High-quality Classroom Research Articles

Initial validation of the Health Environment Rating Scale-Early Childhood Consultation-Classroom (HERS-ECC-C).

The present study validated a newly developed easy-to-use observational instrument, the Health Environment Rating Scale-Early Childhood Consultation-Classroom version (HERS-ECC-C), to measure the quality of the classroom environment within early care and education centers participating in a mental health consultation program in a diverse area of the southeastern United States.Using a confirmatory factor analysis, three factors emerged capturing critical aspects of a high-quality classroom environment and demonstrated good reliability: (1) Supportive Practices, Positive Socioemotional Practices, and Classroom Management (α=.88), (2) Health and Family Communication (α=.79), and (3) Individualizing to Children's Needs (α=.80). Criterion-related validity was established through concurrent associations between the three HERS-ECC-C subscales and the domains of the Classroom Assessment Scoring System (CLASS) and predictive associations with the Childcare Worker Job Stress Inventory. The HERS-ECC-C Supportive Practices and Health and Family Communication subscales were associated with all three CLASS domains, and the Individualizing to Children's Needs subscale was associated with the CLASS Instructional support domain. Higher HERS-ECC-C subscale scores were associated with lower teacher-reported job stress. Findings provide initial evidence to support the use and continued development of the HERS-ECC-C as a tool to evaluate programs and classrooms engaged in mental health consultation professional development interventions.

Centring Teacher Voices in School-Wide Improvement: Possibilities and Challenges of Introducing Change in Complex Systems

ABSTRACTThis study aims to unveil the complexity of introducing and sustaining instructional improvement at a school site by documenting successes and challenges encountered by a research-practice partnership among university researchers, school and district leaders, and a mathematics coordinator from the county office of education. The study answers two questions: How did a research-practice partnership attend to teachers’ voices and craft coherence around a school’s mathematics teaching improvement goals? What characterised the complexity of sustaining the improvement efforts? Data included meeting fieldnotes, teacher survey responses, and transcripts of interviews with teachers, school and district leaders, and the county coordinator. Qualitative thematic analyses revealed several ways in which the team attended to teacher voices and crafted coherence dynamically through interactions supported by tools and activities aimed at surfacing complexity and creating a shared vision. Points of convergence included a focus on adult learning and collaboration. Analyses also unveiled challenges, including the emotional work entailed in instructional change and the necessity to buffer the school from conflicting external demands. Conclusions highlight the importance of deliberate negotiation of tensions and crafting of coherence so that stakeholders can more easily build a shared vision for high-quality classroom teaching and high-quality teacher learning.

University and environmental health: Green advancement at the University of Florence revealed by UI GreenMetric ranking.

The University of Florence (UniFi) started participating in the UI GreenMetric ranking in 2018 to measure its commitments toward sustainability. Since then, several actions have been adopted to make advancements in the six categories of the ranking, spanning from the high-quality classroom environment to actions for the well-being of students. UniFi considers sustainability a transversal discipline addressed by all the schools in its different aspects (e.g. well-being, building structure, energy efficiency, climate change responsibility, waste management, and saving water resources). In particular, the cutting edge of UniFi is represented by its education sector. The total number of courses regarding the 17 Sustainable Development Goals in 2020/21 is increasing, covering now 26% of the academic offerings. These offerings give our students many opportunities to grow with their awareness of the current difficulties, providing the instruments to address their future. This is possible also thanks to the cultural events that UniFi promotes every year, despite the difficulties raised by COVID-19. Moreover, an average of ~3700 scholarly papers related to sustainability has been published in each of the last three years, the outcome of the excellent work of the UniFi researchers. Thanks to start-ups, the academic expertise on sustainability has also been taken outside to the industrial sector.

Enhancing college English teaching models through the application of cognitive psychology: a focus on listening processes

The uneven English proficiency level among college students can lead to a lack of confidence and a passive learning process, especially for those with weak foundations. However, applying cognitive psychology principles in college English teaching can optimize the teaching mode and create a high-quality classroom atmosphere. By stimulating students’ enthusiasm through practical activities, respecting and encouraging their learning, teachers can improve the quality of teaching. This empirical study offers a comprehensive exploration of the relevance of cognitive psychology in college English teaching. It discusses the challenges faced by college students in learning English due to uneven proficiency levels and passive attitudes towards learning. The paper also introduces innovative teaching models and strategies that can optimize the learning experience and improve teaching quality. By addressing these challenges and providing effective solutions, the paper aims to enhance students’ English proficiency and overall learning outcomes. The implementation of cognitive psychology in English teaching is expected to create a positive classroom atmosphere, promote student engagement and motivation, and ultimately lead to continued improvement in the students’ English level.

A Systematic Review of the Factors That Influence Teachers’ Occupational Wellbeing

Teachers belong to a high-demand occupational group and experience work-related challenges and discretely diverse emotional turmoils of varying intensity while teaching and interacting with students. These experiences often result in high stress levels that contribute to burnout and, consequently, a breach of teachers’ occupational wellbeing. Promoting positive teacher wellbeing substantially influences teaching quality, with a flow-on effect on student wellbeing and academic development. This literature review utilised a framework to systematically explore the factors that impact the occupational wellbeing of kindergarten, primary, and secondary schoolteachers. Thirty-eight (38) studies from an initial 3766 peer-reviewed articles sourced from various databases (CINAHL, Emcare, PychINFO, Scopus, ERIC, and PsycARTICLES) were utilized for this systematic review. Four major factors were identified, including personal capabilities, socioemotional competence, personal responses to work conditions, and professional relationships. Findings highlight the importance of teachers’ occupational wellbeing in dealing with numerous challenges and competing demands, with the need for a high level of self-efficacy for instruction and behavioural management being critically significant. Teachers require adequate organisational support to successfully carry out their roles with stronger resilience and efficient job execution. Teachers also need to have social–emotional competence to be able to create a high-quality classroom environment and a conducive atmosphere that supports healthy teacher–student relationships, reduces stress and increases the occupational wellbeing of teachers. Collaborating with other relevant stakeholders such as parents, colleagues, and a school’s leadership team is critical for creating a positive work environment. A good workplace has the potential to contribute to teachers’ occupational wellbeing and provide a supportive platform for student learning and engagement. This review clearly points to the beneficial effects of prioritising teachers’ occupational wellbeing and its intentional inclusion in the professional development plan of practising teachers. Finally, while primary school teachers and secondary school teachers share many similarities in terms of the challenges they face, there are also some differences in how these challenges impact their wellbeing, and these warrant further investigation.

A preliminary investigation of the role of classroom contextual effects on teaching efficacy and classroom quality

The purpose of this preliminary study was to examine the extent to which the relation between teacher reported (N = 26) teaching efficacy and observations of classroom quality varied as a function of a specific classroom characteristic, classroom adversity, a measure of classroom level hardship that includes factors such as student challenges with family-home life, inadequate nutrition, child health, and disruptive behavioral problems. Findings suggest classroom adversity is an important contextual factor to consider when examining teaching practices and classroom experiences and that the ecological load of the classroom may be an important characteristic related to a teacher’s abilities to promote a high-quality classroom environment. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

Teaching Reform in C Programming Course from the Perspective of Sustainable Development: Construction and 9-Year Practice of “Three Classrooms–Four Integrations–Five Combinations” Teaching Model

In the past, the teaching of C programming courses was teacher-centered, and students’ practical ability, innovation ability, independent learning ability, and moral character were not effectively improved. In order to meet the requirements of teaching informatization, OBE philosophy, “Golden Course” construction, and ideological politics in the curriculum for course teaching, we have been reforming how C programming courses are taught since 2013 from the perspective of sustainable development in order to realize the synergistic promotion of knowledge imparting, ability training, and moral character shaping. First, we systematically reformed the teaching support system in eight dimensions: changing the teaching philosophy, enriching teaching resources, reconstructing the teaching environment, reshaping the course content, transforming the teaching process, innovating teaching methods, reforming course evaluations, and building ideological politics surrounding the ecology of the curriculum. On this basis, we divided the teaching classroom into three classrooms: theory, practical training, and innovative practice. We ensured that teaching resources, information technology, diversified evaluation, and moral character shaping were always integrated into the classroom. Then, we used a combination of “online and offline, in-class knowledge learning and extra-curricular autonomous practice, teachers’ careful lectures and seniors’ guidance, ability training and moral character shaping, and impart knowledge and innovative practice” to build a student-centered teaching model of “three classrooms–four integrations–five combinations”. Since the application of this model in course teaching, students have not only enhanced their sense of access to learning and improved their course performance, independent learning ability, and practical ability, but have also improved their innovation ability, with students achieving excellent results in thesis publication, patent applications, software copyright applications, discipline competitions, and innovation project applications. Students have cultivated a strong sense of social responsibility and high moral character, and employers are highly satisfied. This teaching model has been adopted and reused in 12 engineering courses and has achieved good application results. The teaching model can provide a reference for college engineering courses to build a student-centered information-based education ecology, create high-quality classrooms, and collaboratively improve students’ abilities and moral character.

What is effective classroom dialog? A comparative study of classroom dialog in Chinese expert and novice mathematics teachers' classrooms.

Conducting effective classroom dialog is an important foundation for high-quality classrooms. This study investigates the characteristics of effective classroom dialog from the perspective of Chinese mathematics classrooms. Classroom videotapes from 40 expert and 33 novice teachers were selected from a national project and analyzed through a developed coding framework. Results showed that the dominant types of dialog in expert teachers’ classrooms were related to Basic Knowledge, Construction, Analysis, and Personal Information. Compared to novice teachers, expert teachers’ classrooms have a significantly lower proportion of dialog on Basic Knowledge and significantly higher proportions of dialog on Personal Information and Speculation. Based on expert teachers’ classrooms, the characteristics of effective classroom dialog in the Chinese context were discussed. The analytical framework for classroom dialog developed in this study could be a powerful tool for subsequent research. Suggestions are provided on increasing the effectiveness of classroom dialog.

The Effect of Kindergarten Classroom Interaction Quality on Executive Function Development among 5- to 7-Year-Old Children

The present research addresses the impact of preschool classroom interaction quality on executive function development. CLASS methodology was used to assess the quality of teacher–child interaction in kindergarten groups; “Inhibition”, “Memory for Designs”, and “Sentences Repetition” subtests from the NEPSY-II (memory for designs, sentences repetition, inhibition) and Dimensional Change Card Sort were used for the evaluation of executive functions. Repeated measures were performed to assess the children’s progress, based on the quality of the educational environment in their group. The total sample consisted of 447 children (48.5% boys and 51.5% girls). ANOVA and linear regression analysis demonstrated that children’s progress in executive function development varies for low- and high-quality classrooms. Furthermore, different predictive potential of CLASS domains was shown for the development of executive function components in preschool children.

Analysis of the Effectiveness of SOFTWARE LIBERAL EDUCATION in a Non-Face-To-Face Environment

Purpose: Based on the previous studies, in this study, and in order to confirm the effect of the university s software liberal education in a contactless environment, as for the specific factors influencing the satisfaction of learning and academic achievement, the quality of classroom instruction, motivation for learning, convenience of time, and the immersion for learning were derived as the major factors according to the details of classroom instruction and learning contents. In this study, it is intended to examine the effectiveness of the university s basic software education in a contactless environment via the relationship between such factors and their influence on the satisfaction of learning and academic achievement. Method: In order to validate the effect of the university s basic software education in a contactless environment, this study has analyzed the differences between the subjects general characteristics, quality of classroom instruction, motivation for learning, convenience of time, immersion for learning, satisfaction of learning, and academic achievement by using the descriptive statistics of error, percentage, mean and standard deviation. The correlation of the quality of classroom instruction, motivation for learning, convenience of time, immersion for learning, satisfaction of learning, and academic achievement was analyzed by the Pearson s correlation, and the effect of each factor on the satisfaction of learning and academic achievement was analyzed by performing the multiple regression. Results: It was evaluated that the satisfaction of learning enhanced as the quality of classroom instruction improved and the immersion for learning worked well. It was also evaluated that, as the high quality details of classroom instruction and learning contents were provided, and the higher the motivation for learning, the higher the academic achievement, and the higher the convenience of time, the lower the academic achievement. Even in a contactless environment, the quality of classroom instruction is very important, and it may be said that it is the variable which has the largest influence on the effectiveness of the classroom instruction. Conclusion: It was confirmed that it has had a positive effect on the students satisfaction of learning and academic achievement by causing high quality classroom instruction, motivation for learning, and active immersion for learning in a contactless environment. Based on such results of this study, it is expected that assistance may be provided for developing and promoting various online education programs.

Differential associations between extracurricular participation and Chinese children's academic readiness: Preschool teacher–child interactions as a moderator

Participation in organized extracurricular activities (EAs) is becoming increasingly prevalent among young children in China and worldwide. As an important microsystem of child development, EA involvement is likely to interact with other microsystems in relation to child outcomes. The current study focused on the interaction between EA participation and the quality of preschool education, specifically the quality of teacher–child interactions, in relation to children's academic readiness. This study included 443 Chinese preschoolers (Mage = 5.08 years) from 49 preschool classrooms. Parents reported children's EA participation. Preschool teacher–child interactions were assessed using the Classroom Assessment Scoring System. Children's academic readiness was measured using one-on-one tasks. The results showed that although EA participation was not related to child academic readiness, the quality of preschool teacher–child interactions (i.e., emotional support and instructional support) moderated the association between EA participation and children's academic readiness (the slope variance reduction was between 12.7% and 17.5%). Specifically, the significant associations found suggest that EA participation could have a small compensatory effect on academic readiness for children experiencing very low emotional support in preschool; however, EA participation had a small negative association with academic readiness when children were already exposed to high emotional or instructional support in preschool. The findings highlight that EA involvement may not always produce beneficial outcomes in young children and that exposing children to high-quality classroom interactions in preschool is a key to fostering positive development.

A Comparative Study of Distance Teaching in Elementary Schools Between China and the United States Under COVID-19

The outbreak and quick spread of COVID-19 quickly shut down almost all educational institutions in different parts the world by mid-March, 2020, presenting severe challenges to educators all over the world. The paper investigated the teaching situation of elementary schools in China and the United States during the epidemic period. The results show that the common challenges faced by the two countries in distance education are: 1) Elementary school students are young and have poor self-control ability, which requires close supervision and cooperation from parents; 2) Teachers’ information technology level is limited, lack of network teaching ability. There are some problems in Distance Education in American elementary schools, such as parents can’t urge students to study at home, digital technology inequality, low online attendance rate and so on, which further exposed the unfair problems in education. The problem of distance learning in elementary schools in China is that the learning resources are mainly subject knowledge, and the ability and methods of teachers to serve students’ autonomous learning are insufficient. American distance learning experience is to make full use of the rich network learning resources and professional distance teaching platform, and pay attention to the cultivation of students’ network autonomous learning ability. China’s distance teaching experience is to give play to the advantages of centralized management, organize famous teachers to record high quality courses, establish the Air Classroom platform, and provide high-quality classroom teaching resources. Therefore, basic education institutions in both countries should strengthen the training of teachers’ distance learning ability, improve the information-based teaching environment, learn from the experiences of both sides, and explore an effective mode of integrating online and offline education resources, so as to meet the challenges of basic education in the post epidemic era.

Examining the Effects of Changes in Classroom Quality on Within-Child Changes in Achievement and Behavioral Outcomes.

This study examines whether changes in classroom quality predict within-child changes in achievement and behavioral problems in elementary school (ages spanning approximately 6-11years old). Drawing on data from a longitudinal study of children in predominantly low-income, nonurban communities (n=1,078), we relied on child fixed effects modeling, which controlled for stable factors that could bias the effects of classroom quality. In general, we found that changes in classroom quality had small and statistically nonsignificant effects on achievement and behavior. However, we found that moving into a high-quality classroom, particularly those rated as high in Classroom Organization, had positive effects on achievement and behavior for children with significant exposure to poverty in early life.

Teacher, Center, and Neighborhood Characteristics Associated with Variations in Preschool Quality in Childcare Centers.

Childcare programs serving preschool children are generally of poorer quality than publicly-funded preschools both in terms of their classroom processes and structural features. Research on childcare programs has typically collapsed them into a single group, yet these programs vary greatly in neighborhood disadvantage and organization as they are managed by for-profit chains, non-profit community organizations, faith-based organizations, or individual owners. Little is known about variations in childcare program quality and what factors are associated with quality. The current study utilized latent profile analysis (LPA) with classroom process, structural features, and neighborhood disadvantage indicators to identify patterns of quality and neighborhood disadvantage within a diverse sample of childcare programs serving preschool children. Classroom processes (instructional support, emotional support, classroom management, positive discipline) and structural features (teacher age, experience, education, and satisfaction) data was collected from preschool teachers (N = 127) from 76 childcare programs. Neighborhood disadvantage (median income; rates of unemployment, single parents, and education) was measured using census tract data. LPA indicated two profiles of childcare programs with high-quality classroom processes and two with poorer processes. Both of the high-quality profiles were in low-to-moderate income neighborhoods and the two low-quality profiles were in more affluent neighborhoods. Subsequent analyses suggested quality covaried with management type with the lowest quality centers often run by for-profit chains. Connections between classroom processes, structural features, and neighborhood disadvantage are complex making it extremely challenging for parents to identify high-quality care for their children.

Executive Functions and Quality of Classroom Interactions in Kindergarten Among 5–6-Year-Old Children

According to international longitudinal studies, the quality of preschool education is of great importance for children’s further development. The modern research’s greatest interest in the field of studying the quality of preschool education is precisely the assessment of the relationship between the teacher and children as well as the teaching quality in kindergarten groups. In this regard, the Classroom Assessment Scoring System (CLASS) seems to be the one of the most relevant for the educational environment quality evaluation. The CLASS methodology (which includes emotional support, classroom organization, and instrumental support) is based on the cultural-historical approach, which shows the interaction between students and adults as the main mechanism for child’s development. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationships between different aspects of the classroom organization quality in kindergarten groups and executive functions components (such as cognitive flexibility, inhibitory control, and working memory) in 5–6-year-old children. The quality of classroom interaction was measured by the CLASS. The study used the Dimensional Change Card Sort (DCCS) method to assess cognitive flexibility and the NEPSY-II subtests “Inhibition” to assess inhibitory control and “Memory for Designs” and “Sentences Repetition” to assess visuo-spatial and verbal working memory, respectively. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Psychology at Lomonosov Moscow State University. The study involved 26 kindergarten groups in Moscow. While conducting the research, extreme groups were identified (5 with low quality and 10 with high-quality levels of classroom interaction). Then, three kindergarten groups with low level (65 children) and three groups with high level (68 children) of interaction within classroom were selected and compared. The results revealed that children from groups with low level of classroom interaction have higher results in cognitive flexibility tasks when compared with children from groups with high level of interaction. Also, children from groups with high-quality classroom interaction demonstrated higher results in visuo-spatial working memory tasks and inhibitory control tasks as contrasted with children from low-quality groups. These findings attest to the importance of classroom interaction quality for the executive functions development in the preschool age.

Research on the Application of Flipped Classroom Teaching Mode in Higher Vocational English Teaching

The rapid development of the information age has caused many teachers to actively choose to introduce the flipped classroom teaching model into teaching activities in order to solve the problems of outdated teaching concepts and poor learning initiative of students. It is hoped that they can fully stimulate students' learning autonomy while achieving established The purpose of high-quality classroom teaching activities. This article starts with the obstacles to the development of English classrooms in vocational colleges, and looks for specific ways to introduce flipped classrooms to carry out English teaching activities, hoping to provide references for other educators.

The impact of classroom quality on young children's emotion understanding

ABSTRACT Many studies have been conducted to identify the factors explaining individual differences in children’s emotion understanding (capacity to comprehend the nature, causes and consequences of emotions in the self and others). These studies represent a significant advance in our comprehension of the origins of the child’s capacity to understand emotions. However, almost nothing is known about the impact of classroom quality on children’s emotion understanding even though Western children spend about six to eight hours per day in school. In this study, we used the Early Childhood Environmental Rating Scale – Revised edition [ECERS-R] to evaluate global childcare classroom quality in 31 classrooms located in Moscow (middle SES areas) and the Test of Emotion Comprehension [TEC] to assess their emotion understanding (N = 592) while controlling for the effects of age, gender and non-verbal fluid intelligence. We hypothesized that children from high-quality classrooms would outperform their peers from low-quality classrooms in terms of their understanding of emotions. The results showed, albeit controlling for gender, age, non-verbal fluid intelligence, that children from low-quality classrooms had a significantly higher level of emotion understanding than children from high-quality classrooms. Results are discussed both in terms of their theoretical and practical implications.

To Whom Little Is Given, Much Is Expected: ECE Teacher Stressors and Supports as Determinants of Classroom Quality

Early care and education (ECE) teachers are paid strikingly low wages, yet are increasingly expected to advance children’s learning by offering high-quality classroom environments. Teachers’ capacities to provide high-quality instruction should be affected by the stressors they encounter and the supports they receive. However, ECE stressors and supports related to classroom quality, particularly those dimensions of quality reflecting the promotion of students’ self-regulation, are understudied. The capacities teachers draw on to promote student self-regulation, such as patience, planning ability, positive affect, and scaffolding of peer interactions, may be precisely those abilities most likely to be impacted by their own stressors and supports. The current study measures the prevalence of a range of stressors (depressive symptoms, household chaos, less than very good health, teacher salary, food insecurity) and supports (in the workplace and at home) in a sample of ECE teachers serving low-income preschoolers in Tulsa, OK. Multilevel regression models then test for associations between those stressors and supports and observed measures of classroom quality – both the widely-used CLASS and newer measures that assess classroom management, social-emotional instruction, scaffolding of peer interactions, and use of power assertive and dismissive behavioral control – or “red flag” – strategies. The majority of associations from stressors and supports to classroom quality measures were non-significant and effect sizes were small (ranging from 0.17-0.30). Of the stressors, only low teacher salary was significantly associated with quality outcomes, and only for just 2 of 8 outcomes tested (worse classroom management and poorer quality of instruction). Out of the 48 associations tested between the 6 workplace supports and 8 quality outcomes, fewer than one-third were statistically significant and not always in expected directions. Results underscore a need for replication with other samples, using direct measures of teacher stress, so that the field can better understand how these aspects of teachers’ experiences translate into classroom quality, and ultimately, to child outcomes.

Examining educators’ views of classroom management and instructional strategies: school-site capacity for supporting students’ behavioral needs

Schools are adopting tiered systems to prevent and respond to students’ academic, behavioral, and social needs. Foundational to tiered systems is the capacity of educators to implement high-quality classroom management and instructional practices. In this study, school leaders provided professional development to staff as they prepared to adopt a tiered system districtwide. We examined self-assessments of research-based strategies for 61 middle school educators who participated in school-led professional development, a book study. The purpose was to understand educators’ current views of their knowledge and skills of practices covered. Results suggested educators reported being more knowledgeable and confident in classroom management practices, followed by instructional strategies, and low-intensity strategies. Participants expressed that the book study supported school goals. Limitations and directions for future inquiry are explored.

Pathways to Working Alliances: Special Educators’ Emotional Labor and Relationships with Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders

Background/Context Research has also shown that educators who are more socially and emotionally competent are more likely to create nurturing relationships and high-quality classroom environments that result in more academic success for students. Despite the importance of teacher-student relationships on student outcomes, limited research has investigated factors that contribute to development of these relationships, particularly for special education teachers (SETs) working with students with emotional/behavioral disorders (EBDs). Focus of Study This study explores educators’ emotions in the classroom through emotional labor theory, a framework for understanding how employees engage in the deliberate suppression or expression of emotions to achieve an organization's goals. We empirically investigate the potential connections between SETs’ perceptions of their administrators’ expectations about emotional displays, SETs’ emotional acting strategies, and teacher-student relationships. Setting This study was conducted within three schools in Western Pennsylvania serving students with EBDs in self-contained classrooms. Participants Participants included SETs (N = 61) serving K–12 students who have been identified as having EBDs. SET demographics were as follows: 75% female, average age 32 (range 23–51), and 97% Caucasian. Participants averaged 4.62 years of teaching experience with the study site. Research Design All SETs reported on their perceptions of emotional labor and their working alliances with each of their students in the fall semester. Students were nested within teachers, so we used multilevel path analyses to estimate mediational effects of emotional display rules and emotional acting on the teacher-student working alliance. Results The results of this study suggest important connections between SETs’ perceptions of emotional display rules, their use of emotional acting strategies, and their working alliances with students with EBDs. Specifically, SETs’ reported perceptions of negative display rules affected how they engaged in surface acting when interacting with students. SETs’ ratings of surface acting were associated with their working alliance tasks scores. Conclusions/Recommendations These findings confirm recent research showing that educators engage in emotional acting and that some dimensions of this acting contribute to their relationships with students. Our findings may also suggest that surface acting is an acceptable emotional acting strategy that supports SETs’ relationships with students. Because the emotional labor research in special education has yet to extrapolate on what display rules lead to the emotional acting strategies that the organization desires, how we make these rules more explicit could help teachers establish more sensibility regarding this area of their job.