Higher Number Of Correct Answers Research Articles

Concept learning, Verbal-Nonverbal Taxonomy: A Study from Engram Theory and Conceptual Atomism

This article focuses on concept learning, exploring the variability of this process in relation to verbal and nonverbal taxonomy. The theories of concept and memory, particularly conceptual atomism and engram theory, are examined, which provide a solid foundation for understanding learning processes and concept formation. A novel definition of "dynamic concept" is elaborated based on these theories. Considering this, an experiment was designed to measure conceptual learning, finding statistically significant differences in learning between verbal and non-verbal concepts. Non-verbal concepts were recalled more extensively than verbal ones, with a significant effect size, consistent with prior research. Demographically, women and men showed similar learning patterns in verbal concepts, but men exhibited highest number of correct answers during the test in non-verbal concepts.

GYNECOLOGY AND OBSTETRICS RESIDENTS' KNOWLEDGE OF HORMONAL CONTRACEPTION IN SPECIAL SITUATIONS

Objective: To assess the knowledge of gynecology and obstetrics residents about hormonal contraception in special situations, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) guide Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use. Method: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive study, in which a questionnaire was administered to resident doctors in Gynecology and Obstetrics at the Santa Casa de Misericórdia Foundation in Pará, who were divided according to their year of residency (R1, R2 and R3). Data was collected in a virtual environment using a questionnaire on the Google forms platform. Results: All 57 (100%) of the medical residents participated in the survey, 50 (87.7%) of whom were female, aged between 18 and 29 (61.4%), in their first or second year of residency (35.0% each year). As for the percentage of correct answers per year of residency, it was clear that the first year had the highest rates of correct answers for all contraceptive methods (7.0%), and when analyzing which residents had corrected at least one method in isolation, the second year had the highest number of correct answers (28.0%), although there was no statistical difference in relation to the year of residency and the number of correct answers. When assessing the overall number of correct answers, it was found that the residents were at least aware of some of the main contraceptive methods. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that residents' objective and perceived levels of knowledge regarding the prescription of contraceptives in special situations were insufficient. Thus, the results show the need for medical training when prescribing these drugs.

Glass Particle Contamination and Using the Filter Needle: A Cross-sectional Study

ABSTRACT: Purpose: To identify the levels of knowledge of nurses and physicians about the contamination of micro-sized glass particles in medicine content when opening glass ampoules containing parenteral medicines and the use of filter needles in reducing contamination. When the medicine ampoule is broken and opened, spill into the ampoule and contaminates the medicine. Medicines contaminated with glass particles pose a potential danger when they are administered parenterally to patients. Material and Methods: This study was planned as a descriptive cross-sectional study. The study was conducted with a total of 600 healthcare professionals, 300 physicians and 300 nurses, working in a university hospital between October and November 2020. The data were collected using the “Personal Information Form” and the “Information Form about Glass Particle Contamination and Filter Needle Use”. Results: The highest response to the question "medicine contaminated with glass particles can cause complications in the patient" was I do not know at 52.7%. The highest number of correct answers at the rate of 76% was given to the question "particle scattering to buffer/fingers at glass ampoule opening”. When nurses were asked "presence of micro-sized glass particles in the medicine drawn from the ampoule to the syringe" and "preventing from giving glass particles with the medicine to the patient", the rate of correct answers was higher with significant differences compared to physicians. Conclusion: Healthcare professionals had moderate knowledge of glass particle contamination and the use of filter needles. Variables such as profession, number of ampoules used in the clinic, and educational status affect the level of knowledge. Findings inform to stresses the need to raise awareness for reducing glass particle contamination. Keywords: Contamination, Filter needle, Glass particle, Healthcare professionals

Performance of ChatGPT tool in the resolution of residency exams in Argentina

Introduction: artificial intelligence is classified as a tool of interest at the present time. Through its application, organizational processes and decision-making are transformed; while promoting innovative development.Objective: to describe the performance of the ChatGPT tool in solving residency exams.Method: an observational, descriptive, retrospective study was carried out. As the universe of the study, all test-type questions (single selection) were analyzed. The variables analyzed were each of the questions belonging to each exam (correct or incorrect answers). Descriptive statistics were applied.Results: Syllabus B stood out within group 1 with the highest number of correct answers (209 for 69.66%). For its part, within group 2, syllabus D was predominant with 141 correct answers (70.5%). The exams related to nursing stood out.Conclusions: the use of artificial intelligence tools such as ChatGPT is variable in the field of medical sciences. Their performance in solving scientific questions is heterogeneous. It may vary with respect to the format of the question and the topic addressed.

An effective U-net model for diagnosing Covid-19 infection

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a pandemic all over the world and has spread rapidly. To distinguish between infected and non-infected areas, there is a critical need for segmentation methods that can identify infected areas from Chest Computed Tomography (CT) scans. In recent years, deep learning has become the most widely used approach for medical image segmentation, including the identification of infected areas in Chest CT scans. We propose an encoder-decoder based on the U-NET architecture for segmenting the MedSeg dataset, which contains lung CT scans. To study the effect of input dimensions on the model's output results, we gave CT images with dimensions of 224 × 224, 256 × 256, and 512 × 512 as inputs to the model. The results showed that 224 × 224 achieved higher results compared to 256 × 256 and 512 × 512, with a dicecoef of 81.36, accuracy of 87.65, sensitivity of 84.71, and specificity of 88.35. Additionally, the 224 × 224 input based on the proposed model achieved the highest number of correct answers compared to previous U-net methods. The proposed model can be applied as an effective screening tool to help primary service staff better refer suspected patients to specialists.

Mobile phone distraction and its effects on academic performance of Israeli college students

ABSTRACT This article focuses on evaluating the connection between academic achievements and the receipt of text messages. A total of 106 students with ADHD were randomly divided into groups: the ‘Turned off’ (1) (phone is turned off completely); the ‘Enabled & Mute’ (2) (phone is on and the ‘silent mode’ has been activated); the ‘Enabled and Sound’ (3) (phone is on and sound is on). It was found that students’ achievements are affected by the sound mode of the mobile phone; that turning off the phone significantly increases the number of correct answers; and that students with ADHD tend to be more easily distracted by the sound than their peers. Within this framework, participants in group 1 scored a significantly higher number of correct answers and were more successful in answering complex questions compared to the participants in group 3.

3D Digital and Printed Hearts from Different Canine Breeds as an Educational Tool for Radiographic Interpretation

Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a new method of creating anatomical models, which can enhance the training of students and health professionals. The large breed-variation in dogs means that interpretation of thoracic radiographs can be challenging for the inexperienced radiologist. The aim of this study was to develop digital and printed 3D cardiac models from six canine breeds and evaluate their use as a tool for studying breed variations in radiology. The printed and digital 3D cardiac models were used by postgraduate veterinary students in diagnostic imaging along with a theoretical class on the subject and students completed a pre- and post-test, assessing cardiac size on thoracic radiographs in order to verify the usefulness of the models. The students then completed a satisfaction questionnaire on a Likert scale. There was a significant difference between the pre-test and the post-test results, with greater accuracy after using the 3D models. More errors were made in pre-test interpretation of radiographs from English Cocker Spaniel, English Bulldog, and Yorkshire Terrier and there were a significantly higher number of correct answers after using the 3D models. The vast majority of responses to all questions in the satisfaction questionnaire were positive, with partial or total agreement of the participants. This study demonstrates that digitally printed cardiac models from different breeds of dogs are effective learning tools. They helped students to better understand the relevant spatial relationship and cardiac morphology and to compare this anatomy with the radiographic image. Models are provided in 3D PDF and STL files for download.

Knowledge of different Health Professionals about pelvic floor dysfunctions

Background: Pelvic floor dysfunctions are problems that arise when your muscles do not work properly, including urinary tract and sexual function disorders, resulting in quality of life. Aims: To analyze the knowledge of health professionals about pelvic floor disorders. Method: Cross-sectional, observational study. Data were collected through a questionnaire prepared by the researchers. Results: Of the 116 professionals who answered the questionnaire, most were female (78.4%), the most common academic title was specialization (59.4%). Among the professions, the physician obtained the highest number of correct answers (15.08±1.5) and it was possible to notice a statistically significant correlation associating a higher academic level with a higher number of correct answers. Conclusion: Health professionals have limitations regarding knowledge of the signs and symptoms and treatment options for the main pelvic floor disorders. Education level was correlated with recognition.

Measuring Knowledge of Healthcare Providers on Pediatric Palliative Care with an Online Questionnaire Based on the National Core Curriculum in Italy.

There is a lack of highly reliable tools evaluating healthcare professionals' competences on Pediatric Palliative Care (PPC) and Pain Therapy (PT). The aim of this study is to document the development of an online questionnaire to assess Perceived, Wished and Actual Knowledge of healthcare workers on PPC/PT. The tool was built on the basis of the Italian Society for Palliative Care PPC Core Curriculum (CC) for physicians, nurses and psychologists. Face validity, internal consistency and the underlying structure were evaluated after a field testing in a referral hospital, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Italy. One hundred five respondents completed the questionnaire. High internal consistency for both scales of Perceived and Wished Knowledge was found (α = 0.95 and α = 0.94, respectively). Psychologists reported higher levels of self-Perceived skills on the psychosocial needs of the child and family at the end of life (p = 0.006), mourning (p = 0.003) and ethics and deontology in PT/PC (p = 0.049). Moreover, when Actual Knowledge was tested, they also provided the highest number of correct answers (p = 0.022). No differences were found by profession for Wished Knowledge. The questionnaire showed promising psychometric properties. Our findings suggest the need of continuous training in this field and identify contents to be addressed in future training programs.

KNOWLEDGE OF NURSING STUDENTS ABOUT INTESTINAL ELIMINATION STOMAS

Objective: To investigate the knowledge of nursing students about intestinal elimination stomas. Method: Descriptive, exploratory, analytical study, with a quantitative approach, carried out in a public higher education institution in Piauí, Brazil, with 115 nursing students between the eighth and the tenth period of the course. The data collection was carried out through an online questionnaire composed of two instruments, one about the sociodemographic and school profile of the students, and the other about knowledge on intestinal ostomies or elimination. Data analysis was carried out through descriptive analysis (absolute and relative frequencies, means and standard deviation) and inferential analysis, in order to verify association between variables, with χ2 and Fisher’s exact tests. Results: Most nursing students have a deficit regarding aspects related to preoperative and immediate and mediate postoperative care. There was a statistically significant difference in the academic performance index variable, and it was observed that students with academic performance greater than 9 obtained a higher number of correct answers compared to the others. Conclusion: There are knowledge gapsamong nursing students, especially in nursing care in preoperative care, and in the immediate and mediate postoperative period, which in turn can compromise the quality of care provided.

Evaluation of Knowledge and Practice of Resident Dentists in Iasi, Romania in the Management of Traumatic Dental Injuries: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Dentists play an essential role in the treatment of dental and periodontal traumatic injuries by providing early and correct treatment. The purpose of the present study was to assess the level of knowledge of dental residents regarding dental trauma. The cross-sectional study was conducted at the Faculty of Dental Medicine within the "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy in Iasi, Romania on a sample of 366 residents in General Dentistry, Pediatric Dentistry and Periodontology. To assess their knowledge, a questionnaire was created containing 18 questions about the clinical signs and therapy of dental trauma, with a focus on tooth avulsion. A very low level of knowledge (<25%) was found only for the type of splinting required to maintain an avulsed tooth on the arch. The highest number of correct answers was provided by the residents in Periodontology. Physiological serum as storage medium was recognized by a percentage of 75.9-80% of the subjects, and 60-77% of them recognized pulp necrosis as complication of dental avulsion. The study underlines the need to introduce in the curriculum of all categories of residents additional information, not only in the already existent theoretical form, but also as possible scenarios of various clinical situations.

Syphilis and dentists: The data about knowledge and awareness of clinicians in Turkey.

Background: Syphilis may give pathognomonic signs in oral cavity. In order to emerge an awareness about dentists' role in syphilis management, it was aimed to obtain the data from them about their knowledge.Methods: This survey-based, cross-sectional study was conducted with 709 dentists practicing in Turkey. Participants answered 16 statements about syphilis "Transmission Routes," "Extra-oral Clinical Features," "Oral Findings," and "Diagnosis & Treatment" with options yes/no/I do not know. Moreover, they responded to two 5-point Likert type questions about their comfort level and frequency of taking sexual anamnesis. The statistical significance was set at p ≤ .05.Results: The mean age (years) and female/male ratio of the participants were 35.7 ± 10.2 and 449/260, respectively. The average of the correct answers in the survey was 10.38 ± 3.3. "Transmission Routes" had the highest ratio (50.6%) in terms of all questions in a single category that were answered correctly among groups. Dentists practicing at faculties had the highest number of correct answers (p = .003). The total number of correct answers and the number of correct answers in each category were positively related to both the level of comfort and the frequency of taking patient's sexual anamnesis (Oral Findings p = .002; others p ≤ .001).Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that dentists practicing in Turkey lack a significant level of knowledge about syphilis. This highlights the need for further training and education programs for dentists in Turkey.

Evaluation of Third-Year Anesthesiology Residents Knowledge on Patient Safety: Descriptive Study

Introduction: Since anesthesiologists deal with a wide range of patients, they need to acquire knowledge, abilities, and attitudes in their daily activities and should be prepared and trained to offer safety to their patients. Objective: To investigate third-year anesthesiology residents' knowledge about patient safety. Methodology: A cross-sectional descriptive study with quantitative approach was carried out between June and August 2020, using a questionnaire with 17 questions divided into 7 topics (general knowledge on patient safety and 6 topics related to the international goals on patient safety established by the World Health Organization). The results were compiled in a Microsoft Office Excel spreadsheet, processed and analyzed by the statistical program R Version 4.0.2 and presented in tabular and descriptive form. Results: The questionnaire was answered by 297 residents (40.8% of the total population). The topics related to WHO (World Health Organization) goals 4 (Safe Surgery) and 7 (Prevention of falls and pressure injuries) achieved the highest number of correct answers (84%). The topics related to goal 1 (Correct patient identification) had the highest number of mistakes (31%). Conclusion: The data found suggest a gap in the knowledge of third-year anesthesiology residents about the studied theme. Since only the knowledge competence was evaluated, further studies are necessary to analyze all other competencies necessary for anesthesia training related to patient safety.

Cross-sectional community-based study in Saudi Arabian population with inclusion of behavioral studies of osteoporosis patients.

Osteoporosis is especially prevalent in the older population and in women. Fractures lead to many health complications, placing an enormous burden on the health system. Improved knowledge will encourage healthy practices that prevent osteoporosis and help community members avoid unhealthy lifestyles and habits. The goal of this study was to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices relating to osteoporosis among male and female students of the Jazan community. The Jazan region has 13 governorates and a population of more than 1.5 million. For this study, 440 participants were selected from seven different governorates, and the osteoporosis knowledge assessment tool (OKAT) was used together with five background variables and some questions on attitude and practice. A Chi-squared test was implemented to identify any significant relationships between the background variables and the knowledge and practice scores. A P value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. Of the 440 participants, 53% were men and 47% women. Thirty-three percent of them held government jobs, 73% had completed university, and 50% had a monthly income of less than 5,000 riyals. Regarding the risk factors for osteoporosis, 62 (14%) smoked, 37 (8.4%) used steroids, 184 (41.8%) had a family history of osteoporosis, and 393 (89.3%) had not attended an education campaign on osteoporosis. The highest number of correct answers in the OKAT was to the question "osteoporosis increases the risk of fractures" (423, 96.1%), and the lowest number of correct answers was to the question "osteoporosis is more common in men" (60, 13.6%). Regarding protective behaviors against osteoporosis, namely physical activity, daily intake of dairy products, attending an education campaign, and background characteristics, attending an education campaign was statistically significant, with a P value of 0.003, but marital status, education level, body mass index (BMI), and occupation were not statistically significant. For the risk factors, sex was statistically significant, along with the daily soft drink intake and smoking but not with the use of steroids. Other background characteristics, such as education level and BMI, were not statistically significant as osteoporosis risk factors. The participants' level of knowledge was high, and the risk factors for osteoporosis were still present together with a low level of achievement for protective measures. It is highly recommended that education campaigns be implemented to increase knowledge and encourage improved attitudes and practices.

Virtual learning object about oral ulcerative lesions: controlled educational intervention study.

The aim of this study was to develop a virtual learning object (VLO) to teach undergraduate dental students about the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to oral ulcerative lesions. The VLO was developed with information on the diagnostic process, lesion classification, and clinical-surgical management of oral ulcerative lesions. The VLO content was initially validated by a group of specialists. Learning was evaluated in a sample of 58 undergraduate dental students, divided into control group (conventional theoretical class, n = 29) and intervention group (interaction with VLO, n = 29). All students answered a pre-test and post-test questionnaire. The VLO group also answered a specific questionnaire on the evaluation of the VLO. Both quantitative and qualitative descriptive analyses were performed. The validation showed that professors and students considered the VLO adequate. The use of the VLO was recommended by 100% of professors and 86.6% of students. In the intervention group, the results showed a significantly higher number of correct answers in the post-test (p < 0.01). In conclusion, the VLO proved to be a useful tool for teaching oral medicine, contributing significantly to the knowledge of ulcerated lesions in the mouth.

Knowledge, practice, and attitude evaluation of forensic dentistry among Iraqi dentists: Questionnaire-based study

Abstract Background: Forensic dentistry is a branch of forensic science that deals with the examination, analysis, and interpretation of dental evidence in legal investigations. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge, practice, and attitudes of Iraqi dentists toward forensic dentistry. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire was designed with four sections and distributed to dentists. The four sections were demographic, knowledge (assessed the dentists’ knowledge and consisted of 14 questions), practice (evaluated the dentists’ practices and consisted of six questions), and attitude (consisted of two questions to assess the dentists’ attitudes). For the knowledge, practice, and attitude sections, the answers were either “yes” (correct), “no,” or “I don’t know” (incorrect). The correct answer frequencies were calculated, and the mean scores of responses were compared among the different variables. Results: A total of 414 dentists responded, including 196 male dentists and 218 female dentists. The mean age of the responders was 32.57 years, and the responders were divided according to age into: 304 (≤40 years), and 110 dentists (˃40 years), according to qualifications into: 168 (postgraduate) and 246 (graduate), and according to experience years: 228 (≤10 years) and 186 (˃10 years). The questions related to using teeth as indicators of age received the highest number of correct answers, whereas the use of palatal rugae and lips in forensic dentistry received the lowest scores. Conclusion: Iraq dentists had limited knowledge, practice, and attitude about forensic dentistry. Therefore, it is important for undergraduate and postgraduate programs, as well as official training courses, to focus more attention on forensic dentistry.

Knowledge and Awareness of Syncope Among the Population of Riyadh: A Cross-Sectional Study.

BackgroundAlthough syncope is a common emergency in medical settings, no research has yet evaluated the general population’s awareness regarding it. This study investigated the general population’s knowledge and awareness of syncope and if they could differentiate syncopal and non-syncopal causes of transient loss of consciousness (TLOC).MethodologyA cross-sectional study was conducted in Riyadh through a validated, self-administered Arabic questionnaire that was distributed to the general population through social media using Google Forms (convenience sampling). Participants younger than 18 or not from Riyadh were excluded from the study. Two cardiologists validated the questionnaire, following which forward and backward translation was done. The questionnaire contained three sections. The first section included demographic data and chronic conditions. In the second section, participants were asked if they or one of their relatives had ever experienced syncope. The third section had eight scenarios assessing the participants’ syncope knowledge. Subjects with ≥five correct answers were considered to be aware.ResultsThe number of total responses was 405 participants. Regarding demographic data, 53% of the participants were female, 33% had a medical background, and 76% had a university degree (n = 214, n = 134, and n = 306, respectively). The mean age of the participants was 33.2 ± 13.3 years. Participants who were aware of syncope represented 55% (n = 221). Among the syncope cases, orthostatic syncope had the highest number of correct answers (79%, n = 319), followed by vasovagal syncope (61%, n = 246). Males performed better in cases one (p = 0.001), two (p = 0.004), and seven (p = 0.01).ConclusionsThe results of this study showed that most participants were considered aware of syncope. Gender, marital status, and having a medical background had a significant influence on the results.

Understanding performance in test taking: The role of question difficulty order

Standardized assessments are widely used to determine access to educational resources with important consequences for later economic outcomes in life and to evaluate and compare educational systems. However, many design features of the tests themselves may lead to psychological reactions influencing performance. In particular, the level of difficulty of the earlier questions in a test may affect performance in later questions. How should we order test questions according to their level of difficulty such that test performance offers an accurate assessment of the test taker's aptitudes and knowledge? We conduct a field experiment with about 19,000 participants in collaboration with an online teaching platform where we randomly assign participants to different orders of difficulty and we find that ordering the questions from easiest to most difficult yields the lowest probability to abandon the test, as well as the highest number of correct answers. We obtain similar results when exploiting the random variation of difficulty across test booklets in the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) for the years 2009, 2012, and 2015, which provides additional external validity to the experiment. We conclude that question difficulty order in tests has important policy implications for optimal test design and performance. It additionally may have important implications for ranking candidates, as well as for the evaluation and comparison of educational institutions and systems.

Relationship between Oral Health Knowledge and Maternal Oral Health with Obstetric Risk and Breastfeeding.

The relationship between maternal gingival health status and low birth weight or preterm delivery is controversial. The aim of this study was to analyze the association between maternal oral knowledge and the level of oral health during pregnancy with the risk of obstetric complications and breastfeeding. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted after an oral health educational intervention in a consecutive sample of 97 pregnant women. Data collection consisted of a validated questionnaire, oral examination, the Caries Index (CAOD) and the Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (IHOS). The participants had a mean age of 32.5 ± 5.19 years and a predominantly university education (57.1%). The level of knowledge regarding oral health was fair (12.5 ± 3.56 correct answers). Older pregnant women (33.0 ± 4.80 years) practiced breastfeeding and had a higher number of correct answers to the questionnaire. Adequate IHOS was associated with higher birth-weight newborns (3333 ± 0.3), whereas poor oral hygiene control was associated with lower birth-weight newborns (2960 ± 0.1) (p < 0.05). A lower level of academic education was associated with worse oral hygiene (p < 0.05). In addition, the greater the number of children, the higher the CAOD. Finally, among non-smoking women, the weight of infants was 437 mg higher. Maternal oral hygiene and the week of delivery were associated with newborn weight (p < 0.05) in a multiple linear regression model. Smoking was also related to low birth weight (p < 0.05). Educational interventions in pregnancy are necessary to decrease the incidence of obstetric adverse effects and improve the oral health of mothers and their children.

Impact of the Text Simplification on Understanding.

The reduction of the linguistic complexity of medical texts to make them more understandable to a larger population is an important task. The simplification of texts involves several steps, among which our study focuses on the definition of complex constructions and on study of the impact of the simplification. For this study, we selected 20 texts from the medical domain on different topics, namely drugs, diseases, substances, and medical institutions. We identified complex linguistic constructions and carried out their manual simplification at syntactic, lexical and semantic levels. We then designed a questionnaire to test comprehension of the texts and conducted a study with 26 participants. The results of this study shows that simplified texts obtained higher number of correct answers than technical texts. This difference is statistically significant. The self-evaluation questionnaire, done at the beginning of the test, indicates that the participants tend to overestimate their understanding of medical information. Besides, there is no correlation between the time taken to complete the interview and the correct answers provided.