Higher-order Goals Research Articles

Understanding the Micro, Meso, and Macro Worlds of User Experience

Overview: The article presents a framework for holistically understanding a product’s user experience (UX). Informed by the author’s experience as a UX researcher and manager at Google, it is intended to demystify the competencies that UX researchers can bring to organizations to help propel successful innovation. The framework outlines how users simultaneously inhabit three nested scale dimensions of experience with products (Worlds of UX) and demonstrates that engendering user-centered thinking within organizations requires integrating knowledge from each. The Micro World of UX comprises moment-by-moment experiences: direct sensory and motor phenomena, tasks, tools, and decision-making moments users encounter when using a product to accomplish lower-order goals. The Meso World of UX consists of user journeys: sequences of lower-order goals that form pathways toward higher-order goals. The Macro World of UX is the realm of user–product relationships: how users experience successive user journeys and how user segments orient toward products longitudinally.

Toward a Comprehensive, Data-Driven Model of American Political Goals: Recognizing the "Values" and "Vices" Within Both Liberalism and Conservativism.

When a person indicates they are "liberal" or "conservative," an important part of what they are communicating is their goals for how they would like society to be structured. However, past theories have described these goals in dramatically different fashions, suggesting that either conservativism or liberalism reflects a divisive or unifying goal. To help overcome this impasse, we systematically compared a broad, representative sample of all possible higher-order goals (drawn a previous lexical investigation of more than 1,000 goals) to the political ideology of American adults (total n = 1,588). The results of five studies suggested that proposals from competing theories are all partially correct. Conservativism simultaneously reflects the unifying "value" of Tradition, as well as the divisive "vice" of Elitism; while Liberalism simultaneously reflects the unifying "value" of Inclusiveness, and the divisive "vice" of Rebellion. These results help to integrate proposals from previous competing theories into a single framework.

Harnessing self-management to tackle grand challenges: the points-based participation architecture of São Paulo’s housing movement

We propose that hierarchical organizations can engender and sustain the collaboration of large numbers of autonomous actors by establishing self-managed, mission-aligned collectives. Informing our claim are preliminary findings from an ongoing study of the housing movement in São Paulo, Brazil. Unexpectedly, we find that hierarchical Social Movement Organizations (SMOs) have, for more than three decades, incentivized broad-based voluntary engagement in protest actions aimed at formulating new housing policy by educating and encouraging low-income families to join collectives tasked with developing and self-managing new housing projects. We trace the sustainability of this participation architecture to an SMO-designed, points-based system, which functions as an integrating mechanism affording: (1) goal alignment between large numbers of autonomous actors and the leadership of a hierarchical organization; (2) voluntary engagement by autonomous actors in activities that simultaneously address local and higher order goals; (3) role and task allocation without legal control or close oversight; and (4) retention within the participation architecture by equipping autonomous actors with structure and measurable progress towards local goals and fairly distributing benefits of collective work. We discuss implications to our understanding of how to achieve concerted action at scale towards a grand challenge.

Letting go or pushing forward: Director death and firm risk-taking

We draw on behavioral strategy, terror management, and post traumatic growth theories to examine how a sudden director death may affect firm risk-taking. Two opposing predictions are developed. One is that a director death can trigger anxiety, prompting a CEO to become less committed to his or her job and decreasing a firm's risk-taking tendency. Alternatively, the passing of a director may evoke death reflection, inducing a CEO to pursue higher-order goals and initiate more projects with substantial uncertainties. Results based on a sample of publicly traded firms in the United States suggest that while a director death may diminish firm long-term investment, this event could fuel strategic nonconformity. Our findings suggest that the impact of director death on firm strategies could be more nuanced than the existing literature has suggested.

This meat or that alternative? How masculinity stress influences food choice when goals are conflicted.

This research integrates literature on masculinity stress-the distress experienced as the result of a perceived discrepancy with male gender norms-with research on goal conflict to examine preferences for plant-based meat alternatives (PBMAs). Men experiencing masculinity stress are likely to hold salient a goal of being masculine, which should lead to less preference for PBMAs. However, many of these men simultaneously hold competing goals, such as making ethical food choices, which remain inhibited in favor of the focal masculinity goal. We argue that once men experiencing masculinity stress highlight their masculinity through the selection of a manly product, they satisfy that higher-order goal and are then free to pursue previously inhibited goals, such as making an ethical choice through the selection of PBMAs. We present the results of three studies supporting these expectations. Study 1 tests the link between masculinity stress and meat (alternative) consumption using consumer search behavior collected from Google Trends, showing that masculinity stress is positively (negatively) correlated with searches for red meat (PBMAs). Study 2 shows that men experiencing masculinity stress are more inclined to choose PBMAs, provided they are presented within a masculine product context. Study 3 presents a parallel mediation model, showing that ethical considerations (as opposed to masculine goals) shape the choice of PBMA preference. We conclude with a discussion of theoretical implications for the impression management strategies utilized by men experiencing masculinity stress and practical implications for the growing PBMA industry.

Relations Between Executive Functioning and Internalizing Symptoms Vary as a Function of Frontoparietal-amygdala Resting State Connectivity.

The prefrontal cortex and the frontoparietal network are associated with a variety of regulatory behaviors. Functional connections between these brain regions and the amygdala are implicated in risk for anxiety disorders. The prefrontal cortex and frontoparietal network are also linked to executive functioning, or behaviors that help orient action towards higher order goals. Where much research has been focused on deleterious effects of under-controlled behavior, a body of work suggests that over-controlled behavior may also pose a risk for internalizing problems. Indeed, while work suggests that high levels of attention shifting may still be protective against internalizing problems, there is evidence that high levels of inhibitory control may be a risk factor for socioemotional difficulties. In the ABCD sample, which offers large sample sizes as well as sociodemographic diversity, we test the interaction between frontoparietal network-amygdala resting state functional connectivity and executive functioning behaviors on longitudinal changes in internalizing symptoms from approximately 10 to 12years of age. We found that higher proficiency in attention shifting indeed predicts fewer internalizing behaviors over time. In addition, higher proficiency in inhibitory control predicts fewer internalizing symptoms over time, but only for children showing resting state connectivity moderately above the sample average between the frontoparietal network and amygdala. This finding supports the idea that top-down control may not be adaptive for all children, and relations between executive functioning and anxiety risk may vary as a function of trait-level regulation.

Omnichannel como Estratégia de Marketing Baseada no Consumidor

ABSTRACT Objective: creating omnichannel strategies requires understanding how customers use multiple channels in their journeys. Yet the customer experience in this environment is under-researched, hindering the development of strategic guidelines and the progress of omnichannel theory. This article offers an overview of the omnichannel literature and reflects on the knowledge produced from the customer’s perspective. Theoretical approach: we base our analysis on customer experience and customer journey research. Method: using content analysis, we critically review 29 studies on omnichannel customers. Results: the focus on the customer experience within one firm’s offline and online stores during the prepurchase and purchase stages leads to a limited picture of journeys involving touchpoints within and outside the firm’s control. To address this myopia, we call for a consumer perspective that moves away from the relationship with a single firm to emphasize that consumers interact with various actors to achieve not only purchase objectives but also higher-order goals (e.g., well-being). Conclusions: through a consumer perspective, we outline research paths for generating consumer insights. The agenda contributes to fostering omnichannel marketing as a consumer-based strategy that is sensitive to contemporary consumer and societal issues.

Barriers and enablers to help-seeking behaviour for mental health reasons among community dwelling older adults with anxiety: Mixed-methods systematic review

• There is no one model that can depict the complexity of help-seeking behaviour. • Help-seeking is affected by contextual, interpersonal and individual factors. • Help-seeking represents a dynamic self-regulatory system. • Individual need factors play an important role in help-seeking. • Coherence between representations of illness, actions, immediate and higher-order goals is important. Despite their high prevalence and negative consequences, anxiety disorders in older adults remain underdiagnosed and undertreated, creating an ‘anxiety treatment gap’. To address this treatment gap, it is essential to identify barriers and enablers to help-seeking behaviour among this population. This mixed-methods systematic review used Andersen's Model and Leventhal's’ Common Sense Model (CSM) in a “best-fit” framework synthesis to explore barriers and enablers to help-seeking behaviour for mental health reasons among older adults with anxiety. A comprehensive search of six databases, last updated on 6 April 2022, led to the inclusion of thirteen records published 2011-2022. Quantitative data were synthesised using Andersen's Model, summarised using vote counting based on direction of effect, and focused mainly on factors at the individual level. Qualitative synthesis generated an extended conceptual model which includes a priori themes derived from Andersen's Model and Leventhal's CSM and new themes identified via inductive analysis. The role of individual need factors on help-seeking behaviour was corroborated by both quantitative and qualitative evidence. The overarching theme is ‘coherence’ as a multilevel concept. It was not possible to aggregate effect estimates extracted from quantitative records. The internal validity of the review is affected by scant evidence, quality of the qualitative records and lack of triangulation of evidence. There is no one model that can depict the complexity of help-seeking behaviour among older adults with anxiety. A better understanding of the role of need factors and the multi-level concept of ‘coherence’ on help-seeking behaviour is required. Conceptual Model representing the elements, phases and processes underlying illness-seeking behaviour among older adults with anxiety (print in colour)

Identifying the individual differences of trait self-control: Evidence from voxel-based morphometry

Trait self-control reflects an individual's frequently demonstrated ability to control impulses, resist temptations, or form good behavioral habits to conform to higher-order goals. It is thought to be associated with many positive gains, such as better physical fitness, higher achievement and subjective well-being, and fewer psychological and behavioral problems. Researchers agree that there are differences in levels of trait self-control across individuals, and that these differences are demonstrated in early childhood and remain relatively stable in adulthood. To investigate whether there is a specific neural basis for individual differences in trait self-control, 227 undergraduate and graduate students were recruited in this study to explore the structural brain basis of trait self-control using structural imaging for the first time. The results revealed that the gray matter volumes in the right dorsomedial prefrontal lobe, left inferior frontal gyrus, and left middle cingulate gyrus were larger in high self-control individuals compared to low self-control individuals. These results have contributed to our understanding of the formation process and underlying mechanisms of trait self-control and provide a theoretical basis for the cultivation of trait self-control in children.

Why do people sit? A framework for targeted behavior change

ABSTRACT To improve health and wellbeing, it is crucial that people regularly interrupt their sitting. In this paper, we propose a framework for examining and changing sitting behavior that addresses two key steps in the process towards developing effective interventions. First, we suggest that research should move away from its current focus on sitting time, which is an outcome of behavior. Rather, researchers should focus on stand-to-sit and sit-to-stand transitions, which are discrete units of behavior. Second, drawing on goal hierarchy models, we suggest that people rarely engage in stand-to-sit and sit-to-stand transitions for the purpose of being in a sitting or standing position; rather, we suggest that these transitions are means to higher-order goals (e.g., to complete work tasks, to watch television, to eat dinner). To improve adherence to and effectiveness of sitting behavior interventions, intervention designers should aim to increase the frequency of sit-to-stand (and stand-to-sit) transitions. To achieve this aim, intervention designers should capitalize on the higher-order goals that are typically served by these transitions. We suggest four concrete intervention strategies to increase sit-to-stand transitions in congruence with people’s everyday goals. We also describe the implications of our framework for theory and methods in sitting behavior research.

Agents’ goals affect construal of event endpoints

Theories of event cognition have hypothesized that the boundaries of events are characterized by change, including a change in the agent’s goal, but the role of higher-order goal information in how people conceptualize events is currently not well-understood. In a series of experiments, we used a novel method to test whether goals can affect how viewers determine when an event ends. Participants read a context sentence stating an agent’s goal (e.g., “Jesse wants to eat the orange for her breakfast”, “Jesse wants to use the orange as a garnish”). Participants then saw an image of a partly complete visual outcome (e.g., a partly peeled orange) and were asked to identify whether an event had occurred (“Did she peel the orange?”). Participants were more likely to accept a partly complete outcome if the outcome satisfied the agent’s goal (Experiments 1 and 2). This goal effect was present even when participants saw an image that corresponded to a mostly complete visual outcome (e.g., a mostly peeled orange; Experiment 3). Our results offer the first direct evidence in support of the conclusion that higher-order goal information affects the way even simple physical events are conceptualized. They further suggest that theories of event cognition need to account for the rich and varied informational sources used by the human mind to represent events.

Self-Control as Conceptual Framework to Understand and Support People Who Use Drugs During Sex.

Few theory-informed interventions to support people who use drugs during sex have been conceptualized and developed. We conceptualize sexualized drug use, also referred to as chemsex or pharmacosex, as a self-control challenge, and draw on extant theory and research to propose intervention approaches that can be tailored to meet the differing needs of people who engage in sexualized drug use. We draw on a continuum perspective of sexualized drug use, in particular chemsex, and discuss the role of reasoned and automatic processes in behavioral decisions, as well as critical components of effective self-control of behavior. A self-control approach can empower people to tackle their sexualized drug use, and classify their experienced sex-related drug use as problematic. Self-control encompasses clarifying one's goals and identifying strategies to mitigate behaviors to achieve these goals, despite competing pharmacosex desires. Our approach to self-control sexualized drug use contains three critical components: goal setting, goal enactment, and goal progress appraisal and goal adjustment. Goals should be formulated specific, ambitious yet realistic, and tailored to the individual's needs and wishes. Goals may target aspects of drug use, protecting sexual health and mitigating negative impacts. Implementing goal enactment implies translating goals into concrete (short-term) actions to move toward the higher-order goal via goal intentions and action/coping plans. During the goal progress appraisal and adjustment stage, people compare their actual with their planned behavior. This reflection may result in goal adjustment through feedback loops to adjust their goals and action/coping plans. We propose that our self-control approach can guide the development of interventions to effectively support people to prevent or limit pharmacosex, and helps to effectively mitigate or reduce negative impacts via self-help, peer support or professional support, offered via personal counseling or digital tools.

Positively Deviant: New Evidence for the Beneficial Capital of Maverickism to Organizations

Workplace mavericks are seen as highly disruptive, engaging in unconventional behavior and showing apparent disregard for organizational norms, policies, and procedures. Despite this, some organizational leaders successfully leverage maverick behaviors to progress and achieve higher order organizational agendas. This paper challenges the former view by investigating the positive value maverickism provides organizations. Guided by the conceptualization of mavericks’ non-conformity as a form of positive deviance, two studies were conducted. Study 1 analyzed secondary data sources within the scientific research field to determine organizational performance requirements and expectations. Study 2 interviewed 28 mavericks and 27 leaders of mavericks in the same field. Data collection and analysis was guided by Bourdieu’s (1990) theoretical and methodological constructs—field, capital, and habitus. Results highlight that, while mavericks challenge and often ignore many organizational norms, their disruption is driven by the desire to achieve higher order goals benefitting their organizations and communities. Operating within boundaries set by these higher order values, mavericks not only embody traditional cultural capitals expected in their field but also offer valuable capitals traditionally possessed by those more senior in the field. This powerful combination of capitals produces additional symbolic capital which allows them to influence organizational decision-making despite not conforming to lower order organizational norms. At an applied level, valuable capitals associated with maverickism can be leveraged by leaders to support transformational change. To do this, organizational leaders need to recognize mavericks’ strengths through allowing them, as positive deviants, to challenge the status quo and to find alternative pathways to achieve organizational goals.

The Relationship Between Facebook Intrusion and Self-Control Dimensions Among Facebook Users

Abstract. Previous studies have shown the essential role of self-control in the development of behavioral addiction such as gaming, Internet, or gambling addiction. On the one hand, most studies have considered self-control as a homogeneous phenomenon. On the other hand, little evidence has been found on the relationship between the self-control dimensions and Facebook intrusion (FI). Additionally, research on the relationship between the dimensions of self-control and FI has only been conducted on a group of gamers. Consequently, the aim of this study was to test the relationship between FI and the self-control dimensions among young Facebook users who were not gamers. A total of 991 individuals (785 females) took part in the study. The self-control dimensions were assessed with NAS-50 and FI was assessed with the Facebook Intrusion Scale. Taking into account the results of the structural equation analysis, the findings showed a significant relationship between FI and self-control dimensions such as inhibition and adjournment, initiative and persistence, and goal maintenance among young Facebook users. Based on this study, it can be concluded that the behavioral mechanism connected with FI may be primarily associated with a low ability to suppress or delay unwanted or improper actions and that this may contribute to the failure of goal-directed behavior. It can also be assumed that this mechanism is associated with a low ability to focus on goals and a low ability to induce efficient motivation and have persistence to achieve higher-order goals.

The Role of Consumer and Customer Journeys in Customer Experience Driven and Open Innovation

Customer and Consumer Journeys, touchpoints and Consumer Goals have been widely discussed among Customer Experience theorists and practitioners, establishing that a hierarchical relationship between those exist. Customer Experience driven innovation evaluates opportunities mainly within touchpoints in Customer Journeys. However, there is still a gap in understanding how exactly those elements are interlinked and impact each other. This research article aims to create this understanding by answering three research questions: “To what extent, and how do Customer Journeys impact Consumer Journeys and vice versa?” and “Are touchpoints (including other actors) a sub-set of Consumer or Customer Journeys?” and “Where in the hierarchy should Customer Experience driven innovation opportunities be identified?”. Phenomenological interviews with participants of the Cambridge Venture Camp 2021, organized as part of the ERASMUS+ programme of the European Union within Strategic Partnerships for Higher Education were chosen for the research methodology. Grounded theory and open coding were used to interpret the collected data. In this article, we demonstrate how Consumer Journeys impact Customer Journeys, and that Customer Journeys do not impact other journeys directly, but rather by adjusting the higher-order goals of the Consumer through the response to the stimuli in the touchpoints. A theoretical model is proposed that highlights the interconnectivity of the different experience elements, and how to interpret Customer Experience driven innovation within the hierarchy.

Not all clicks are equal: detecting engagement with digital content

ABSTRACT Clickstream data recording each click that each individual user makes on a media website has become the currency for evaluating digital platforms in order to maximise advertising and/or subscription revenue. There is a growing recognition, however, that the mere volume of clicks is not adequate for this purpose. We propose a new systematic approach to this problem based on an underlying theory of engagement. Engagement is construed theoretically as user experiences that connect to higher-order personal goals or social values. We show that such experiences can be described qualitatively using survey items that form engagement measurement scales and that these engagement scales, in fact, explain a willingness-to-pay outcome variable. Moreover, these experiences can be translated into surrogate decomposed clickstream variables. We analyse data from three news websites and show that these decomposed clickstream variables predict willingness-to-pay for the sites better than raw, undecomposed clickstream data. Our methodological framework thus provides a new way of using clickstream data to detect engagement with digital content, a method that provides a basis for improving engagement and ultimately outcomes such as the willingness to pay for content.

Taking Access Seriously

Copyright is conventionally understood as serving the dual purposes of providing incentives for the creation of new works and access to the resulting works. In most analysis of copyright, however, creation takes priority. When access is considered, it is often in the context of how access relates back to the creation of new works. Largely missing is an account of the value of access on its own terms. So what is the place of access in copyright law and policy? A set of cases dealing with copyright owners’ attempts to enjoin the markets created by new playback and distribution technologies is instructive. These decisions—where the courts refused to enforce copyright where the owners attempted to shut down a market rather than participate in it—have been criticized for their un- clear policy guidance and lack of doctrinal grounding. We can reconcile these cases with copyright policy by focusing on access. These cases provide rich examples showing how expanded access advances copyright’s higher-order goals of promoting a more democratic and participatory culture. Focusing on access also provides a means for bringing doctrinal coherence to these cases through the fair-use defense. The courts permitted the use of copyrighted works in new markets despite the copyright owners’ objections because these markets could expand public access without diminishing the copyright industries’ creative incentives. Indeed, copyright owners often found the markets profitable after being forced to enter them. Copyright owners’ market refusal in these scenarios is a distinct type of market failure, and fair-use doctrine allows courts to correct it.

Meaning in Life and Self-Control Buffer Stress in Times of COVID-19: Moderating and Mediating Effects With Regard to Mental Distress.

Meaning in Life and Self-Control Buffer Stress in Times of COVID-19: Moderating and Mediating Effects With Regard to Mental Distress.

ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛНИТЕ ВИДЕО КАДРИ ПРЕЗ ОБЕКТИВА НА АРТ АНИМИРАНАТА КЛАСНА СТАЯ

The article presents a unique, unusual and original experience of educational practice based on the innovative axioms of art animation in education designed to achieve educational goals. The analysis treats of a variety of concepts and trends in the application of video clips and educational videos footage in the classroom to achieve high-order goals – levels of analysis, synthesis and evaluation of the cognitive taxonomy of Benjamin Bloom. The text considers an attractive training practice for creating video production by the trainees, presented as an original composition of creative and conceptual design; learning content – conceptual selection and technical implementation – role entry, frame dynamics, synchronization, processing and editing. The analytical exposition sheds light on the learning effects for the students involved in the art animated learning process. Methodological recommendations are made for the application of specific formats of art animation in education, in particular the production of video footage to achieve educational goals.

The Role of Mindfulness in the Enactment of Disruptive Impulses at Work

Mindfulness captures two key components of self-awareness that are relevant to self-control. Present-moment attention is necessary to detect discrepancies between higher-order goals and the present moment in order to deal with disruptive impulses. When awareness of disruptive impulses leads to negative cognition, non-judgmental acceptance may help reduce negative effects by diminishing the need to engage in emotion regulation, thus supporting the continued focus of one’s attention on a given task. Considering the severe consequences of self-control failure at work, we examined whether both facets of mindfulness relate negatively to the enactment of disruptive impulses (i.e., impulses that interfere with one’s higher-order goals). In an experience-sampling study assessing multiple episodes of disruptive impulses per day over two workweeks, we found that both mindfulness facets negatively predicted the enactment of disruptive impulses. Moreover, non-judgmental acceptance buffered the relationship between strong perceptions of disruptive urges and their enactment. Our findings contribute to the understanding of the relationship between mindfulness and self-control at the workplace.