Higher Prevalence In Females Research Articles

The Relationship Between Orthodontic Malocclusion and Morphological Features of Sella Turcica Bridging and Ponticulus Posticus

Background and Objectives: Recent years have been marked by a search for new relationships between malocclusions and the morphological features of the cranial base and upper cervical spine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between skeletal orthodontic malocclusions and the morphological features of sella turcica bridging (STB) and ponticulus posticus (PP). Materials and Methods: The study sample consisted of 300 randomly selected pre-orthodontic treatment patients aged 7–40 years. Cephalometric analysis was performed twice by two researchers. The patients were divided into three groups according to the type of skeletal malocclusion. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 29.0 software. Results: The prevalence of incomplete PP was 40%, and the prevalence of complete PP was 11.33% and was significantly more common in males (56.7%). STB had a prevalence of 52.67% (15.67% complete, 37.0% partial), with a significantly higher prevalence in females (60.1%, p < 0.001). PP and STB were more common in Class II patients, followed by Class I and Class III. However, only PP showed a statistically significant difference (p = 0.042). According to logistic regression, men were twice as likely to have an open groove of PP (p = 0.015), while females had higher odds of partial and complete STB (p < 0.05). Class II malocclusion increases the odds of type 2 and type 4 PP as well as partial STB. However, it was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The morphological features of sella turcica bridging and ponticulus posticus were related to sex and the orthodontic skeletal pattern. Ponticulus posticus was more prevalent in males, while sella turcica bridging was more prevalent in females; both conditions were more common in patients with a Class II skeletal pattern. Males were more likely to have an open groove of ponticulus posticus, whereas females were twice as likely to have both forms of sella turcica bridging.

Clinical and audiological characteristics in adults with tinnitus in South Africa

Background: In South Africa, the prevalence of tinnitus and its associated clinical and audiological characteristics remain underexplored, posing challenges in the assessment and management of the condition. This knowledge gap affects clinician preparedness and effectiveness in treating tinnitus.Objectives: This study aimed to explore the clinical and audiological characteristics of adult patients reporting tinnitus at a tertiary academic hospital in South Africa.Method: A quantitative, non-experimental, retrospective review of 129 patient audiological records from the Audiology Department at Helen Joseph Hospital was conducted. Among these, 71 records were of patients who reported experiences of tinnitus.Results: Tinnitus was reported by 55% of patients, with a higher prevalence in females (76%). The mean age of patients was 51.9 years. Unilateral tinnitus was present in 28% of cases, while 78% of patients had hearing loss, predominantly sensorineural. Common audiological characteristics included vertigo (24%), otalgia (14%), otorrhea (17%) and perforated tympanic membrane (15%). Clinical conditions associated with tinnitus included hypertension (32%), heart disease (28%), diabetes (9%) and head trauma (9%). Findings regarding age and gender differences in the clinical and audiological manifestations of tinnitus are presented.Conclusion: Further research with larger, diverse samples and prospective designs is necessary to confirm these findings and explore possible underlying causes.Contribution: The findings highlight the significant prevalence of tinnitus and its association with various clinical and audiological conditions in the South African context. Understanding these characteristics will enhance the clinician‘s ability to accurately assess, diagnose and manage tinnitus, leading to improved treatment outcomes.

Clinical, epidemiological, and molecular characteristics ofSARS-CoV-2 Infections among healthcare workers at a research center in the amazon region of BRAZIL from 2020 to 2022.

The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected different sectors of society, and healthcare workers have been particularly impacted. This study aimed to describe the clinical, epidemiological, and molecular characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 infections among healthcare workers in Evandro Chagas Institute, a research reference center in Brazil, from October 2020 to July 2022. 845 samples were collected from individuals who presented clinical symptoms of respiratory infection. Nasopharyngeal positive samples were submitted through genome sequencing. Clinical, epidemiological, and the SARS-CoV-2 lineages (or variants) were analyzed. SARS-CoV-2 positivity was detected in 31.8% (269/845) of samples with a higher prevalence of females (60.2%). The highest SARS-CoV-2 positivity rates were reported in March 2021 (39%), January 2022 (65%), and July 2022 (56%). On clinical symptoms, arthralgia, chills, and diarrhea were statistically significantly detected in 2020; fever, runny nose, and arthralgia in 2021; runny nose, and cough in 2022. On molecular analysis of SARS-CoV-2, 66 samples (25.3%, 66/269) were sequenced and the most prevalent lineage was the Omicron, representing 57.6%. Studies on the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of HCW are essential to propose control measures and work management since research centers play a major role in surveillance to identify and monitor infectious diseases.

Prevalence and severity of insomnia in adult outpatients attending Kasralainy Psychiatry and Addiction Treatment Hospital

BackgroundInsomnia is common among patients with psychiatric disorders and affects the clinical presentation and outcomes of the psychiatric disorder. The presentation of insomnia varies according to the type and severity of the psychiatric disorder.ObjectivesThis cross-sectional study aimed to assess the prevalence and severity of insomnia in adult psychiatric outpatients attending Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University. The study included 390 patients diagnosed with the following disorders: depressive disorders (n = 126 (32.2%)), anxiety disorders (n = 69 (17.6%)), psychotic spectrum disorders (n = 67 (17.1%)), bipolar and related disorders (n = 50 (12.8%)), trauma and stress-related disorders (n = 46 (11.8%)), obsessive–compulsive disorder (n = 30 (7.7%)), and somatic symptoms disorders (n = 2 (0.5%)). Patients were assessed using the Sleep Disorder Interview, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), and Global Assessment of Functioning Scale (GAF).ResultsAmong the assessed patients, 314 (80.5%) had insomnia, with a higher prevalence in females (91.5%) compared to males (67.2%). The prevalence of insomnia was 96% in depressive disorders, 97.1% in anxiety disorders, 49.3% in psychotic disorders, and 32% in bipolar and related disorders; while all patients with trauma and stress-related disorders, obsessive–compulsive disorders, and somatic symptoms disorders had insomnia.The severity of insomnia as measured by ISI was positively correlated with the global functioning score (r = 0.341, p = < 0.001) and negatively correlated with the duration of the psychiatric illness (r = − 0.285, p = < 0.001).ConclusionsInsomnia is highly prevalent in outpatients with psychiatric disorders.

Exploring the impact of coronary microvascular dysfunction on cardiac remodeling after st-elevation myocardial infarction

Abstract Background The complex interplay between Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction (CMD) and ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) presents significant clinical hurdles. CMD, commonly seen as a complication following STEMI, is associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes and persistent anginal symptoms. Despite its clinical relevance, the link between CMD post-STEMI and subsequent left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction, along with functional LV remodelling (FLVR), is yet to be fully explored. Purpose Examine the link between CMD 3 months post-STEMI and its impact on FLVR and diastolic dysfunction. Methods This prospective, observational cohort study focused on STEMI patients. At 3-month post-STEMI, a comprehensive coronary physiology assessment of the culprit artery was conducted using the thermodilution method to measure fractional flow reserve (FFR), coronary flow reserve (CFR), and the index of microcirculatory resistance (IMR). CMD was identified with an IMR ≥ 25 or a CFR &amp;lt; 2.0, assuming an FFR &amp;gt; 0.80. Diastolic dysfunction was classified according to ASE/EACVI 2016 guidelines. FLVR was categorized as per Surenjav Chimed et al.'s criteria: Group I with no significant changes in LV size or function, Group II with a decrease in LV ejection fraction (LVEF) greater than 5% without LV dilatation, Group III with an increase in left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) ≥ 20%, and Group IV showing both an increase in LVEDV ≥ 20% and a decrease in LVEF over 5%. The study aimed to elucidate the relationship between CMD and the progression of FLVR and diastolic dysfunction, tracked over a 12-month period. Results The study involved 210 patients, mostly men (59.5%), with a median age of 65 (IQR: 58–76). At the 3-month follow-up, CMD was observed in 57 (27.1%) patients. CMD patients had a higher female prevalence (63.2% vs. 32.0%; p &amp;lt; 0.001) and more diabetes (42.1% vs. 17.7%; p &amp;lt; 0.001) compared to non-CMD patients. Both groups shared similar body mass indices, medications, and other risk factors. Laboratory results were similar between groups, except brain natriuretic peptide levels were higher in CMD patients (70.0 vs. 37.0 ng/L; p &amp;lt; 0.001). After 12 months, CMD patients demonstrated significantly less recovery in LVEF (-10.00% vs. 8.00%; p &amp;lt; 0.001), higher prevalence of grade 2 LV diastolic dysfunction (73.08% vs. 1.32%; p &amp;lt; 0.001), and a higher incidence of advanced FLVR (notably in Groups 3 and 4) compared to non-CMD (11.32% vs. 7.28% and 22.64% vs. 1.99%, respectively; p &amp;lt; 0.001). In the adjusted multivariable logistic regression analysis, IMR values independently predicted more severe FLVR and diastolic dysfunction. Conclusions This study highlights that CMD 3 months after STEMI is linked to worse FLVR, diastolic dysfunction, and less recovery in LVEF, emphasizing the need for early CMD detection for better risk assessment. Further research is essential to explore underlying mechanisms and intervention opportunities.LVEF Changes at 12 Months by CMD StatusDiastolic Dysfunction and LV Remodeling

Pathology-Based Animal Cancer Registry of Abruzzo and Molise Regions (Central Italy): A Ten-Year Retrospective Study (2014–2023)

Pets have a crucial role in cancer research. Specifically, dogs and cats share the same environment as their owners and thus may serve as sentinels of naturally occurring tumors that are linked to the exposure to environmental hazards. Quantitative comparison of tumor types may reveal unusual cancer frequencies, providing directions for research and generation of hypotheses of cancer causation in a specific area and identification of risk factors. The aim of this study was to describe the data collected by the pathology-based animal cancer registry, managed by Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise (IZSAM), during 10 years of activity (2014–2023) and to assess its potential epidemiological relevance. Frequencies of tumor topography and morphology in dogs and cats were described, analyzed and compared. Proportional morbidity ratios (PMRs) were calculated, taking into consideration some potential risk factors such as species, breed, sex, diet and living environment. The database comprises 5311 tumors (n = 4719 in dogs and n = 592 in cats), with a higher prevalence in females (67.3% in dogs and 61.2% in cats). The mean age at the first diagnosis of tumors was similar between sexes and slightly lower in dogs compared to cats. PMRs highlighted certain risk and “protective” factors for the development of tumors in specific topography. The risk of developing tumors of the blood and hematopoietic system (PMR = 0.44; 95% CI: 0.21–0.94), skin and subcutaneous tissues (PMR = 0.70; 95% CI: 0.61–0.80), oral cavity and pharynx (PMR = 0.60; 95% CI: 0.24–0.89), urinary organs (PMR = 0.33; 95% CI: 0.11–0.99) and bones, joints and cartilage (PMR = 0.72; 95% CI: 0.22–0.98) was lower in non-neutered male dogs than in neutered male dogs. Non-spayed female dogs had a greater risk of developing tumors of the mammary gland (PMR = 1.75; 95% CI: 1.57–1.96), female sexual organs (PMR = 2.12; 95% CI: 1.01–4.36) and respiratory system (PMR = 2.25; 95% CI: 1.55–6.74) but less risk for cutaneous and subcutaneous tissue tumors (PMR = 0.44; 95% CI: 0.38–0.51) and blood/hematopoietic system tumors (PMR = 0.47; 95% CI: 0.26–0.85) compared to spayed female dogs. Compared with mixed breed, purebred dogs had a significantly greater risk of developing mammary gland tumors (PMR = 1.36; 95% CI: 1.20–1.54) and lower risk for respiratory (PMR = 0.15; 95% CI: 0.07–0.32), gastrointestinal (PMR = 0.63; 95% CI: 0.34–0.94) and oral (PMR = 0.59; 95% CI: 0.36–0.96) neoplasia. Non-neutered male cats had a lower risk of developing skin and subcutaneous tumors (PMR = 0.68; 95% CI: 0.50–0.92) compared with neutered cats. The risk of developing skin and subcutaneous tissues tumors was higher for dogs and cats that lived mostly outdoor (PMR dogs = 1.21; 95% CI: 1.10–1.33; PMR cats = 1.18; 95% CI: 1.08–1.47), while dogs that live mainly indoor had a greater risk to develop mammary gland tumors (PMR = 0.78; 95% CI: 0.68–0.89). Results described herein highlight the fundamental role of animal cancer registration initiatives. These efforts would contribute to the possibility of conducting multicentric collaborative studies to deepen the knowledge of the epidemiology of tumors in dogs and cats from a comparative perspective, thus fulfilling the One Health approach.

Effect of Yoga Therapy on Hypothyroidism: A Systematic Review.

Hypothyroidism (HT) is the most prevalent endocrine disorder, affecting approximately one in 10 out of 35 adults, with a higher prevalence in females and the elderly. This systematic review (SR) aimed to discuss the effects of yoga on markers and comorbid conditions of HT. The SR was registered with the PROSPERO (PROSPERO 2022 CRD42022312990). Google Scholar, PubMed, Cochrane, and EMBASE were searched for the relevant English language interventional studies published from 31 December 1947 to 31 December 2023 by using the keywords 'meditation OR breath regulation OR yoga OR yoga nidra AND hypothyroidism OR hypothyreosis OR underactive thyroid OR low thyroid'. Of the 4078 screened studies, eight eligible studies (three RCTs, two pilot studies, two pre-post trials, and one case study) with 421 HT patients (392 females and 29 males) and three to six-month yoga interventions were included. Two independent review authors extracted study characteristics and synthesised them descriptively. RCTs and NRSIs were assessed for risk-of-bias (RoB) using Cochrane tools RoB2 and ROBINS-1. The findings suggest that yoga effectively improves the thyroid profile, lipid profile, heart rate variability, pulmonary functions, anxiety, depression, and quality of life among HT patients. Yoga may be an inexpensive add-on preventive and therapeutic option for HT. The clinical and methodological heterogeneity among the studies did not allow for meta-analysis (MA). Well-designed MAs are warranted by including rigorous RCTs to draw valid conclusions and defined mechanisms regarding the efficacy of yoga practices/interventions on HT.

Emerging therapies and innovations in vitiligo management: a comprehensive review.

Vitiligo is a common skin disorder where melanocytes, the cells that produce skin pigment, are destroyed by the immune system, leading to white patches on the skin and mucous membranes. This condition affects 0.4% to 2.0% of the global population, with a higher prevalence in females and often beginning in childhood. In India, about 1% of the population is affected, particularly in northern regions, with a higher incidence in females and links to other autoimmune diseases. This review examines recent progress in understanding vitiligo and its treatment. It focuses on the genetic, autoimmune, and environmental factors involved in the disease and highlights new therapies, such as targeted molecular treatments and advanced repigmentation methods. Current research shows that oxidative stress and genetic predispositions contribute to the autoimmune destruction of melanocytes. Novel drug delivery systems, including liposomes, nanoemulsions, and nanostructured lipid carriers, have improved treatment effectiveness. Clinical trials are exploring new treatments like Ruxolitinib cream and melanocyte transplantation, while teledermatology is becoming useful for managing patients. Vitiligo also poses a significant economic burden due to its impact on patients' quality of life. Continued research is essential to develop better, more accessible treatments and reduce the economic impact of vitiligo.

Associations between the incidence of Fuchs' endothelial corneal dystrophy and menopausal hormone therapy use and exposure to endogenous estrogen

ObjectivesEnd-stage Fuchs' endothelial corneal dystrophy is a leading cause of corneal blindness, with a higher prevalence in females than in males. Few modifiable risk factors have been identified. We examined associations between menopausal hormone therapy use (never/past/current), duration of hormone therapy use, estimated lifetime exposure to endogenous estrogen, and serum estradiol with incident Fuchs' endothelial corneal dystrophy in a cohort of postmenopausal women. Study designThis was a prospective analysis in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. Main outcome measuresIncident cases of Fuchs' endothelial corneal dystrophy were identified from the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study baseline (1993–1998) to 2019 using Medicare claims data. ResultsIn 22,980 women, 1382 incident cases of Fuchs' endothelial corneal dystrophy (annualized incidence rate and 95 % confidence interval = 5.0 [4.8–5.3] cases per 1000 person-years) were identified. The adjusted hazard ratios and 95 % confidence intervals for Fuchs' endothelial corneal dystrophy were 1.02 (0.88–1.18) and 0.89 (0.79–0.997) for past and current hormone therapy use at baseline, respectively. Adjusted hazard ratios (95 % confidence interval) were 0.90 (0.79–1.03) and 0.95 (0.84–1.08), p-trend = 0.36, for ≤10 and > 10 years, respectively, of hormone therapy use compared with no use; and the adjusted hazard ratios (95 % confidence interval) were 1.01 (0.88–1.15), p-trend = 0.87, for 46.7–59.0 versus 13.8–41.0 years of estimated lifetime exposure to endogenous estrogen. No statistically significant associations were observed with serum estradiol concentrations in a subset of participants. ConclusionsIn this cohort of postmenopausal women, current hormone therapy use (vs. never use) showed evidence of protection against the development of Fuchs' endothelial corneal dystrophy; however, duration of hormone therapy use, estimated lifetime exposure to endogenous estrogen, or serum estradiol concentrations were not significantly associated with a decreased risk of Fuchs' endothelial corneal dystrophy.

Hand eczema: a review of clinical, dermoscopic and histological features.

Hand eczema (HE) is a prevalent inflammatory skin condition, impacting 15-20% of individuals, with a notable incidence rate of approximately 7.3 cases per 1000 person/years. This condition exhibits significant gender-based variability, with a higher prevalence in females. The clinical presentation of HE is characterized by pruritic erythematous, edematous, weeping plaques, vesicles, and/or bullae, showcasing considerable heterogeneity. A literature search was conducted across multiple databases, including Medline, Pubmed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library. The search was conducted using the following key words and medical subject heading (MeSH) terms: "hand," "eczema," "dermatitis," "dermoscopy," and "histology," employing the Boolean term "AND" to combine the research terms for optimal search precision. PRISMA algorithm has been used for article screening. The search scope included manuscripts published up to October 1, 2023. Up to 50% of HE cases are associated with atopic dermatitis, emphasizing the complex interplay between various dermatological conditions. Common subtypes of HE include irritant contact dermatitis (ICD), allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), atopic hand eczema (AHE), and protein contact dermatitis/contact urticaria (PCD). The chronic nature of HE presents a substantial management challenge, often underestimated, leading to delayed treatment and potential progression to chronic hand eczema (CHE). Beyond individual health implications, HE exerts a profound impact on occupational, domestic, social, and psychological aspects, establishing itself as the most prevalent occupation-related skin disease. This paper seeks to establish a comprehensive classification system for HE, integrating clinical, dermoscopic, and histological elements. Dermoscopy, specifically, proves instrumental in distinguishing HE from palmar psoriasis, revealing characteristic features such as yellow scales and irregular vessels. Histopathological findings underscore the dynamic changes observed from acute to chronic stages, while challenges in differentiating hyperkeratotic HE from psoriasis underscore the necessity for a holistic diagnostic approach. Accurate diagnosis and effective management of HE necessitate a holistic perspective that recognizes the inherent complexities of this inflammatory skin disease. By providing a multidimensional classification system, incorporating clinical, dermoscopic, and histological parameters, this paper aimed to contribute to a more nuanced understanding of HE and facilitate improved approaches to its diagnosis and treatment.

Early-life famine exposure and risk of osteoporosis and low bone mineral density: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Early-life exposure to famine has been hypothesized to influence long-term bone health, potentially increasing the risk of osteoporosis and fractures in later life. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the association between early-life famine exposure and the risk of osteoporosis, bone mineral density (BMD) loss, and fractures. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase, supplemented by manual searches on Google Scholar. Observational studies examining the impact of early-life famine exposure on osteoporosis, BMD, and fracture risk were included. Data were extracted and quality assessed independently by two reviewers, and meta-analyses were performed using the Mantel-Haenszel method for odds ratios (OR) and Hedges' g for standardized mean differences (SMD). Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic, and meta-regression analyses were conducted to explore potential sources of heterogeneity. From 6147 initial studies, 10 met the inclusion criteria, with 8 included in the meta-analysis. The early-life famine-exposed group showed a significantly higher incidence of osteoporosis (OR = 2.12, 95%CI [1.35, 3.34], I2 = 88%) and fractures (OR = 1.58, 95%CI [1.07, 2.33], I2 = 92%) compared to non-exposed individuals. Meta-regression indicated that higher female prevalence in studies made the association with osteoporosis stronger, while higher ages strengthened the association with fractures. Exposure during fetal and childhood stages was particularly associated with increased risks of osteoporosis and fractures. Additionally, famine exposure correlated with lower BMD, particularly in the heels, femoral neck, and total hip regions. Early-life famine exposure is significantly associated with an increased risk of osteoporosis, fractures, and lower BMD in later life. These results emphasize the lasting effects on bones from early lack of nutrition and stress the importance of specific interventions for bone health in groups with past famine experiences. Future studies should investigate the reasons behind these connections and assess preventative approaches to reduce the negative effects on bone health in those impacted.

Gender-specific outcomes of low-dose computed tomography screening for lung cancer detection: A retrospective study in Chinese never-smoker population.

Low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) has emerged as a pivotal tool for detecting lung cancer among ever-smokers. This study aims to evaluate the gender-specific outcomes of LDCT screening within the Chinese never-smoking population. We conducted a single-center, retrospective cohort study, which analyzed LDCT screening outcomes for 42,018 asymptomatic participants. Specifically, we focused on assessing gender-specific differences in the prevalence of pulmonary nodules, and the incidence of lung cancer diagnosis among never-smokers. Among the 42,018 eligible participants, 41.50% were females and 58.50% were males. Most participants were non-smokers (77.57%), with a significantly higher proportion of non-smokers among females than males (99.33% vs. 62.14%). Pulmonary nodules were identified in 2.66% of participants, with a higher prevalence in females (2.99%) than males (2.43%) (p < 0.001). Non-smoking females had a higher incidence of positive nodules than non-smoking males (2.98% vs. 2.38%, p < 0.001). Invasive biopsies were performed in 334 individuals with nodules, confirming lung cancer in 258 cases. The majority of these cancer cases were non-smokers (212), with non-smoking females showing a higher incidence (0.85%) compared to males (0.43%) (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the false-positive rates between non-smoking females (0.14%) and males (0.13%). Multivariate analysis showed that never-smoking women were more likely to undergo biopsies (OR 1.65, p = 0.0016) and had a higher, though not statistically significant, probability of lung cancer diagnosis (OR 1.84, p = 0.06). This study elucidates sex-based differences within the Chinese population, revealing a higher prevalence of pulmonary nodules and lung cancers among non-smoking females. These findings offer valuable reference for both clinical practice and future research initiatives.

Sleeve Gastrectomy And Liver Cyst Unroofing In Morbid Obesity With Multiple Liver Cysts: A Case Report

Background: Obesity has become a major global health issue which leads to various complications, including hepatic diseases. However, we found a rare case of morbid obesity and symptomatic multiple liver cysts. Aim: This article aims to represent a rare case of morbid obesity and multiple liver cysts surgically managed by sleeve gastrectomy and liver cyst unroofing which were performed in a single surgery. Case report: 41-year-old female presented with morbid obesity and blunt intermittent abdominal pain in the right upper quadrant. Stage II hypertension, tenderness on the right upper quadrant of the abdomen and epigastrium were found in clinical assessment. Lipid profiles were shown to be elevated. Abdominal CT revealed fatty liver and multiple cystic lesions in all hepatic segments. Discussion: Non-parasitic liver cysts affect 2-18% of the global population, with a higher prevalence in females possibly due to hormonal factors. Obesity is associated with hormonal alterations, potentially leading to increased secretion of FSH and LH. Conclusion: Sleeve gastrectomy and liver cyst unroofing may be considered as a treatment strategy for patients with morbid obesity and multiple liver cysts.

Safety Footwear Impact on Workers' Gait and Foot Problems: A Comparative Study.

In this study, we hypothesized that safety footwear (SF) impacts gait patterns, potentially contributing to the podiatric symptoms reported by workers. The purpose of this work was to compare the gait analyses of workers wearing SF and sneakers using inertial sensors while also examining the occurrence of foot problems. A consecutive cohort of workers from different occupational sectors who wore SF during their work shifts were prospectively assessed through a gait analysis. The gait analysis was conducted under two conditions: first, while wearing SF, and second, while wearing sneakers. In both conditions, inertial sensors were used (Wiva® MOB). Participants also underwent a podiatric physical examination to evaluate foot problems. This study shows that SF resulted in a worsening gait pattern compared to sneakers in both genders. The impact was particularly pronounced in female participants, resulting in a significant decline in walking speed and cadence. Discomfort was reported by 83.3% of participants, with a higher prevalence in females (46.6% vs. 36.6%). The SF group exhibited an elevated prevalence of foot problems, with no significant gender variations. It seems that foot problems are more likely to occur when a foot deformity, such as flat or cavus foot or hallux valgus, is present. This study suggests that SF may contribute to the reported podiatric symptoms among workers. Certain footwear characteristics, including weight, mis-fit, and inadequate design, may be factors associated with footwear discomfort and adverse gait patterns, potentially leading to increased foot problems among workers.

Migraine epidemiology in collegiate student-athletes: Findings from the Concussion Assessment, Research, and Education (CARE) Consortium.

This cross-sectional study evaluated de-identified data from the National Collegiate Athletic Association-Department of Defense Grand Alliance from 2014 to 2020 to determine the prevalence of migraine and migraine medication and to describe differences in migraine prevalence by sex, race, and sport. Epidemiological studies can help identify underdiagnosed and undertreated populations. Understanding migraine prevalence in collegiate student-athletes is essential for positive healthcare outcomes including development of prevention and treatment plans. From a concussion baseline assessment, participant's self-reported demographics (e.g., age, sex, sport), migraine diagnosis (i.e., yes/no), and migraine medication usage (e.g., yes/no, type) determined prevalence of migraine and medication use in collegiate student-athletes. Migraine was reported in 5.6% (2617/47,060; 95% confidence interval [CI] 5.4%-5.8%) of the student-athletes, with higher prevalence in females, 7.5% (1319/17,628; 95% CI 7.1%-7.9%), than males, 4.6% (1298/28,116; 95% CI 4.4%-4.9%). Medication usage was reported by 36.2% (947/2617; 95% CI 34.3%-38.0%) of individuals with migraine. Migraine reporting differed by race, with Caucasian reporting highest (5.9%; 1990/33,913; 95% CI 5.6%-6.1%) and Asian the lowest (2.7%; 55/2027; 95% CI 2.1%-3.5%). Women's sports, including golf, gymnastics, and lacrosse, and men's diving and squash had higher migraine reporting than other sports. Caucasian females reported higher rates than other groups and sport influenced rates of migraine diagnosis.

Prevalence and Classification of C-Shaped Canal and Radix in Mandibular Molars Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography on Mexican Population.

The diverse morphological configurations in teeth present clinical challenges in root canal treatment, complicating instrumentation and irrigation processes, which can lead to treatment failure. Understanding anatomical variations, such as C-shaped canals and radix entomolaris, enhances clinical skills and improves long-term endodontic treatment success rates. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) offers superior diagnostic capabilities over conventional radiography, enabling the pre-operative detection of root configurations and canal numbers, facilitating personalized endodontic treatments. A total of 2173 teeth of a Mexican population, including 1057 first mandibular molars and 1116 s mandibular molars, were studied using only CBCT to identify C-shaped canals and radix configurations of patients who were treated from 2018 to 2023 at the Department of Radiology at the Faculty of Dentistry, Juarez University of the State of Durango, Mexico. C-shaped canals were identified in 160 teeth, with a prevalence of 0.2% in first mandibular molars and 14.1% in second mandibular molars. The highest frequency was in the left second mandibular molar (3.7) at 14.8%. Gender differences were significant, with higher prevalence in females (27.3%) compared to males (13.3%). The most common C-shaped canal configuration was type C2 (39.3%). Radix entomolaris was found in 52 teeth, with a prevalence of 3.4% in first mandibular molars and 1.4% in second mandibular molars. This research on a Mexican population using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) highlights significant findings in the prevalence and types of C-shaped canals and radix entomolaris in mandibular molars for this population. The left second mandibular molar (3.7) showed the highest prevalence at 14.8%, followed closely by the right second mandibular molar (4.7) at 13.5%, with a significant difference (p < 0.001). We found a significant difference in the prevalence of C-shaped canals between genders (p = 0.004, OR 1.78). Additionally, radix entomolaris (p < 0.001) was more frequently identified in first mandibular molars to a significant degree. These insights underscore the importance of CBCT in diagnosing complex root anatomies, which can greatly enhance the success rates of endodontic procedures by allowing for more tailored and precise treatments for this population.

The common pathogenesis of nodular goiter in both sexes: An exploration into gene expression and signaling pathways

The past few years have witnessed an increasing incidence of nodular goiter (NG), with a well-documented higher prevalence in females than males. This gender disparity has led research to focus primarily on female subjects, potentially overlooking common pathogenic mechanisms in both sexes. In this study, we investigated the shared pathogenesis of NG in males and females. Utilizing a rat model and RNA sequencing, we identified differentially expressed genes associated with the disease. We further validated these findings in normal human thyroid cells and human papillary thyroid cancer cells. A randomized experiment was conducted with equal numbers of male and female rats divided into control and NG model groups. The NG model was established using propylthiouracil and various assessments such as thyroid ultrasonography, thyroid index, thyroid function, and thyroid histology were performed. Transcriptome analysis revealed numerous upregulated and downregulated genes in both male and female model groups. Key genes like KDR, FLT1, PDGFB, and CAV1, and pathways including PI3K-Akt, MAPK, Ras, fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis, calcium signaling, and Rap1 signaling pathways were linked with the disease. Western blot and immunofluorescence analysis confirmed these findings, which were further supported by cell-based experiments. In conclusion, our findings suggest that abnormal expression of specific genes and pathways leading to irregular cell growth, blood vessel formation, and inflammation may be common factors in the pathogenesis of NG in both males and females.

Iron Deficiency Anemia in Patients with Chronic Renal Insufficiency at Tertiary Care Hospital in Northern Punjab

Anemia is a frequently encountered complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD) leading to worse outcomes in terms of quality of life and premature death. However, the current prevalence of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in CKD is understudied in Pakistan. Objective: To assess the frequency of IDA in patients with CKD at Bewal International Hospital, Gujar Khan, Pakistan. Methods: A cross-sectional was executed at the Department of Nephrology, Bewal International Hospital, Pakistan from January 1, 2022, to June 30, 2022. The study comprised 97 patients aged &gt;13 years of either gender having CKD (GFR &lt;60 ml/min/1.73m²) for at least 90 days. All patients were tested for serum creatinine, ferritin, and hemoglobin levels. IDA was considered if hemoglobin was ≤12 mg/dL in women and ≤13 mg/dL in men. Results: Among 97 patients, there were 57(58.7%) males and 40(41.3%) females. The mean age was 51.23 ± 12.99 years while the mean disease duration was 6.01 ± 1.610 years. 57(58.7%) patients had IDA. IDA was more frequent in women with CKD (67.5%), compared to men (52.64%). However, this association was statically insignificant (p&gt;0.05). When data was stratified, a substantial association was found between IDA and the stage of CKD (p=0.007). There was no significant association between IDA and disease duration (p&gt;0.05). Conclusions: It was concluded that anemia is common in CKD patients, with a high prevalence in females. Stage 3–5 CKD is significantly associated with developing iron deficiency anemia. Early identification and timely management can avoid unfavorable outcomes in these patients.

Analysis of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders in Children and Adolescents: Diagnosis and Treatment Pattern by Age

Temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs) can occur at any age, including childhood and adolescence, and pain-related TMDs can affect growth and quality of life. In the present study, recent trends in the diagnosis and treatment of TMDs in children and adolescents were analyzed over a 10-year period. Using 10 years of data from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA) and Jeonbuk National University (JBNU) Dental Hospital, patients between 0 and 19 years of age diagnosed with K07.6 (temporomandibular joint disorders) were analyzed by 5-year bins. Both datasets indicated a higher prevalence in females (1.2-fold in HIRA, 1.5-fold in JBNU) and in ages 15 to 19 years (72.1% in HIRA, 74.7% in JBNU). HIRA reported a 42.3% increase in prevalence per 100,000 people, from 651.4 in 2011 to 927.0 in 2020. JBNU reported K07.66 (masticatory muscle disorders) as the most common diagnosis in subjects under 10 years of age and K07.60 (internal derangement of temporomandibular joint) in those over 10 years of age. In addition, both were treated mainly by a combination of physical therapy and medication, and the treatment rate increased in accordance with age. Because TMDs can affect various structures in the orofacial region and cause pain that tends to differ with age, an early and specific diagnosis appropriate for age is important for treatment. Therefore, pediatric dentists need to promptly recognize TMDs in children and adolescents and consult with specialists as the prevalence increases.

Hyperglycemia and Cholesterol Surge in Iraqi Diabetic Patients

Diabetes mellitus, a metabolic disorder characterized by abnormal hyperglycemia, often correlates with dyslipidemia. This study examined the relationship between random blood sugar (RBS) levels and cholesterol types (HDL, LDL, and total cholesterol) in 350 patients from Diyala, collected between February and April 2023. Results showed higher blood sugar levels in females (22.3%) than males (19.7%) among the elderly (≥60 years). Type 2 diabetes was more prevalent than type 1 (77% vs. 5.4%). Cholesterol levels were elevated in 26% of patients. RBS was high in 82% of patients, and 49% had elevated total cholesterol. Both age groups 41-60 and ≥60 had high hyperglycemia incidence (32%), with higher prevalence in females (40.6%) compared to males (35.7%). These findings underscore the need for targeted interventions to manage blood sugar and cholesterol levels. Highlights: Prevalence: Type 2 diabetes is significantly more common than type 1 among patients in Diyala. Gender Disparity: Females exhibit higher blood sugar and cholesterol levels compared to males. Age Impact: Elevated blood sugar is prevalent in both middle-aged and elderly populations, necessitating targeted interventions. Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus, Hyperglycemia, Cholesterol, Insulin Resistance, Dyslipidemia