associated with high risk of bleeding, occurrence of extramedullary manifestations, myelomonocytic differentiation, and signs of hemophagocytosis in the bone marrow. The translocation leads to the fusion of acetyltransferase KAT6A (also known as MOZ or MYST3) and CREB binding protein ( CREBBP) genes, both of them involved in hematopoiesis. ELN risk stratification of AML with t(8;16) was based on studies that included relatively low numbers of patients receiving allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT). In the largest report by Kayser et al. ( Br J Haematol 2021) 21 patients (15 transplanted in first complete remission [CR1], median follow-up 5.5 years) were analyzed. A 5-year overall survival (OS) of 38% was achieved after alloSCT compared to 11% in patients who received chemotherapy only. The aim of our study was to evaluate the outcome of patients with AML harboring t(8;16) after alloSCT in a larger cohort from the EBMT registry. All types of donor, conditioning regimen and graft were included. Sixty patients were identified, of whom 44 had been transplanted in CR1. Median follow-up from alloSCT was 72.3 months, median age was 46.3 years, and 73.3% were female. Karnofsky performance status was &amp;gt;80% in 59 patients, one had missing data. At 2 years after alloSCT, OS and leukemia free survival (LFS) of the entire cohort were 42.7% and 42.2%, respectively, (28.6% and 14.3% in patients transplanted in advanced disease). Cumulative incidence of relapse (RI) and non-relapse mortality (NRM) at two years was 36.9% and 15.3%, respectively, in patients transplanted in CR1, and 78.6% and 7.1%, respectively, in patients transplanted in advanced disease. The 44 patients transplanted in CR1 were analyzed in detail. Basic characteristics were comparable to the entire cohort as described above. Twenty-two of the patients had de novo, 22 had sAML. According to the ELN 2017 classification (not yet including t(8;16) as a factor for poor prognosis), 54.5% had an intermediate and 45.5% an adverse cytogenetic risk. Furthermore, 38.8% had a complex karyotype. Donors were matched related in 34%, matched unrelated in 54%, haploidentical in 5% and cord blood in 7%. Conditioning was myeloablative in 52.3%, whereas 47.7% had received reduced intensity conditioning. Among patients transplanted in CR1, 2- and 5-year OS from alloSCT was 48% and 39.9%, the respective LFS was 46.8% and 35.5%. On multivariate analysis (MVA), harboring t(8;16) within a complex karyotype was the major risk factor for outcome, being associated with higher RI (hazard ratio [HR] 3.38, p=0.01), lower LFS (HR 4.17, p=0.016), and lower OS (HR 3.08, p=0.017). In contrast, patients with t(8;16) outside of a complex karyotype achieved excellent results (Figure 1). Besides a complex karyotype, MVA revealed sAML as an additional, independent risk factor with a higher RI (HR 3.73, p=0.026). Age was the major factor for NRM, reaching 5% vs. 26.5% in patients below or above the median (p=0.02). In conclusion, according to the largest series analyzed in this setting so far, overall results after alloSCT in AML with t(8;16) transplanted in CR1 were favorable, especially in patients without multiple additional cytogenetic abnormalities, achieving a low risk of relapse and a 5-year OS &amp;gt;60%. Hence, alloSCT in CR1 appears to abrogate the unfavorable prognostic value of this translocation. Whether or not t(8;16) does have any additional influence on the outcome of patients with a complex karyotype remains to be evaluated. Figure Legend Figure 1: Outcome of AML with t(8;16) with and without complex karyotype

A Multi-Center Retrospective Analysis of Outcomes Post Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation in AML Patients with TET2 Mutations: A Study on Behalf of the Global Committee and the Acute Leukemia Working Party of the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation

Background Mutations in TET2 present in about 15% of adult AML are reported in some limited series as an adverse prognostic factor for overall survival. However the impact of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) for the treatment of these patients remains unclear. We addressed this issue in a EBMT global multi-center registry-based study. Patients and Methods 644 adult AML patients with TET2 mutations receiving first non ex-vivo depleted allo-HCT from 2013-2022 in 127 centers were analyzed. All patients achieved first complete remission (CR1) before allo-HCT. Results The median age of the 644 AML patients was 59.4 (range, 18.1-86.3) years. 556 patients (86.3%) had de novo, and 88 (13.7%) had secondary AML, respectively. 367 (57.2%) patients were male. The median interval from diagnosis to allo-HCT was 4.9 (IQR, 3.8-6.2) months. Patients were categorized into favorable -(N=23, 3.9%), intermediate-(N=475, 79.8%) and adverse (N=97, 16.3%) risk categories according to cytogenetic characteristics. Conditioning regimen was myeloablative (MAC) in 46.7% of patients. 149 patients (23.1%) received a matched-sibling donor, 176 (27.3%) a haploidentical donor (Haplo), 268 (41.6%) a 10/10 unrelated donor (UD) and 51 (7.9%) a 9/10 UD allo-HCT, respectively. For the entire cohort, with a median follow-up of 1.9 years, the 30-day cumulative incidence of engraftment was 97.6%. The 100-day cumulative incidence of grade II-IV aGVHD was 22.9% and the 2-year cumulative incidence of extensive cGVHD was 13.7%. In addition, the 2-year relapse incidence and NRM were 23.2% and 12.8%, respectively. Finally, the 2-year OS, LFS and GRFS were 69.8%, 63.9% and 49.8%, respectively. In multivariable analyses, a donor type 9/10 UD was associated with a higher RI (HR=2.33, 95% CI 1.21-4.48; p=0.01), a lower LFS (HR=2.20, 95% CI 1.31-3.70; p&amp;lt;0.01) and OS (HR=2.29, 95% CI 1.33-3.96; p&amp;lt;0.01) as compared to MSD as reference. Compared to MSD, 10/10 UD and Haplo had similar outcomes. The adverse-cytogenetic group was associated with higher RI (HR=1.85, 95% CI 1.19-2.86; p&amp;lt;0.01), and higher incidence of grade II-IV acute GVHD (HR=1.74, 95% CI 1.14-2.64; p=0.01) as compared to other groups combined as reference. Compared to de novo AML (reference), secondary AML was associated with lower LFS (HR=1.49, 95% CI 1.03-2.15; p&amp;lt;0.05) and OS (HR=1.68, 95% CI 1.15-2.45; p&amp;lt;0.01). When age increased, patients faced higher RI (HR for 10y increment=1.24, 95% CI 1.01-1.53; p&amp;lt;0.05) and extensive chronic GVHD (HR=1.34, 95% CI 1.02-1.77; p&amp;lt;0.05), which translated into higher NRM (HR=1.66, 95% CI 1.23-2.24; p&amp;lt;0.01), lower LFS (HR=1.36, 95% CI 1.14-1.62; p&amp;lt;0.01) and OS (HR=1.60, 95% CI 1.31-1.96; p&amp;lt;0.01). Later year of transplantation was associated with lower incidence of II-IV acute GVHD (HR for 2y increment=0.76, 95% CI 0.63-0.92; p&amp;lt;0.01), chronic GVHD (HR=0.67, 95% CI 0.54-0.83; p&amp;lt;0.01) and extensive chronic GVHD (HR=0.72, 95% CI 0.52-0.99; p&amp;lt;0.05). Female to male, patient CMV status and interval between diagnosis and HCT did not affect significantly the transplant outcomes in multivariable analysis. Conclusion No significant difference was observed in outcomes of AML patients with TET2 mutations following MSD, HAPLO and 10/10 UD allo-HCTs, while 9/10 UD was associated with higher relapse incidence and lower survival outcomes. Higher patient age, secondary AML and adverse cytogenetics predicted worse transplant outcomes. GVHD prevention improved with time for these patients.

Comparative Study for Haplo, MSD and MUD Allo-Hcts for Core-Binding Factor AML Patients in CR2: A Study from the Global Committee and the Acute Leukemia Working Party of the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation

Background Although core-binding factor acute myeloid leukemia (CBF-AML) generally has a favorable prognosis, relapse occurs in ~40% of cases. Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) is recommended when patients achieve second complete remission (CR2). However, transplant outcomes and donor preference for these patients remain unclear. We compared in an EBMT global multi-center registry-based analysis the outcomes following allo-HCT using either haploidentical donors (HAPLO), matched siblings donors (MSD), or 10/10 matched unrelated donors (MUD). Methods Data from 865 de novo adult CBF AML patients in CR2 receiving allo-HCT in 227 EBMT centers from 2010-2022 were analyzed. Transplants from mismatched UD (&amp;lt;10/10), umbilical cord blood or grafts with ex-vivo manipulation were excluded. Univariate analyses and Cox regression models were used. Results Results from 329 MSD, 374 MUD, and 162 HAPLO HCTs were analyzed. For the entire cohort, median age was 43y (range: 18-76). Inv(16)/CBFBMYH11 was detected in 503 patients (58%) and t(8;21)/RUNX1-RUNX1T1 was detected in 362 patients (42%). Peripheral blood was the major graft source (86.1%), and myeloablative conditioning was used for the majority (60.1%) of all allo-HCTs. Female-to-male transplants were more common in the MSD group (25.5%) than in the HAPLO (19.8%) or MUD (14.2%) group, respectively (p&amp;lt;0.01). 83% of patients in the HAPLO group received post transplant cyclophosphamide (PTCy) as graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis. Engraftment rates were higher in the MSD (98.8%) and MUD (98.9%) than in the HAPLO (94.9%) group (p&amp;lt;0.01). Original disease was the major cause of death for the MSD and MUD cohorts, while in the HAPLO group, it was infection. On univariate analysis, HAPLO HCT was associated with a higher 2-year non-relapse mortality (NRM) (MSD 17.1%, MUD 15.3%, HAPLO 25.7%). The 180-day cumulative incidence of grade II-IV acute GVHD was higher in HAPLOs (14.8%) than in MSD (6.8%) or MUD (7.9%) recipients, respectively . No significant difference was observed among the three cohorts for 2-year leukemia-free survival (LFS), overall survival (OS) and GVHD-free/relapse free survival (GRFS). CBF-AML with inv(16) was associated with lower relapse incidence RI (18.1%) than with t(8;21) (28.3%), which contributed to better OS (75.7% vs 59.8% at 2 years), LFS (65.8% vs 51.2%) and GRFS (50.8% vs 38.5%) . Older patient age i.e., above the median age, was associated with a higher NRM (22.4% vs 13.3%) and a lower OS (63.8% vs 74.8%) than younger age i.e., below the median age. Peripheral blood grafts were associated with higher incidences of chronic GVHD (41.5% vs 25.8%) and extensive cGVHD (21.6% vs 9.7%) than bone marrow grafts. On multivariate analysis, no significant difference was observed among HAPLO, MSD and MUD allo-HCTs on NRM. HAPLO HCT was associated with lower RI compared to MSD (hazard ratio [HR]=0.56, 95% CI 0.32-0.97; p&amp;lt;0.05) and MUD (HR=0.57, 95% CI: 0.33-0.99, p&amp;lt;0.05) while there was no significant differences between the 3 types of donors on LFS, OS and GRFS. CBF-AML with t(8;21) was associated with both higher RI (HR=1.79, 95% CI 1.3-2.47; p&amp;lt;0.01) and higher NRM (HR=1.58, 95% CI 1.1-2.27; p&amp;lt;0.01) than CBF-AML with inv(16), which led to worse LFS, OS and GRFS. Higher age (per 10 year) was associated with higher risk of NRM (HR=1.29, 95% CI 1.11-1.5; p&amp;lt;0.01) and worse OS (HR=1.13, 95% CI 1.01-1.27; p=0.03). Conclusions For CBF-AML patients in CR2, haploidentical HCTs were associated with a lower RI compared to MSD and MUD allo-HCTs. HAPLO achieved similar LFS, OS and GRFS to MSD or MUD, respectively. In addition, CBF AML with inv(16) had better outcomes than with t(8;21) after allo-HCT.

Hydrothermal and Entropy Investigation of Nanofluid Natural Convection in a Lid-Driven Cavity Concentric with an Elliptical Cavity with a Wavy Boundary Heated from Below.

This work investigates mixed convection in a lid-driven cavity. This cavity is filled with nanofluid and subjected to a magnetic field. The concentric ovoid cavity orientation 0–90°, and undulation number (N), 1–4, are considered. The Richardson number (Ri) varies between 1 and 100. The nanofluid volume fraction () ranges between 0 and 0.08%. The effect of the parameters on flow, thermal transport, and entropy generation is illustrated by the stream function, isotherms, and isentropic contours. Heat transfer is augmented and the Nusselt number rises with higher Ri, , N, and . The simulations show that the heat transfer is responsible for entropy generation, while frictional and magnetic effects are marginal.

Nanofluidic thermal-fluid transport in a split-driven porous system working under a magnetic environment

PurposeThis study aims to focus on a thermo-fluid flow in a partially driven cavity (PDC) using Cu-water nanoliquid, magnetic field and porous substance. The cooling and sliding motion are applied on the upper half of the vertical walls and the bottom wall is heated. Thermal characteristics are explored to understand magnetohydrodynamic convection in a nanoliquid filled porous system from a fundamental viewpoint. The governing parameters involved to cater to the moving speed of the sidewalls and partial translation direction are the relative strength of thermal buoyancy, porous substance permeability, magnetic field intensity, nanoparticle suspension and orientation of the cavity.Design/methodology/approachThe coupled transport equations of the problem are solved using an in-house developed finite volume-based computing code. The staggered nonuniform grids along the x and y directions are used. The SIMPLE algorithm technique is considered for the iterative solution of the discretized equations with the convergence check of the continuity mass defect below 10–10.FindingsThe present study unveils that the heat transfer enhances at higher Ri with the increasing value of Re, irrespective of the presence of a porous substance or magnetic field or the concentration of nanofluid. Apart from different flow controlling parameters, the wall motions have a significant contribution to the formation of flow vortices and corresponding heat transfer. Orientation of the cavity significantly alters the transport process within the cavity. The upward wall velocity for both the sidewalls could be a better choice to enhance the high heat transfer (approximately 88.39% at Richardson and Reynolds numbers, respectively, 0.1 and 200).Research limitations/implicationsConsidering other multi-physical scenarios like porous layers, conducting block, microorganisms and the present investigation could be further extended to analyze a problem of complex flow physics.Practical implicationsIn this study, the concept of partially driven wall motion has been adopted under the Cu-water nanoliquid, magnetic field, porous substance and oblique enclosure. All the involved flow-controlling parameters have been experimented with under a wide parametric range and associated thermo-flow physics are analyzed in detail. This outcome of this study can be very significant for designing as well as controlling thermal devices.Originality/valueThe convective process in a partially driven cavity (PDC) with the porous medium has not been investigated in detail considering the multi-physical scenarios. Thus, the present effort is motivated to explore the thermal convection in such an oblique enclosure. The enclosure is heated at its bottom and has partially moving-wall cold walls. It consists of various multi-physical conditions like porous structure, magnetic field, Cu–H2O nanoliquid, etc. The system performance is addressed under different significant variables such as Richardson number, Reynolds number, Darcy number, Hartmann number, nanoliquid concentration and orientation of cavity.

Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation for Acute Myeloid Leukemia with Hyperdiploid Complex Karyotype: A Study from the Acute Leukemia Working Party (ALWP) of the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT)

Introduction: Cytogenetics remains one of the most important prognostic factors in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients, even for outcomes after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT). Complex karyotype (CK) constitutes a cytogenetic category with a very adverse prognosis in this setting. However, CK is a heterogenous and loosely defined category which comprises a high diversity of cytogenetic subtypes, which is highly enriched with specific cytogenetic subtypes characterized by losses of chromosomal material at critical regions known to confer a poor prognosis per se, such as monosomal karyotype, del(7q)/-7, del(5q)/-5 or abnormalities leading to 17p region loss. On the contrary, rare AML cases characterized with only multiple numerical abnormalities known as pure hyperdiploid karyotype (HDK), have a controversial prognosis. We hypothesized that pure complex HDK AML has a distinct and much better prognosis after allo-HCT compared to non-HDK, CK AML.Methods: We selected from the EBMT registry adult patients with AML and a full cytogenetic report. HDK was defined by the presence of 49 chromosomes or more. Patients were then stratified by pure HDK (pHDK) and HDK with other cytogenetic abnormalities (HDK+), characterized by HDK and the presence of a prognostic-defining cytogenetic abnormality such as del(5q)/-5, del(7q)/-7, del(17p)/-17/i(17q), inv(3q21-26)/t(3;3)(q21;q26) or t(9;22). We included only first allo-HCT from a sibling or unrelated donor (UD) performed between 2000 and 2018.Results: A total of 236 patients were identified as having HDK. There were 95 pHDK and 141 HDK+. Median age at transplantation was 53 years (range, 18-74) and median follow-up was 43 months (range, 35-56). A diagnosis of secondary AML was reported in 48 patients (20%). At the time of allo-HCT, 180 patients (76%) were in first remission (CR1), and 56 were beyond CR1 (24%). Eighty-five (39%) patients received an allo-HCT from a sibling donor, with more matched unrelated donors (MUD) in HDK+ patients (p=0.02). Most patients (70%) had a Karnofsky performance status (KPS) score of more than 90% at the time of transplantation. A myeloablative conditioning regimen was administered in 46% of the patients. In vivo T-cell depletion was part of the regimen in 66% of the patients. The most frequent trisomies were trisomy 8, 21, 13, and 22.The 2-year probability of non-relapse mortality (NRM) was 26% for the entire cohort. The 2-year probability of LFS was 50% for pHDK and 31% for HDK+ (p=0.003). The 2-year probability of overall survival (OS) was 57% for pHDK and 36% for HDK+ (p=0.007). The 2-year cumulative incidence of relapse (RI) was 22% for pHDK and 44% for HDK+ (p=0.001) (Figure 1). The cumulative incidence of grade II-IV acute graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) and chronic GvHD was 34% and 33%, respectively, for the entire cohort. Finally, the 2-year probability of GvHD and relapse-free survival (GRFS) was 36% for pHDK and 21% for HDK+ (p=0.01). On multivariate analysis, pHDK remained associated with significantly better LFS, OS and GRFS and higher RI (all p-values<0.004). Age was associated with lower OS (p=0.05). Being in remission at the time of allo-HCT was associated with better LFS, OS and GRFS, and lower NRM and RI (all p-values<0.02). Secondary AML, donor type, KPS, and conditioning regimen intensity were not associated with any outcome in multivariate analysis.Conclusions: AML with pHDK has a better outcome after allo-HCT in terms of RI, LFS, OS and GRFS. pHDK AML constitutes probably a distinct cytogenetic entity from HDK+ or other non-hyperdiploid CK AML. CK remains a strong indication for allo-HCT, but the type of abnormalities included in CK significantly influences the outcome and should guide how to manage patients after allo-HCT in terms of immunosuppression withdrawal or prophylactic/preemptive post-transplant interventions such as use of hypomethylating agents or donor lymphocyte infusions. [Display omitted] DisclosuresLabopin: Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Honoraria. Ganser: Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Honoraria; Novartis: Honoraria; Celgene: Honoraria. Socie: Alexion: Research Funding. Forcade: Novartis: Other: travel grant. Chalandon: Incyte, BMS, Pfizer, Abbie, MSD, Roche, Novartis, Gilead, Amgen, Jazz, Astra Zenec: Other: Travel EXpenses, Accomodation; Incyte, BMS, Pfizer, Abbie, MSD, Roche, Novartis, Amgen: Other: Advisory Board; Incyte: Speakers Bureau. Yakoub-Agha: Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Honoraria. Kröger: Novartis: Research Funding; Riemser: Honoraria, Research Funding; Sanofi: Honoraria; Neovii: Honoraria, Research Funding; Jazz: Honoraria, Research Funding; Gilead/Kite: Honoraria; Celgene: Honoraria, Research Funding; AOP Pharma: Honoraria. Esteve: Jazz: Consultancy; Bristol Myers Squibb/Celgene: Consultancy; Abbvie: Consultancy; Novartis: Consultancy, Research Funding; Astellas: Consultancy; Pfizer: Consultancy; Novartis: Research Funding. Mohty: Sanofi: Honoraria, Research Funding; Pfizer: Honoraria; Novartis: Honoraria; Takeda: Honoraria; Jazz: Honoraria, Research Funding; Janssen: Honoraria, Research Funding; Gilead: Honoraria; Celgene: Honoraria, Research Funding; Bristol Myers Squibb: Honoraria; Astellas: Honoraria; Amgen: Honoraria; Adaptive Biotechnologies: Honoraria.

Significance of Degree of HLA Disparity When Using Haploidentical Donors with T-Replete PBSC and Post-Transplantation Cyclophosphamide (PTCy) in Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) in First Complete Hematologic Remission (CR1)

Background: Haploidentical allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (haplo) has expanded applicability of the procedure to patients for whom a suitable HLA compatible donor was not available in the past. A small multicenter retrospective study of 185 patients with hematologic malignancies who received a nonmyeloablative preparative regimen followed by infusion of bone marrow (BM) hematopoietic cells from haploidentical donors showed no significant association between the number of HLA mismatches (HLA-A, -B, -C, and -DRB1 combined) and risk of acute grade 2-4 graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) (hazard ratio [HR]=0.89; P=0.68 for 3-4 mismatches vs fewer antigen mismatches). This haploidentical transplant platform has certainly evolved. Nowadays, G-CSF mobilized peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) are commonly used owing to its increased convenience vis-à-vis performing a BM harvest.Study population: Here, we evaluate post transplant outcomes when using haploidentical donors with T-replete PBSC and PTCy in AML in CR1. A total of 494 patients (4/8 HLA mismatch (group 1)=360, 2-3/8 HLA mismatch (group 2)=134) underwent the procedure at an EBMT participating center. The primary endpoints were cumulative incidences of grade 2-4 acute GVHD and chronic (all grades) GVHD. Secondary endpoints included cumulative incidence of relapse (RI), non-relapse mortality (NRM), leukemia-free (LFS) and overall survival (OS) and GVHD-free relapse-free survival (GRFS).Results: Group 1 and group 2 were not statistically different in regards to median age at allografting (54.1 vs. 56.1 years, p=0.51), median year of haplo transplantation (2018 vs. 2018, p=0.36), incidence of de novo AML (86.4% vs. 88.1%, p=0.63), Karnofsky equal or more than 90 (77.5% vs. 79.1%, p=0.70), and use of myeloablative conditioning (MAC) (44.7% vs. 48.5%, p=0.45). Patients in group 1 had a longer time from diagnosis to haplo-transplantation (5.3 vs. 4.9 months, p=0.03). In multivariate analysis, group 1 and group 2 did not differ in cumulative incidence of grade 2-4 acute GVHD (Hazard ratio (HR)=0.89 (95%CI=0.62-1.26), p=0.51) but group 1 had a significantly higher incidence of chronic (all grades) GVHD (HR=1.49 (95%CI=1.02-2.16), p=0.04). There was no difference in RI (HR=0.73 (95%CI=0.47-1.14), p=0.17), NRM (HR=1.25 (95%CI=0.78-2.02), p=0.36), LFS (HR=0.95 (95%CI=0.69-1.31), p=0.76), OS (HR=1.09 (95%CI=0.76-1.55), p=0.64) and GRFS (HR=1.07 (95%CI=0.81-1.42), p=0.64) between the groups. Presence of adverse cytogenetics was independently associated with higher RI (HR=1.90 (95%CI=1.20-2.99), p=0.006), inferior LFS (HR=1.59 (95%CI=1.15-2.19), p=0.005), inferior OS (HR=1.48 (95%CI=1.05-2.08), p=0.03), and worse GRFS (HR=1.54 (95%CI=1.17-2.04), p=0.002).Conclusion: Results show that patients undergoing haplo-transplantation with 4/8 (vs. 2-3/8) HLA mismatches have a higher incidence of chronic GVHD (all grades) without adversely affecting acute grade 2-4 GVHD, RI, LFS, OS and GRFS. DisclosuresLabopin: Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Honoraria. Bazarbachi: Novartis: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Roche: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Amgen: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; Abbvie: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; Hikma: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Janssen: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Pfizer: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Takeda: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Astra Zeneca: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Blaise: Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Honoraria. McDonald: BioCryst Pharmaceuticals: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Forcade: Novartis: Other: travel grant. Ciceri: IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele: Current Employment. Mohty: Takeda: Honoraria; Astellas: Honoraria; Adaptive Biotechnologies: Honoraria; Novartis: Honoraria; Celgene: Honoraria, Research Funding; Bristol Myers Squibb: Honoraria; Sanofi: Honoraria, Research Funding; Janssen: Honoraria, Research Funding; Gilead: Honoraria; Jazz: Honoraria, Research Funding; Pfizer: Honoraria; Amgen: Honoraria.

Risk factors for outcome after allogeneic stem cell transplantation in patients with advanced phase CML

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) remains the only curative option for patients with advanced chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). However, outcome is dismal and of short follow-up. The objective of the study was to determine long-term outcome and risk factors in patients with a history of CML Blast Crisis (BC; n = 96) or accelerated phase (n = 51) transplanted between 1990 and 2018. At transplant, patients had a median age of 39 (range 7–76) years and were in ≥CP2 (n = 70), in AP (n = 40) or in BC (n = 37) with a diagnosis-HSCT interval of median 1.9 (range 0.3–24.4) years. Overall survival (OS) amounted 34% (95% CI 22–46) and progression-free survival (PFS) 26% (95% CI 16-36) at 15 years. Adverse risk factors for OS and PFS were low CD34+ count in the graft, donor age (>36 years) and BC. Cumulative incidence of Non-Relapse Mortality (NRM) was 28% (95% CI 18–38) and of relapse (RI) 43% (95% CI 33–53) at 15 years. PB-HSCT and HSCT after 2008 were favorable prognostic factors for NRM, while family donor and patient age >39 years were independently associated with higher RI. HSCT resulted in long-term OS in patients with advanced CML. OS was improved in non-BC patients, with donors ≤36 years and with higher CD34+ dose in the graft.

Effect of partial wall motion on MHD mixed convection heat transfer undergoing in a porous cavity filled with Cu–water nanofluid with a centrally mounted heat source

The Magneto-hydrodynamics (MHD) convective heat transfer process in a partially driven cavity (PDC) containing a centrally mounted heat source is focused in the present study. The cavity is filled with Cu–water nanofluid saturated porous medium. Heated cavity fluid is cooled through the upper half of the two sidewalls. These cold sidewalls are allowed to move in upward direction at the same velocity. The horizontal walls and lower part of the sidewalls are insulated. The cavity subjected to an externally imposed uniform magnetic field. The flow structures and mixed convection heat transfer characteristics are analyzed numerically utilizing developed CFD code adopting FVM and SIMPLE algorithm. The thermo-fluid phenomena are analyzed under a range of governing parameters like Richardson number (Ri), Hartmann number (Ha), concentrations of nanoparticles (ϕ). The results reflect that the heat transfer characteristics of the PDC are greatly influenced by all of the above parameters. Heat transfer is enhanced significantly at the higher Ri and higher volume fraction.

Agglomeration of Return Fines of Sinter for Blast Furnace Raw Materials

Return fines of sinter were agglomerated with a binder material such as cement and fine powder of blast furnace slag in order to use the agglomerates as raw materials in the blast furnace. Reduction tests of the agglomerates were carried out to investigate the high temperature properties of the agglomerates. The following findings were obtained. The agglomerates have lower RDI (RDI<20%) than sinter because sinter, which consists of brittle glassy silicate, was arranged discretely in the agglomerates and bonded by the soft materials of the binder, and as a result, size degradation during reduction was prevented. The agglomerates have higher RI (DI>70%) than sinter due to the high abundance ratio of fine pores in the agglomerates. Moreover, in comparison with sinter, the agglomerates also have equal or greater strength after reduction at 700°C and 900°C because solid phase sintering was promoted by adding ultrafine iron oxide powder. Therefore, as a blast furnace raw material, the permeability and reducibility of the agglomerates of return fines of sinter are superior to those of conventional sinter. This concept is considered to be effective for utilizing sinter fines as blast furnace raw materials in a high pulverized coal rate and low coke rate operation.

Human lung extracellular matrix hydrogels resemble the stiffness and viscoelasticity of native lung tissue.

Chronic lung diseases such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are associated with changes in extracellular matrix (ECM) composition and abundance affecting the mechanical properties of the lung. This study aimed to generate ECM hydrogels from control, severe COPD [Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) IV], and fibrotic human lung tissue and evaluate whether their stiffness and viscoelastic properties were reflective of native tissue. For hydrogel generation, control, COPD GOLD IV, and fibrotic human lung tissues were decellularized, lyophilized, ground into powder, porcine pepsin solubilized, buffered with PBS, and gelled at 37°C. Rheological properties from tissues and hydrogels were assessed with a low-load compression tester measuring the stiffness and viscoelastic properties in terms of a generalized Maxwell model representing phases of viscoelastic relaxation. The ECM hydrogels had a greater stress relaxation than tissues. ECM hydrogels required three Maxwell elements with slightly faster relaxation times (τ) than that of native tissue, which required four elements. The relative importance (Ri) of the first Maxwell element contributed the most in ECM hydrogels, whereas for tissue the contribution was spread over all four elements. IPF tissue had a longer-lasting fourth element with a higher Ri than the other tissues, and IPF ECM hydrogels did require a fourth Maxwell element, in contrast to all other ECM hydrogels. This study shows that hydrogels composed of native human lung ECM can be generated. Stiffness of ECM hydrogels resembled that of whole tissue, while viscoelasticity differed.

P977 CT phenotype of high-risk atherosclerotic plaques causing an acute coronary syndrome compared to silent vulnerable plaques

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements PlaqueImage.- research grant no. 103544/2016, contract number 26/01.09.2016 - Background Previous studies demonstrated that plaque morphology has a crucial role in the development of an acute coronary syndrome (ACS). However, not all vulnerable coronary plaques produce an ACS and the prediction power of various vulnerability features to predict an acute coronary event in a close future, has not been elucidated so far. Objective We aimed to use multi-slice computed tomography angiography (CTA) for assessment of morphological characteristics of culprit lesions producing an ACS in the next several months after CT assessment, in comparison with morphological characteristics of unstable coronary atherosclerotic plaques which did not trigger an ACS. Material and methods We analyzed 40 patients in whom CTA revealed presence of unstable coronary lesions, exhibiting at least one marker of vulnerability: napkin ring sign (NRS), spotty calcium (SC), positive remodeling (PR) or presence of low attenuation plaque (LAP), divided in 2 groups: group 1 - 20 patients who developed an ACS in the next 6 months following CTA examination, and group 2 – 20 patients matched for age, gender and risk factors, who did not present any cardiovascular event 6 month after CTA assessment. Post-processing of multi-slice CTA images was performed in order to assess morphological characteristics and CT-derived markers of atherosclerotic plaque instability. Results Similar mean values of plaque length (17.1 +/- 5.9 mm vs 16.9 +/- 3.4 mm; p = 0.6) and total atheroma volume (188.1 +/- 104.7 mm3vs 186.4 +/- 90.7 mm3; p = 0.8) were obtained for both groups. The mean number of vulnerability markers was 1.6 in group 1 vs 1.2 in group 2 (p = 0.07). However, atherosclerotic lesions in patients from group 1 presented significantly higher values of lipid-rich atheroma (9.8 +/- 10.8 mm3vs 2.6 +/- 1.0 mm3; p = 0.01) and remodeling index (1.14 +/- 0.3 in group 1 vs 0.89 +/- 0.19 in group 2, p = 0.04). At the same time, atheromatous plaques in patients who developed an ACS during the 6-months follow-up showed in a significantly higher proportion LAP (45% in group vs 10% in group 2, p = 0.03) and PR (15%in group 1 versus 5% in group 2, p = 0.04), but not NRS (30% vs 25%, p = ns) or SC (65% vs 40%, p = 0.2). Conclusions Atherosclerotic plaques producing an ACS exhibit a different phenotype than unstable plaques that remain silent. The CTA profile of atheromatous plaques producing an ACS includes the presence of low attenuation, positive remodeling, higher RI and lipid-rich atheroma. Presence of these features in high-risk coronary plaques identifies very high risk patients, who can benefit from adapted therapeutic strategy in order to prevent the development of an ACS.

Flow and temperature distributions in a disc type winding-Part II: Natural cooling modes

The liquid flow and temperature distributions in oil natural (ON) cooled power transformer windings are of great importance for thermal design, thermal rating and life estimation of ON power transformers. In this paper, both experimental and numerical investigations of liquid flow and temperature distributions in a disc-type winding model are conducted. The influences of representative operating conditions on liquid flow and temperature distributions are studied using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and temperature measuring systems. Reverse liquid flows and consequential localised overheating at the top part of winding passes are recorded in the experiments. 2D and 3D CFD simulations are implemented and compared with the measurements. 3D CFD simulations are required for reliable predictions of temperature distribution when reverse flows occur. Dimensional analysis is adopted to interpret the measurement and CFD simulation results in order to provide simplicity, insight and universally applicable conclusions. The liquid flow and temperature distributions are found to be mainly controlled by the Richardson number (Ri). The higher Ri the more uneven the liquid flow and temperature distributions would be. At low Ri region flow and temperature distributions are relatively uniform with a low hotspot factor. Above the region, flow and temperature distributions become rapidly uneven and the hotspot factor increases steeply with the increase of Ri. Further increase of Ri results in the occurrence of reverse flows and fluctuation of the hotspot factor.

Mixed convection characteristics in a baffled U-shaped lid-driven cavity in the presence of magnetic field

The lattice Boltzmann method is utilized to investigate the mixed convection of a CuO/water nanofluid by magnetic field’s effect in a lid-driven U-shaped enclosure filled with a baffle. The bottom wall’s temperature is high. The Koo–Kleinstreuer–Li model, which considering the Brownian motion of nanoparticles, is adopted to obtain the thermophysical properties of the nanofluid. How the Hartmann number (Ha), Richardson number (Ri), Reynolds number (Re), and nanoparticle concentration (ϕ) affect streamlines, isotherms, and average Nusselt number (Nuave) is also examined. The results reveal that, at Re = 100 and for a large Ri, the nanofluid strategy degrades the Nu. The favorable effect of increasing the Re on the average Nu and adverse trends of the increment in the Ha on the heat transfer are the main highlights in this study. In addition, the increase in the Re more strongly affects the heat transfer rate at higher Ri.

Vortex-induced vibration and galloping of a circular cylinder in presence of cross-flow thermal buoyancy

The effect of cross-flow thermal buoyancy on vortex-induced vibration (VIV) of a circular cylinder is numerically investigated. An in-house fluid-structure solver based on the sharp-interface immersed boundary method is employed. The cylinder is kept in the uniform flow stream and is mounted elastically such that it is constrained to move in the transverse direction to the flow. The surface of the cylinder is heated at a prescribed temperature, and the thermal buoyancy is imposed in the transverse direction to the flow. Simulations are performed for the following parameters: Reynolds number Re = (50, 150), Prandtl number Pr = 7.1, mass ratio m = 2, reduced velocity UR = [4–15], and Richardson number Ri = [0–4]. We found that the thermal buoyancy could suppress or agitate the VIV. At lower Re (=50) and Ri = (1, 2), we observe the suppression in the VIV; however, there is no suppression for higher Re (=150) for these values of Ri. Galloping is observed for higher values of Ri = (3, 4) for Re = (50, 150). The galloping has been reported for rotationally asymmetric bluff bodies (e.g., D-section cylinder) in previous studies in isothermal flows. We show that a circular cylinder, a rotationally symmetric body, exhibits galloping due to the transversely acting thermal buoyancy at higher Ri.