High Net Primary Productivity Research Articles

Spatial-temporal patterns of ecological-environmental attributes within different geological-topographical zones: a case from Hailun District, Heilongjiang Province, China

The climate change and extension of human activities are shedding more stresses on ecosystems. Ecological zoning could help manage the ecosystem and deal with environmental problems more effectively. Geology and topography could affect the ecology primarily and are vital perspectives on ecological zoning. It is worth preliminarily understanding the spatial-temporal patterns of ecological-environmental attributes within various geological-topographical ecological zones (GTEZs). The objective of this study was to delineate GTEZs and present a spatial-temporal analysis on soil and land surface parameters within GTEZs. Firstly, Landsat imageries, high resolution satellite imagery products, digital elevation model, regional geological map, black soil thickness, soil bulk density, meteorological data, and ground survey were collected and conducted. Secondly, GTEZs in Hailun District were delineated according to geological and topographical background. Thirdly, soil composition, and monthly land surface temperature (LST), enhanced vegetation index (EVI), net primary productivity (NPP) were derived from ground survey and Landsat imageries. Finally, spatial-temporal patterns of various ecological-environmental attributes within different GTEZs were preliminarily revealed and analyzed. Results show that sand alluvial plain zone and silt-clay undulating plain zone mainly possess thick soil with fine-medium granule and higher bulk density, and are mainly covered by crops and grass, vegetation flourish the most in August with the highest monthly EVI and NPP. While the sand-conglomerate hill zone, sandstone hill zone, and granite hill zone possess relatively thin soil with medium-coarse granule and lower bulk density, and are mainly covered by forest, vegetation flourish the most in June and July, and has the highest yearly total NPP. With thinner soil thickness and higher NPP, hill zones tend to have more vulnerability to disturbance and more contribution to carbon neutrality target.

Unveiling the Impact of Urbanization on Net Primary Productivity: Insights from the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration

Urbanization has significantly altered the carbon cycle of the terrestrial environment, particularly in relation to net primary productivity (NPP). Gaining a more comprehensive comprehension of how NPP is affected by urbanization is crucial for obtaining fresh perspectives on sustainable urban landscape design and decision making. While there is a significant body of research examining the geographical and temporal patterns of NPP supply capacity, there are only a few studies that have investigated the spatial relationships between NPP and urbanization, particularly at the grid scale. This research investigated the temporal and geographical features and patterns of NPP and their impact mechanisms. In order to estimate NPP and the level of urbanization in the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration (YRDUA), we used a combination of different models and datasets. To evaluate the geographical correlations and dependence between NPP and urbanization, we utilized local bivariate autocorrelation methods and spatial regression models to describe and visualize these relationships. The findings revealed that there was a consistent negative relationship between NPP and urbanization on a global scale from 1990 to 2020. However, when examining the local scale, the geographical correlations could be classified into four distinct categories: areas with both low NPP and low urbanization, areas with high NPP and high urbanization, areas with low NPP and high urbanization, and areas with high NPP and low urbanization. Our analysis showed that spatial regression models are more suitable for quantifying the spatial relationship between NPP and urbanization due to their ability to include the impacts of spatial Moran’s I techniques. Due to the growing urbanization, the highest NPP value was recorded in 2005, followed by 2000, 2020, and 2010. Conversely, the smallest association was observed in 2015. Examining the geographical connection between NPP and urbanization offers theoretical and practical insights for urban planning that prioritizes human needs and promotes sustainable development. It also aids in the development of reasonable methods for organizing ecological functional systems.

Net Primary Production of Ecoregions Across North America in Response to Drought and Wildfires From 2015 to 2022

AbstractEcosystem models are valuable tools to make climate‐related assessments of change when ground‐based measurements of water and carbon fluxes are not adequate to realistically capture regional variability. The Carnegie‐Ames‐Stanford Approach (CASA) is one such model based on satellite observations of monthly vegetation cover to estimate net primary production (NPP) of terrestrial ecosystems. CASA model predictions from 2015 to 2022 revealed several notable high and low periods in growing season NPP totals in certain biomes. Both Temperate Broadleaf and Boreal Forest production shifted from relatively high average NPP values in 2015 through 2019 to lower levels in 2020, typically representing a loss of 10%–14% of growing season NPP flux. This rapid decline in growing season NPP from 2019 to 2020–2021 was also estimated for the Temperate Grasslands and Savanna, Temperate Conifer Forest, and Tundra biomes. In contrast to the climate patterns in the temperate biomes that developed into severe widespread drought in 2020 and 2021 due to low precipitation totals and extreme hot temperatures, growing season NPP in the Tundra biome was depressed in these same years by colder temperature induced drought conditions at the high latitudes of North America. Drought severity classes were closely associated with different levels of decline in NPP in most biomes. Trends in NPP in areas of the largest wildfires in North America that burned between 2012 and 2021 were examined to assess recovery of vegetation and the resiliency of ecosystems during extreme drought periods.

Quantitative Assessment of Factors Influencing the Spatiotemporal Variation in Carbon Dioxide Fluxes Simulated by Multi-Source Remote Sensing Data in Tropical Vegetation

Vegetation plays a vital role in the global carbon cycle, a function of particular significance in regulating carbon dioxide fluxes within tropical ecosystems. Therefore, it is crucial to enhance the precision of carbon dioxide flux estimates for tropical vegetation and to explore the determinants influencing carbon sequestration. In this study, Landsat series images and Sentinel-2 Multispectral Instrument satellite data were used to invert vegetation biophysical parameters, thereby improving the timeliness and resolution of state variables from the boreal ecosystem productivity simulator (BEPS). The BEPS model at a 30 m resolution was developed to accurately capture tropical vegetation carbon dioxide fluxes across Hainan Island (HN) over the preceding two decades. The impacts of climate variations and anthropogenic activities on the carbon dioxide fluxes of tropical vegetation were further quantified using quantile regression models and a land-use transfer matrix. Results indicate significant increases in both net primary productivity (NPP) and net ecosystem productivity (NEP) in HN during the period 2000–2020, by 5.81 and 4.29 g C/m2 year, respectively. Spatial trends in vegetation carbon dioxide fluxes exhibited a consistent decline from inland regions to coastal zones. Anthropogenic activities were the dominant factor in the reduced stability of coastal NPP, while the post-2005 vegetation restoration promoted the southward expansion of high NPP (>1200 g C/m2) in the central part of HN. NPP in this tropical island was more sensitive to temperature than to precipitation, with a 1 °C temperature increase resulting in 4.1 g C/m2 reduction in dry-season NPP compared to wet-season NPP. Upgrades of cropland quality and grassland restoration have improved NPP yields, and land use transfers have resulted in a 0.301 Tg C net increase in NPP. This study provides new insight into the improvement of the carbon dioxide flux model at a finer scale for tropical vegetation and highlights ecological construction as an adaptation strategy to enhance the carbon sinks of tropical vegetation under negative climate change conditions.

Human modification of land cover alters net primary productivity, species richness and their relationship

AbstractAimHumans have altered ecosystem productivity and biodiversity worldwide by changing land‐cover types and management. High local species richness is commonly found in geographic areas and ecosystems with high net primary productivity (NPP), but the long‐term effects of modification on productivity and biodiversity change, and particularly on the relationship between the two, are poorly understood. Here we evaluate whether human modification tends to increase biodiversity in low‐productivity ecosystems (where human management is likely to increase productivity) and decrease biodiversity in ecosystems that were originally high‐productive.LocationGlobal.Time Period2001–2013.Major Taxa StudiedPlants, mammals, birds, hexapods, arachnids, other terrestrial invertebrates, amphibians, reptiles and fungi.MethodsWe assembled a large worldwide dataset of NPP and associated species richness from MODIS land cover and NPP products and the PREDICTS biodiversity database, involving 11,849 sites. This enabled comparisons of species richness and NPP differences between samples of relatively natural and human‐modified vegetation within the same geographic regions, considering 102 types of land‐cover transitions.Results(1) Modification from non‐forest vegetation to forests on average increased NPP by 7.76%, and vice versa. (2) Human modification of less productive areas tended to increase NPP and vice versa, with stronger effects of major modification. (3) However, site‐level species richness decreases were associated with nearly all land‐cover transitions from relatively natural to modified vegetation. (4) Despite expectations, we found no significant relationship between species richness differences (between relatively natural and modified vegetation) and productivity differences, when considering conversions across land‐cover types and excluding human‐appropriated productivity in croplands.Main ConclusionsHuman modification tends to increase NPP in low‐productivity ecosystems, but species richness declines are associated with most major human‐induced land‐cover changes. Therefore, increasing or decreasing NPP did not generate corresponding increases or decreases in species richness, contrary to expectations of the general species richness‐productivity relationship.

Spatial–Temporal Dynamics of Grassland Net Primary Productivity and Its Driving Mechanisms in Northern Shaanxi, China

Grasslands, a vital ecosystem and component of the global carbon cycle, play a significant role in evaluating ecosystem health and monitoring the global carbon balance. In this study, based on the Carnegie–Ames–Stanford Approach (CASA) model, we estimated the Net Primary Productivity (NPP) of grasslands in northern Shaanxi from 2000 to 2020. Employing trend analysis, stability analysis, multiple regression analysis, and residual analysis, the research examined the dynamic changes of grassland NPP and its response to climatic and human factors. Key findings include: (1) Grassland NPP showed a significant increasing trend during 2000–2020, with high-coverage grasslands showing a higher rate of increase than medium and low-coverage grasslands. (2) Most grasslands (>90%) exhibited unstable growth and high NPP fluctuation. (3) While temperature, precipitation, and radiation undulate, the trends were not significant. Rainfall and radiation emerged as dominant factors affecting NPP, with temperature suppressing NPP increase to some extent. (4) Policies like returning farmland to grassland had a positive impact on grassland recovery, vegetation productivity, and regional ecosystem health.

Carbon budget response to climate change varies with grassland type in Qilian Mountains, China

Carbon budget estimation is crucial for scientifically assessing the ecosystem’s carbon sequestration capacity. Grasslands in the Qilian Mountains are widely recognized as vulnerable and sensitive to ongoing climate change. However, it is still unclear how the carbon budget of different grassland types responds to climate change in this area. Here, we evaluated the net primary productivity (NPP), soil heterotrophic respiration (RH), and net ecosystem productivity (NEP) of grassland ecosystems in the Qilian Mountains. Correlation analysis, linear regression, and standardized coefficient methodologies were employed to explore the response of NPP, RH, and NEP in various grassland types to changes in temperature, precipitation, and solar radiation over the past two decades. The results showed that the alpine meadow has the highest NPP and NEP while the temperate typical steppe has the highest RH. Grassland NPP, RH, and NEP increased significantly from 2001 to 2020, with a distinct spatial pattern of being low in the northwest and high in the southeast of the Qilian Mountains. NPP and NEP correlated with precipitation and solar radiation more closely than with temperature. Precipitation and solar radiation, respectively, explained 43.7% and 52.9% of grassland NEP alterations, and there was a threshold effect on the response of NEP and NPP to climate factors. Specifically, the NPP and NEP increased at first and then decreased as the precipitation, temperature, and solar radiation increased. The highest NEP and NPP occurred when precipitation ranged from 415 to 455 mm, along with temperatures between − 0.1–1.5 ℃ and solar radiation reaching 7685–7905MJ/m2. The warming and humidification of climate is conducive to the increase of NPP and NEP in alpine meadows and alpine steppes, but when the precipitation exceeds 415 mm and the temperature is greater than 1.5 ℃, the NPP and NEP begin to decrease. Solar radiation dominated changes in NPP and NEP of alpine meadows, alpine steppes, and temperate desert steppes. With the increase of solar radiation, NPP and NEP of these three grasslands first increased and then decreased. However, the changes in NPP and NEP of the temperate typical steppe were most affected by precipitation, and NPP and NEP first increase and then decrease with the increase of precipitation The higher the temperature, the higher the NPP, RH, and NEP of the temperate typical steppe. This study helps better understand how climate change impacts the carbon budget components of different grassland types in the Qilian Mountains and provides more theoretical thoughts on managing local grasslands sustainably.

Forest carbon stock variation with altitude in bolale natural forest, Western Ethiopia

This study was initiated to assess forest carbon stock variation with altitude. A systematic sampling technique was used to select sample plots. A total of 36 (12 plots from each altitude class) square plots with size of 20 m × 20 m were obtained. Diameter at breast height (DBH) and height of individual trees of DBH > 5 cm were measured from all the selected sample plots. A total of 216 soil samples, 108 for analysis of soil organic carbon (SOC) fraction (% C), and 108 for bulk density determination (BD), were collected. Altitude had a significant effect on above and belowground tree biomass, and litter carbon stock, but not on deadwood, and soil organic carbon stock. The aboveground and belowground biomass and litter carbon were higher at lower altitudes, which were attributed to higher biomass production due to higher photosynthesis and higher net primary production. Soil organic carbon varied significantly with depth. A higher soil organic carbon stock was observed at the upper soil depth (0–10 cm). At lower soil depths, carbon stocks were smaller due to less plant residue and less biological activity in the deeper soil. In general, the study found that carbon density is high at lower altitudes and lower at higher altitudes. Therefore, altitude should be given due consideration for forest development and management for climate change mitigation. The result suggests that different governmental and nongovernmental organizations have to give due attention for forest conservation to reduce the CO2 emmission.

NPP and Vegetation Carbon Sink Capacity Estimation of Urban Green Space Using the Optimized CASA Model: A Case Study of Five Chinese Cities

Urban area is a major source of CO2 and other greenhouse gases. Urban green space (UGS) is an essential element to increase carbon sequestration directly and reduce emission indirectly. In this study, the net primary production (NPP) and net ecosystem productivity (NEP) was monitored in order to enhance the carbon sequestration function of UGS and promote urban low-carbon development. Based on the Sentinel-2 L2A satellite images, meteorological data, and vegetation type data in 2019, we used the optimized Carnegie Ames Stanford Approach (CASA) model to estimate the NPP values of UGS types including attached green space, park green space, protective green space, and regional space in Beijing, Guangzhou, Shanghai, Shenyang, and Xi’an. The NEP values were evaluated based on NPP and soil heterotrophic respiration (RH) to quantify the vegetation carbon sink capacity. The accuracy test shows that the estimated NPP values based on the optimized CASA model are effective. The results indicate that the average NPP values (1008.5 gC·m−2·a−1) and vegetation carbon sink capacity (771.49 gC·m−2·a−1) of UGS in Beijing rank first among the cities, which is followed by the values in Guangzhou. The regional green space and park green space in five cities function as carbon sinks with high NPP values and have vegetation carbon sink capacity, whereas the attached green space in Shanghai and Xi’an as well as the protective green space in Guangzhou and Xi’an function as carbon sources. Moreover, the NEP distribution shows obvious spatial aggregation characteristics, that is, the high NEP values of UGS are clustered in mountainous forest areas in the west and north of Beijing, Northeast Guangzhou, and South Xi’an whereas the low NEP values are mostly concentrated in the urban built-up areas under strong influences of human activities. This research provides a new method for NPP and NEP estimation of UGS at the city scale and the scientific basis for the improvement of the vegetation carbon sink capacity of UGS.

Changes in Net Primary Productivity and Factor Detection in China’s Yellow River Basin from 2000 to 2019

Net primary productivity (NPP) is a main contributor to ecosystem carbon pools. It is crucial to monitor the spatial and temporal dynamics of NPP, as well as to assess the impacts of climate change and human activities to cope with global change. The dynamic of the NPP in China’s Yellow River Basin (YRB) from 2000 to 2019 and its influencing factors were analyzed by using trend and persistence tests and the GeoDetector method. The results show that the NPP had strong spatial heterogeneity, with a low NPP in the west and north, and a high NPP in the east and south. From 2000 to 2019, the NPP showed a statistically significant increase (at a mean of 5.5 g C m−2 yr−1, for a cumulative increase of 94.5 Tg C). A Hurst analysis showed that for the NPP in 76.3% of the YRB, the time series was anti-persistent. The spatial heterogeneity of the NPP in the YRB was mainly explained by precipitation and relative humidity (q value ranged from 0.24 to 0.44). However, the strength of the precipitation explained the decreased variation over time (q value decreased from 0.40 in 2000 to 0.26 in 2019). Interactions between the climate factors and human activities affected the NPP more strongly than individual factors. The results emphasize the importance of strengthening future research on the interaction between climate change and human activities. The results reveal the risk and optimal ranges of the driving factors and provide a quantification of the impacts of those factors regarding NPP. These findings can provide a scientific basis for vegetation restoration in the YRB.

The challenge of estimating kelp production in a turbid marine environment.

Coastal kelp forests produce substantial marine carbon due to high annual net primary production (NPP) rates, but upscaling of NPP estimates over time and space remains difficult. We investigated the impact of variable underwater photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and photosynthetic parameters on photosynthetic oxygen production of Laminaria hyperborea, the dominant NE-Atlantic kelp species, throughout summer 2014. Collection depth of kelp had no effect on chlorophyll a content, pointing to a high photoacclimation potential of L. hyperborea towards incident light. However, chlorophyll a and photosynthesis versus irradiance parameters differed significantly along the blade gradient when normalized to fresh mass, potentially introducing large uncertainties in NPP upscaling to whole thalli. Therefore, we recommend a normalization to kelp tissue area, which is stable over the blade gradient. Continuous PAR measurements revealed a highly variable underwater light climate at our study site (Helgoland, North Sea) in summer 2014, reflected by PAR attenuation coefficients (Kd ) between 0.28 and 0.87 m-1 . Our data highlight the importance of continuous underwater light measurements or representative average values using a weighted Kd to account for large PAR variability in NPP calculations. Strong winds in August increased turbidity, resulting in a negative carbon balance at depths >3-4m over several weeks, considerably impacting kelp productivity. Estimated daily summer NPP over all four depths was 1.48 ± 0.97 g C · m-2 seafloor · d-1 for the Helgolandic kelp forest, which is in the range of other kelp forests along European coastlines.

Factors that shape large‐scale gradients in clonality

AbstractAimMany plant species reproduce clonally. However, ecologists still have much to learn about the factors that shape large‐scale patterns in plant clonal growth and reproduction, especially in the southern hemisphere. We addressed this knowledge gap by quantifying relationships between reproductive mode and a suite of plant characteristics and environmental variables.LocationAustralia.TaxonSpermatophytes.MethodsWe used data for 914,456 species‐site combinations (including 4116 unique species) in Australia to quantify the bivariate relationships between the probability of species having clonal reproduction and four plant characteristics and 16 environmental variables, using phylogenetic logistic regressions. We also compared the relative effects across plant characteristics and environmental variables groups through principal component analysis and phylogenetic logistic regressions.ResultsThe probability of species having clonal reproduction was much more strongly related to plant characteristics than to environmental variables. Short, herbaceous plants and monocots were more likely to have clonal reproduction and were more common in environments with low temperatures, low solar radiation, high moisture availability, high net primary productivity (NPP) and high soil organic carbon and nitrogen contents. Tall, woody plants and eudicots tended to have only sexual reproduction, and were more common in dry and soil impoverished environments.Main conclusionsOur results advance the understanding of the factors that shape large‐scale patterns in plant reproduction strategy. For example, the fact that clonality is more common in shorter, herbaceous species suggests that clonality can be added to the suite of traits that align species on the fast‐slow continuum. The fact that clonal reproduction is more tightly correlated with moisture availability, NPP and soil nutrients than climatic extremes and variations suggests that clonal reproduction may be better understood as a strategy for population expansion in resource abundant sites than as a strategy for reproductive assurance under environmental stress.

Impacts of Ocean Deoxygenation on Marine Benthos in the Gulf of Mexico

Ocean deoxygenation is a growing concern globally. Oxygen is less soluble in warm water, and warming temperatures also result in the slowdown of ocean circulation which limits oxygen delivery to deeper waters. Anthropogenic eutrophication has also contributed to the development of hypoxic conditions in many coastal areas. Here we investigate biodiversity structure along an environmental gradient in the Gulf of Mexico to see how patterns of spatiotemporal turnover can inform future biotic response of benthos to ocean deoxygenation. Live and dead assemblages of bivalve mollusks were collected at 15 stations offshore Louisiana, Alabama, and Florida. Abundance and body size data were collected, and specimens were classified functionally using information about feeding, attachment, life position, and body size. Environmental conditions were characterized using multi-decadal mean sea surface temperature (SST), dissolved oxygen (DO), and net primary productivity (NPP), and grain size data from our field samples. Stations in the north-central Gulf affected by Mississippi River discharge are characterized by higher NPP, lower DO, and higher percentages of silt and clay than stations in the northeastern Gulf. Both taxonomic and functional diversity significantly covary with this environmental gradient, with the lowest diversities observed at stations in the core of Louisiana’s “dead zone.” Analyses of spatiotemporal turnover patterns reveal shifts in the dominant feeding mode, with hypoxic environments containing a greater abundance of deposit and mixed feeders, compared with more oxygenated environments that host an abundance of suspension feeders and are characterized by a greater variety of feeding ecologies. Live-dead analyses reveal a shift in taxonomic and functional diversity in coastal Louisiana, that appears to coincide with the onset of anthropogenic eutrophication in these coastal settings.

Context dependency in interference competition among birds in an endangered woodland ecosystem

AbstractAimMuch research has quantified species responses to human‐modified ecosystems. However, there is limited work on how human‐modified ecosystems may reshape competitive interactions between species. Using a 19‐year study across 3 million ha, we aimed to answer the question: Are levels of interference competition between bird species context dependent and influenced by habitat structure and productivity? We focussed on the hyper‐aggressive behaviour of the Noisy Miner (Manorina melanocephala), which is recognized as a key threatening process for other woodland bird species in Australia. Whether environmental conditions such as amount of forest cover and net primary productivity (NPP) mediate the Noisy Miners' impact remains untested at large spatiotemporal scales.LocationTemperate woodlands of south‐eastern Australia.MethodsWe gathered data on bird site occupancy from repeated surveys of field sites and assembled satellite data on tree cover and NPP. We constructed Bayesian multi‐species occupancy/detection models of bird species in woodland patches and tested the fixed and interactive effects of Noisy Miner presence, the amount of tree cover, NPP, and time. We quantified the responses of 31 species, many with known interactions with the Noisy Miner documented previously at fine spatial scales.ResultsWe identified negative associations between the Noisy Miner and 18 bird species, including, unexpectedly, both small and large bodied taxa. Site occupancy in some species was influenced by interactions between Noisy Miner presence and increasing amounts of tree cover or productivity. For some species, interference competition by the Noisy Miner is context‐dependent and mitigated by increasing tree cover and/or increasing NPP.Main ConclusionsOur analyses revealed that woodland bird conservation in our study region will be promoted by protecting refugia characterized by areas of high NPP and high tree cover. Preventing vegetation clearing that reduces tree cover could reduce interference competition by the Noisy Miner on parts of the remaining woodland bird community, including species of conservation concern.

Effects of atmospheric oxidation processes on the latitudinal distribution differences in MSA and nss-SO42- in the Northwest Pacific

Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) derived aerosols play an important role in the oceanic atmosphere. The methanesulfonic acid (MSA)/non-sea-salt sulfate (nss-SO42-) ratio is often used to determine the contribution of the DMS sulfate source. However, there is competition between the pathways of DMS to MSA and sulfate, and the importance of the differences in the reaction pathways for MSA/nss-SO42- remains unclear. Here, the MSA, nss-SO42-, and other environmental data from the Northwest Pacific Ocean in July and September were used to evaluate the impact of atmospheric oxidation processes on the ratio. In July, nss-SO42- was mostly contributed by anthropogenic sources, and in September, it was mostly produced mainly from DMS (biogenic sulfate [bio-SO42-]). Differences in sources explain most of the spatiotemporal distribution characterization of MSA and nss-SO42-. However, the atmospheric oxidation process was the main factor responsible for the difference in the spatial distribution of MSA and bio-SO42- in September. The air temperature, surface incoming shortwave flux, ozone and relative humidity affect atmospheric oxidation processes and thus the MSA/bio-SO42– ratio. Therefore, when nss-SO42- is mainly from the DMS source and the net primary production (NPP) is similar between sea areas, the MSA/nss-SO42- ratio needs to be used carefully to evaluate the sulfate contribution from the DMS source. In addition, it should be noted that the contribution of the DMS source aerosol to the Northwest Pacific is not negligible (up to 45%) with gentle wind and high NPP.

Eucalyptus clones respond differentially for heavy-metals phytoextraction and carbon sequestration in tree biomass and soil with distillery effluents irrigation in north-western India

Forest ecology has significant potential for carbon (C) and heavy-metals’ accumulation, and is considered important for mitigating environmental impacts within the ecosystem. Heavy-metals enter the soil–plant system via different anthropogenic activities per se industrialization, which has huge contribution through the discharge of heavy-metals enriched effluents. Although, irrigation with effluents to large biomass producing forestry plantation e.g. Eucalyptus sp. with high net primary production (NPP) are considered ecologically and environmentally safe, yet the information on differential response of diverse clones towards applied effluents is scares. We therefore, performed field evaluation of nine Eucalyptus clones originated from diverse agro-ecological environments irrigated with distillery effluents to investigate their growth attributes, heavy-metals (e.g. As, Cr, Cd and Ni) and micro-nutrients (e.g. Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn) uptake potential, and C storage in above-and below-ground biomass and sequestration in soil C pool. The diameter at breast height (DBH), tree volume, fresh and dry biomass of stems, leaves, branches and roots of C-316 clone was significantly (p < 0.05) higher, lowest for PE-6, whilst the C-411, C-2045, PE-5, PE-7, PE-8, PE-11 and C-413 were in-between. The Cr uptake was significantly higher for PE-8 and C-413, Ni uptake in PE-6 and C-413 and Pb uptake in clone C-2045. Among micro-nutrients, Zn, Mn and Fe uptake was significantly higher for C-316, compared with other clones. However, the metal content in surface (0–15 cm) soil layer was well below the threshold level. The partitioning of NPP among different above-and below-ground biomass components revealed that dry stem biomass comprised ~ 54.8–56.7%, branches ~ 15.8–17.1%, while leaves ~ 5.6–7.5% of total dry tree biomass. Root biomass comprised ~ 21.3% of total tree biomass. Carbon stocks in dry above-ground biomass (stems + branches + leaves) varied between 33.9 and 59.5 kg C tree−1, and were significantly higher for C-316, and lowest for PE-6 clones. The total C sequestration in tree biomass varied between 229.7 and 450.9 Mg C ha−1 in different clones; with significantly higher in C-316 and lowest in PE-6. Carbon sequestration rate varied between 57.4 and 112.7 Mg C ha−1 year−1 for different Eucalyptus clones. Total organic C (TOC) stocks in surface soil layer under C-413, C-411 and C-316 clones were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than others. The discriminant function analysis (DFA) showed that two significant canonical discriminant functions (DFs) viz. DF-1 and DF-2 involving total tree biomass, total uptake of As, Pb, Zn, Mn and Fe in above-ground biomass of Eucalyptus clones distinguished different cones, appropriately grouping 97.5% of the tested clones. These results underpin overwhelming significance of C-316 plantation for increased heavy-metals’ uptake with co-benefits of C sequestration in tree biomass as well as in soils. Therefore, a stringent policy framework for large scale C-316 clone plantation in regions with availability of distillery effluents is required for restoring the forest ecosystem on sustainability basis.

Rubble fields shape planktonic protist communities in Indonesia at a local scale.

The Coral Triangle encompasses nearly 30% of the world's coral reefs and is widely considered the epicenter of marine biodiversity. Destructive fishing practices and natural disturbances common to this region damage reefs leaving behind fields of coral rubble. While the impacts of disturbances in these ecosystems are well documented on metazoans, we have a poor understanding of their impact on microbial communities at the base of the food web. We use metabarcoding to characterize protist community composition in sites of varying fisheries management schemes and benthic profiles across the island of Lombok, Indonesia. Our study shows that rubble coverage and net primary productivity are the strongest explainers of variation in protist communities across Lombok. More specifically, rubble fields are characterized by increases in small heterotrophic protists, including ciliates and cercozoans. In addition to shifts in heterotrophic protist communities, we also observed increases in diatom relative abundance in rubble fields, which corresponded to sites with higher net primary productivity. These results are the first to characterize protist communities in tropical marine rubble fields and provide insight on environmental factors potentially driving these shifts on a local scale.

Determination of potential fishing ground of mackerel fish (Rastrelliger kanagurta) using satellite imagery in the Malacca Strait

Mackerel fish (Rastrelliger kanagurta) is a fishery commodity in high demand by the community which is caught in the Malacca Strait. The number of mackerel catches tends to fluctuate every month because it is influenced by different mackerel fishing grounds. Determination of fishing ground tends to use traditional methods such as seeing ripples and a flock of birds flying above the water surface. This study aims to determine the effect of sea surface temperature and chlorophyll-a concentration on mackerel catches and determine the value of primary productivity of the VGPM model every month and also to determine the potential fishing ground to catch mackerel fish based on the sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophyll-a concentration and Aqua MODIS satellite image data (SST and Chlorophyll-a) were downloaded from oceancolour.gfc.nasa.gov while the catch data were obtained from the Belawan Ocean Fishery Port, the data was taken from 2016 to 2020. The influence of SST and Chlorophyll-a concentration was analyzed and visualized on a map. It was found that every month the potential fishing ground for catching mackerel fish has a different location due to the influence of sea surface temperature and fluctuating chlorophyll-a caused by seasonal changes that occur in Indonesia, where the average SST ranged from 30.01 to 31.34°C and the concentration of chlorophyll-a ranged from 1.48 – 2.28 mg/m3 from 2016 – 2020 with a high net primary productivity ranged from 802.12 – 1.341.59 mgC/m2/day from 2016 to 2020. The potential area for catching mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) caught using purse seines in the Malacca Strait is in the coordinates range of 980 10"51.6” – 1000 19"4.8” (longitude) and 30 28" 48” – 4 0 56"34.8” (latitude) and perpendicular horizontally to the Langkat Regency to Asahan Regency shoreline with a distance under 12 miles to 50 miles. Information on potential areas for catching mackerel can help fishermen in fishing activities so that they are more efficient and catch maximum results.

Atmospheric temperature and humidity demonstrated strong correlation with productivity in tropical moist deciduous forests.

Tropical forests sequester six times higher carbon than that released by humans annually into the atmosphere. These biodiversity-rich tropical forests have high net primary productivity (NPP), which differs among constituent plant communities. Tropical moist deciduous forests occupy 179,335 km2 of India's geographical area and constitute 44% of the country's total protected area (PA) forests. The productivity of these forests has neither been estimated specifically nor precisely. We measured the annual NPP of three predominant distinct community types, viz., mixed (DM), sal (SM), and teak (TP), in a tropical moist deciduous forestin northern India. The NPP was estimated from tree biomass data collected from nine long-term ecological research (LTER) plots of 1ha each representing the above three community types. The estimatedannual NPP were 10.28, 6.25, and 9.79Mgha-1year-1 in DM; 8.93, 7.09, and 10.59Mgha-1year-1 in SM; and 14.57, 7.14, and 13.56Mgha-1year-1 in TP for the years 2010, 2011, and 2012, respectively. The NPP was correlated with tree density, height and DBH, species richness, diversity, microclimatic and edaphic variables, and leaf area index (LAI) using principal component analysis (PCA) and generalized linear modeling (GLM). Air temperature and humidity were strongly related to NPP in all the community types, while "complementarity" and "selection effects" contributed to the NPP in both the sal and mixed forestcommunities with equal importance, and the NPP in teak plantation ould point to "dominance effect."

Spatiotemporal variation of net primary productivity influenced by climatic variables in the karst area of China

Karst area is one of the most ecologically fragile regions. Monitoring spatial and temporal variation of net primary productivity (NPP) and its response to climate change are essential for vegetation restoration. In this study, we used the CASA (Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach) model to estimate the NPP in the karst area of China during 2001 to 2019. We analyzed the response of multi-scale NPP to climate change by using Theil-Sen Median trend analysis, partial correlation analysis and time lag analysis. The results showed that the average NPP was 399.06 gC·m−2, decreased from southeast to northwest, with an annual increase rate of 1.93 gC·m−2 from 2001 to 2019. The broadleaf forest had the highest NPP, and summer NPP accounted for 48.12% of annual NPP. Climate change significantly promotes the increase of NPP in the early growing season. Partial correlation analysis showed that NPP was more correlated with precipitation (0.20) than temperature (0.12), this phenomenon was more pronounced in some arid regions. Where precipitation caused a decrease in NPP during the rainy season. The time lag of NPP to temperature change was shorter than precipitation, indicating that NPP is more sensitive to temperature in most regions. The time lag of NPP to temperature changes was very short in spring. Whereas, even in arid regions, the time lag of NPP to precipitation changes was still long. This study can deepen our knowledge of the response of NPP to climate change in karst ecosystems.