Higher Percentage Of C18 Research Articles

A comparative evaluation of the nutritional quality of Eriocheir sinensis and Eriocheir japonica (Brachyura, Varunidae)

Abstract The Japanese mitten crab Eriocheir japonica is an economically important species widely distributed throughout the East Asia region, but information on the compositional characteristics and nutritional quality of E. japonica is still scarce. Thus, this study was conducted to compare the edible tissue indices, proximate composition, fatty acid profiles and amino acid contents between wild E. sinensis and E. japonica. It showed that: (1) both E. sinensis and E. japonica have a high total edible yield (approximately 40%); (2) E. sinensis and E. japonica have a similar proximate composition, except for total lipids; (3) female E. japonica have higher percentages of C18:3n3, C20:5n3 and C22:6n3; (4) E. sinensis have higher levels of essential amino acids than E. japonica in muscle. In conclusion, these results demonstrated that wild E. japonica is rich in omega-3 fatty acids, and both E. sinensis and E. japonica are aquatic food of high nutritional value, with a high edible yield.

Effects of incident light intensity and light path length on cell growth and oil accumulation in Botryococcus braunii (Chlorophyta).

Botryococcus braunii was cultured in different light path length under different incident light intensity to investigate the effect of light on alga growth as well as hydrocarbon and fatty acid accumulation. Results indicated that longer light path length required higher incident light intensity in order to meet the light requirement of algal growth and hydrocarbon accumulation during the course of cultivation. However, hydrocarbon profile was only affected by the incident light intensity and not influenced by the light path length. High incident light intensity enhanced the accumulation of hydrocarbons with longer carbon chains. Besides, the fatty acid content and profiles were significantly influenced by both incident light intensity and light path. Higher fatty acid content and higher percentage of C18 and monounsaturated fatty acid components were achieved at the higher incident light intensity and lower light path length. Taken together, these results are benefit to improve its biomass and oil productivity through the optimization of light and photobioreactor design.

Research Article Effect of the <em>PLAG1</em> gene polymorphism on oleic acid percentage in Japanese Black cattle populations

We investigated the effect of the PLAG1 gene (on bovine chromosome 14) polymorphism on oleic acid percentage (C18:1) in four Japanese Black cattle populations (JB1: n = 900, JB2: n = 560, JB3: n = 456, JB4: n = 450). We genotyped the PLAG1 polymorphism (rs109231213) for four populations and then analyzed the effects on carcass weight (CW) and C18:1. This polymorphism was significantly associated with CW in these four populations (P<0.001), in agreement with previous reports. In addition, it also had a significant effect on C18:1 in JB1, JB2 and JB3 (P<0.05). However, considering that the effect of PLAG1 differed among populations, it was suggested that the PLAG1 polymorphism would not have a direct effect on C18:1 and would be in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with a causative mutation. Turkey-Kramer’s honestly signi cant d ence test revealed that the qq genotype had a higher percentage of C18:1 than the QQ genotype in JB1 and JB2 (1.62 and 2.23, respectively), while the qq genotype showed lower CW in all four populations. These results suggest that the PLAG1 gene polymorphism would be useful as a DNA marker for C18:1 in Japanese Black cattle populations; this information could contribute to the identification of a causative mutation on BTA14 for fatty acid composition

Fatty Acid Composition of Backfat, Intermuscular, Kidney Pelvis and Heart Fat and Tail Fat of Angus Cross Steers Finished on Grass or High Grain Diets

&lt;p&gt;Fatty acid profiles of backfat (BF), intermuscular fat (IMF), kidney pelvic heart (KPH) fat and tail fat (TF) depots from 15-mo old Angus cross steers finished on grass (GS; n = 18) were compared to those finished on a grain diet (GN ; n = 14) to examine how diet and fat depot impacts fatty acid composition. GS steers grazed an average of 10 months (mo) on ryegrass and white clover irrigated pasture and GN finished steers were a corn based finishing diet for 4 mo. Overall, fat from GS steers contained higher percentages of C6:0 (P = 0.008), C12:0 (P = 0.003), C14:0 (P = 0.001), C16:0 (P = 0.002), C18:3 (P = 0.008), C20:0 (P &amp;lt; 0.001), C18:1 trans9 (P = 0.004), C18:2 cis9 cis12 (P &amp;lt; 0.001) and C18:2 trans9 trans12 (P &amp;lt; 0.001) than GN steers. Fat from GN steers contained higher percentages of C18:0 (P &amp;lt; 0.001). For both GS and GN steers, C18:0 content was higher in the KPH and IMF compared to BF and TF (P = 0.015) depots and C18:1 cis9 content was lower in KPH compared to BF and TF depots (P &amp;lt; 0.001). Therefore, fatty acid composition differs due to diet and differs across depots. Manipulating diets and source of fat (depot) could be used as strategies to modify the fatty acid composition of meat products to increase health benefits to consumers.&lt;/p&gt;

Fatty acid composition of muscle and adipose tissues of organic and conventional Blanca Andaluza suckling kids

Interest in the preservation of autochthonous breeds such as the Blanca Andaluza goat (meat breed), raised under grazing-based management, has recently increased among Spanish farmers. A study of the possibilities of transformation to organic production needs to analyze the quality of their products. The aim of this study was to evaluate the fatty acid (FA) composition of muscle and adipose tissues of Blanca Andaluza goat kids under organic and conventional grazing–based management system. Twenty-four twin kids (12 males, 12 females) were selected from each system. The FA profile was determined in the longissimus thoracis muscle, kidney and pelvic fat. The percentages of C17:0, C17:1, C20:1, C20:4 n-6, C22:2 and several n-3 FAs were higher in organic meat; C12:0, C18:1 trans-11, CLA and C20:5 n-3 were lower in organic meat. The fat depots from the conventional kids showed lower percentages of C12:0, C14:0, C15:0, C17:0, C17:1, C18:3 n-3 and atherogenicity index, and higher percentage of C18:0. In the pelvic fat, the conventional kids displayed lower percentages of C16:0, C18:2 n-6 cis, PUFA, n-3 and n-6 FAs, and greater percentages of C18:1 n-9 cis and MUFA. The conventional kids displayed a major n6:n3 ratio in the kidney fat. No gender differences were observed. Significant differences were found only in some FA percentages of muscle and adipose tissues of suckling kids raised in organic and conventional livestock production systems, and due to this reason conventional grazing–based management farms could easily be transformed into organic production.

Effect of feeding partially hydrogenated lard on trans-fatty acid content of muscle and backfat of heavy pigs

The incorporation of fat in diets for heavy pigs may be necessary in order to increase their energy intake in the finishing period. Lard may be a good lipid source but it contains 10–13% of linoleic acid, which makes the subcutaneous fat less suitable for long term curing of raw ham. Partial hydrogenation of lard decreases linoleic acid content, but increases trans-fatty acid content. This trial involved two groups of pigs of 114 kg live weight, fed for the last two months before slaughter with diets containing 3% lard (L) or 3% partially hydrogenated lard (PHL). The PHL contained about 10% trans-fatty acids and 2.5% linoleic acid. Rearing performance and carcass characteristics were unaffected by treatment. The group fed PHL showed a lower percentage of linoleic acid in the backfat (PHL 12.28% vs. L 13.04%) and a higher percentage of C18:1 trans-fatty acids both in backfat (0.5% vs. 0.06%) and in intramuscular fat (0.2% vs. 0.04%).

Citrus pulp as an ingredient in ostrich diet: effects on meat quality

The purpose of this trial was to study the effects of citrus pulp inclusion in ostrich diets on meat quality, evaluated on iliofibularis and gastrocnemius muscles. M. iliofibularis had a lower ultimate pH ( P<0.05) and was lighter in colour ( P<0.05) than M. gastrocnemius. The latter had higher moisture ( P<0.05) and lower crude protein contents ( P<0.05) as compared to M. iliofibularis. M. gastrocnemius had a lower proportion of C14:0 ( P<0.05), C16:0 ( P<0.05) and C16:1 ( P<0.05) and a higher percentage of C18:0 ( P<0.05), C20:2 ω6 ( P<0.05), C20:4 ω6 ( P<0.05) and C20:5 ω3 ( P<0.05) than M. iliofibularis. Citrus pulp diet increased ( P<0.05) meat ultimate pH and reduced cooking losses ( P<0.05) as compared to the control diet. Meat from animals given citrus pulp had lower crude fat ( P<0.05) and ash percentages ( P<0.05) in comparison to that from the control group. The proportions of intramuscular saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids were lower ( P<0.05) in the citrus pulp group as compared to the control one. Meat from the citrus pulp treatment group had a higher ( P<0.05) percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids than meat from the control treatment. In particular, meat from ostriches given citrus pulp diet exhibited higher C18:2 ω6 ( P<0.05) and C20:4 ω6 ( P<0.05) contents that accounted for a higher ω6/ ω3 ratio ( P<0.05) as compared to the control group. Overall, the use of a citrus pulp-included diet in ostrich feeding did not adversely affect meat quality and, therefore, citrus pulp seems to be a possible ingredient to reduce feeding costs.

Changes in serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations and compositions at birth and after 1 month of life in macrosomic infants of insulin-dependent diabetic mothers.

The aim of this study was to determine whether macrosomia related to maternal diabetes alters lipoprotein metabolism and whether these abnormalities still persist or regress after 1 month of life. Serum lipoprotein compositions and concentrations as well as serum lipid fatty acid compositions were investigated in macrosomic infants (birth weight = 4840 +/- 105 g at term) of insulin-dependent diabetic mothers at birth and after 1 month of life, and were compared to those of control infants (birth weight = 3400 +/- 198 g at term) of healthy mothers. Compared to controls, at birth, macrosomic newborns had higher serum lipids, apolipoprotein A-I and B-100, and lipoprotein (very low density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein, high density lipoprotein-2 and high density lipoprotein-3) levels. Higher percentages of C18:2n-6 in serum triacylglycerols, phospholipids and cholesteryl esters were also observed. At day 30, in macrosomics, serum triacylglycerol, apo B-100, very low density lipoprotein and low density lipoprotein levels were still significantly higher. C18:2n-6 and C18:3n-3 contents in serum phospholipids, triacylglycerols and cholesteryl esters were reduced while C20:4n-6 and C22:6n-3 contents in serum phospholipids and cholesteryl esters were enhanced, compared to control values. Macrosomia was associated with alterations in lipoprotein compositions and concentrations at birth, some of which persisted after 1 month of life, and might play a role in the pathogenesis of diabetes and atherosclerosis in adult life.

Lipid composition of muscle and adipose tissue from crossbred ram, wether and cryptorchid lambs.

Lambs from rams (R), cryptorchids (C) and wethers (W) were examined to compare with the dietary guidelines for humans on fat and cholesterol intake. Twenty-four lambs were assigned to treatments as R, C or W at weaning (60 d). Each lamb had ad libitum access to a 77:23% forage:concentrate diet containing 11.7% crude protein and 1.84 Mcal ME/kg. The experiment was terminated when the lambs reached 50 kg body weight. Lipid composition of the longissimus muscle (LM) and s.c. adipose tissue was determined by gas-liquid chromatography. Rams has less (P less than .01) s.c. fat (cm) and i.m. lipid (%) (.26 cm; 3.*%) than W (.56 cm; 4.9%). Total polyunsaturated fatty acids were greater (P less than .01) in the LM of R (7.06%) than in LM of W (5.21%). Rams had higher percentages of C18:2, C18:3, C20:4 and C18:1 in their LM than W did. On the basis of a 100-g serving of LM, R had 1.73, C had 2.15 and W had 2.21 g saturated fatty acids. There were no (P less than .01) differences among sex types for cholesterol content of LM, which averaged 66.6 mg/100 g wet tissue. The only major difference of the s.c. fat lipid composition was in saturated fatty acids. Wethers had higher (P less than .01) saturated fatty acids (51.4%) than C 46.8%) and R (43.3%). Based on the lipid composition of these three types of lambs, the LM muscle from young R lambs approached dietary fat guidelines for humans more closely than did that from castrates.

Adulterated butterfat: Fatty acid composition of triglycerides and 2-monoglycerides

Beef tallow and cottonseed oil were mixed with a pure butterfat in the ratios of 2%, 4% and 6% to obtain admixtures of beef tallow with butterfat and cottonseed oil with butterfat. The hydrolysis of individual triglycerides was carried out using the lipase to obtain 2-monoglycerides. The results indicated that butterfat had a higher percentage of C14:0 and C16:0 acids than found in the triglycerides and 2-monoglycerides of beef tallow and cottonseed oil. Beef tallow contained a higher proportion of C18:0 and C18:1 acids than butterfat and cottonseed oil triglycerides or 2-monoglycerides. Cottonseed oil had a higher percentage of C18:2 acid located in triglyceride or 2-monoglyceride than found in butterfat or beef tallow triglycerides and 2-monoglycerides. The analysis of the samples of butterfat containing 2%, 4% and 6% beef tallow revealed that the addition of beef tallow to butterfat affected the fatty acid composition of butterfat triglycerides and 2-monoglycerides with C18:0 and C18:1 acids; the effect was increased with increasing percentages of beef tallow. The addition of cottonseed oil to butterfat in the ratios of 2%, 4% and 6% affected the fatty acid composition of butterfat triglycerides and 2-monoglycerides. It was found that both C18:1 and C18:2 increased as the added cottonseed oil percentages increased.