High Melt Viscosity Research Articles

Reactive extrusion for efficient preparation of high temperature resistant PA6T/66/BN composites with great thermal management and mechanical properties

High temperature resistant polymer-based composite with high thermal conductivity and great mechanical properties are highly demanded in the field of electronic devices for simultaneously meeting surface mounting process and high-power operation. The key to achieving this goal is to balance the contradiction between the high melt viscosity of high-temperature resistant polymers and the dispersibility of fillers. In this work, the high-performance polyamide 6T/66/hexagonal boron nitride (PA6T/66/BN) composites were fabricated successfully via the method combining prepolymerization and reactive extrusion. Results demonstrated that this method not only significantly improves the preparation efficiency of high temperature resistant polyamide and its composites, but also enables the prepared composites to reach 3.6 W/(m⋅K), over 299 °C and 67.8 MPa in thermal conductivity, melting point and tensile strength respectively. Furthermore, the prepared composite exhibits excellent thermal management effects on LED and CPU. Therefore, the results of this work are of great significance for the efficient preparation and wide application of high-temperature resistant polymer based thermally conductive composites.

Statistical modeling and optimization of process parameters for additive manufacturing of styrene–ethylene–butylene–styrene block copolymer parts using solvent cast 3D printing technique

AbstractAdditive manufacturing of thermoplastic elastomers is challenging using fused deposition modeling due to their high melt viscosity, low column strength, and poor fusion among layers. Solvent‐cast 3D printing (SC‐3DP) is an efficient alternative to successfully 3D print such materials. However, selection of suitable 3D printing parameters is crucial to realize parts with optimum physicomechanical properties. In this work, statistical modeling and SC‐3DP parameter optimization for styrene–ethylene–butylene–styrene (SEBS) block copolymer were performed. The effect of 3D printing process parameters on shrinkage, relative density, and tensile strength was analyzed using response surface methodology. Experiments were planned as per central composite design and analysis of variance was performed to evaluate the significant parameters. SEBS content in the polymer solution significantly affected the shrinkage of SC‐3DP samples. Moreover, relative density and tensile strength were significantly affected by print speed and layer height. A significant interaction between print speed and layer height was also noticed for tensile strength and relative density of printed samples. Multi‐objective optimization using genetic algorithm was also performed to minimize shrinkage and maximize relative density and tensile strength. Finally, a case study was conducted comparing the physicomechanical properties of SC‐3DP samples printed at optimized process parameters and compression molded samples.Highlights Statistical models were developed using response surface methodology. Genetic algorithm based multi‐objective optimization was performed. Optimum solvent‐cast 3D printing (SC‐3DP) process parameters were determined.

TFE Terpolymers: Once Promising - Are There Still Perspectives in the 21st Century: Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties-Part I.

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) exhibits outstanding properties such as high-temperature stability, low surface tension, and chemical resistance against most solvents, strong acids, and bases. However, these traits make it challenging to subject PTFE to standard polymer processing procedures, such as thermoforming and hot incremental forming. While polymer processing at temperatures above the melting point of PTFE is already demanding, the typically large molar mass of PTFE results in extremely high melt viscosities, complicating the processing of PTFE. Also, PTFE tends to decompose at temperatures close to its melting point. Therefore, fluoropolymers obtained by copolymerizing tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) with various co-monomers are studied as alternatives to PTFE (e.g., fluorinated ethylene-propylene (FEP)), combining its advantages with better processability. TFE terpolymers have emerged as desirable PTFE alternatives. This review provides an overview of the synthesis with various comonomers and microstructural analysis of PTFE terpolymers and the relationships between the microstructures of TFE terpolymers and their properties.

Advancements and Perspectives in Additive Manufacturing of Tungsten Alloys and Composites: Challenges and Solutions

This review explores additive manufacturing (AM) for refractory tungsten (W) and its alloys, highlighting the primary challenges and determining factors in the AM of pure W, W alloys and composites. The challenges mainly arise from W’s high melting point, low laser absorptivity, high thermal conductivity, high melt viscosity, high oxygen affinity, high ductile-to-brittle transition temperature, and inherent embrittlement, which lead to defects and anomalies in AM-produced parts. This review focuses on both processes and alloying strategies to address the issues related to densification, micro-cracking, and the resultant properties in W-based components. Cracking in additively manufactured W remains a persistent issue due to thermal stress, embrittlement, and oxide formation. Powder characteristics, process parameters, and thermal management strategies are crucial for W densification. Throughout the review, existing knowledge and insights are organized into comprehensive tables, serving as valuable resources for researchers delving deeper into this topic. Future research in W-AM should focus on understanding the interaction between AM process parameters and microstructural and material design. Advances in atomic-level understanding, thermodynamic modeling, and data analytics have the potential to significantly enhance the precision, sustainability, and applicability of W-AM.

CNT modified chopped ultra-thin CF/PET tapes reinforced PET thermoplastic composite laminates with elevated interfacial properties and ultra-low porosity

Carbon fiber (CF) reinforced thermoplastic polyethylene terephthalate (PET) laminate composites with light weight, high strength, excellent damage tolerance, and recyclability have garnered increasing attention. However, the weak interface between inert CF and PET resin, as well as the difficulty of impregnating the considerably high melt viscosity of PET matrix into the CF bundles, have impeded further development of the CF/PET composites. To settle the challenge, the chopped ultra-thin CF tapes (thickness of 40 μm and length of 30 mm) reinforced PET composite laminates were prepared by mechanical spreading technology, following with random stacking and molding technology via the plasma treatment and PET/carbon nanotubes (CNT) sizing. As the results, the optimal interlaminar shear strength (ILSS), tensile strength, and Young's modulus of the chopped ultra-thin CF tapes reinforced PET composites (with 1.0 wt% CNT) achieved 42.4 MPa, 780.9 MPa, and 47.8 GPa, which increased by 41.9 %, 40.7 %, and 68.9 %, respectively, compared to unmodified CF/PET composites. Especially, the porosity of the composites reached 0.68 %, decreased by 84.3 %. Therefore, combining the easy infiltrability of chopped ultra-thin CF tapes technology and the multiscale interfacial reinforced strategy (plasma treatment and PET/CNT sizing) is an effective way to reduce the porosity and enhance the mechanical properties of the thermoplastic composites.

Poly (ethylene terephthalate) micro-nano fibrous membranes via optimized melt electrospinning for water filtration

Melt electrospinning (MES) offers an eco-friendly and efficient method for the production of micro-nano fibers. However, micro-nano fibers production from poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) by MES is challenging due to poor conductivity and high viscosity melts. Here, we report an optimized MES method to create PET fibers with 665 nm average diameter, which was achieved by improving melt flow properties through the addition of a viscosity-reducing lubricant (pentaerythritol stearate) and optimized the spinneret design to generate stronger electric fields. Following this, a fibrous membrane was fabricated using vacuum assisted deposition flat-plate hot-pressing. The membrane exhibited a tensile strength of 14.5 MPa, buckling recovery at 50% buckling strain, and fatigue resistance over 100 cycles. Furthermore, the membrane exhibits water filtration performance with a flux of 7900 L·m−2·h-1 and a filtration efficiency of over 95% at low driving pressures (≤20 kPa). This work has provided inspiration for designing melt electrospinning micro-nano fibers for environmental governance applications.

Experimental Evidence of Primary Permeability at Very Low Gas Content in Crystal‐Rich Silicic Magma

AbstractEruptive dynamics is influenced by gas escape from the ascending magma. Gas pathways form in the magma via bubble coalescence, leading to gas channeling. Magmatic crystals play a key role in gas channel formation. This work constrains experimentally decompression‐induced coalescence in high‐crystallinity silicic magmas without external deformation, focusing on low gas content and bimodal crystal size (microlites and phenocrysts). All percolating samples have permeabilities of 10−14 m2 at bulk porosities of 7–10 vol% and bulk crystallinities up to 75 vol%. Our results demonstrate the possibility of coalescence‐related outgassing at high pressure (120–350 MPa) and without external strain, which corresponds to magma stagnating deep in a volcanic conduit. Channeling at such low gas content implies that bimodal crystallinity favors effusive over explosive volcanic behavior. It may also be the missing physical mechanism explaining gas transfer across magmatic systems despite high melt viscosity and low or absent magma extrusion.

High melt viscosity, low yellowing, strengthened and toughened biodegradable polyglycolic acid via chain extension of aliphatic diisocyanate and epoxy oligomer

Poly(glycolic acid) (PGA) is a biodegradable plastic with excellent degradation rate, barrier properties, and heat resistance. However, its low melt viscosity and narrow processing temperature severely limit its application. To overcome these drawbacks, the aromatic diisocyanates TDI and MDI, aliphatic diisocyanate HDI, and multifunctional epoxy oligomer ADR were used as the chain extender to modify PGA. The PGA/HDI shows a faster chain extension reaction rate and significantly less yellowing than PGA/TDI or PGA/MDI. The combined use of HDI and ADR to modify PGA can produce long chain branched/crosslinked structures, resulting in a significant increase in melt viscosity, with complex viscosity two orders of magnitude higher than that of pure PGA and minimal yellowing. The T-5% of PGA/HDI/ADR is 45 °C higher than that of pure PGA, and its crystallization temperature, crystallization rate and melting temperature are significantly decreased, suggesting that it has a wider processing temperature window. Moreover, the tensile and flexural strength of PGA/HDI/ADR are 113.8 MPa and 216.8 MPa, respectively, an increase of 25% and 26% over pure PGA, while the elongation at break and impact strength increase to 9.5% and 11.6 KJ/m2, respectively, 42% and 176% higher than pure PGA.

Constructing a special interface structure of starch/PBAT composites with a novel “many-to-many” strategy

It is a challenge to achieve a high reaction ratio of compatibilizers for improving the compatibility of the composites due to high melt viscosity and short residence time during melt processing. Inspired by the fact that xanthium seeds in the nature are easy to combine with animal fur efficiently, a new “many-to-many" melting chemical reaction strategy was proposed to greatly improve the reaction ratio of compatibilizers. In this work, a polycaprolactone-based polyurethane prepolymer (PCLPU) was used to prepare compatible starch/poly(butyleneadipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) composites. Polyurethane nanoparticles containing a lot of –NCO groups were prepared and then reacted with tapioca starch with a lot of –OH groups in an intensive mixer to obtain starch/PBAT composite material with a special interface structure. Compared with the biocomposites without PCLPU, the PCLPU-modified biocomposites exhibited compatible morphology and excellent mechanical properties, and the reaction ratio of the PCLPU was as high as 99.2 %. The special polyurethane prepolymer interface formed in the composite interacted with the hydrophilic starch granules through urethane linkages and with hydrophobic PBAT through physical PBAT-PBAT linkages. Therefore, the novel strategy used to achieve a special interface structure for improving the mechanical properties of a composite was a simple, efficient, and environmentally friendly method.

High Temperature Melt Viscosity Prediction Model Based on BP Neural Network

High Temperature Melt Viscosity Prediction Model Based on BP Neural Network

PET mechanical recycling. A new principle for chain extender introduction

The introduction of chain extenders into the melt of recycled PET (rPET) is traditionally performed at the activation temperature of the extension reaction. The disadvantage of this approach is the low dispersion of chain extender particles, which does not contribute to the full extension reaction. As a result, some rPET chains do not react with the chain extenders, and unreacted chain extenders lead to a decrease in the crystallinity or crystallization rate of rPET, an increase in its degradation rate, and also present deleterious low molecular weight migrating compounds. Herein, a new principle of chain extenders introduction based on a two-stage scheme is considered for the first time, which includes a preliminary stage of mixing chain extenders in an rPET melt at a temperature below the activation temperature of the extension reaction and a stage of PET chain extension at the activation temperature of the extension reaction. It has been shown that rPET modified in this way has higher melt viscosity, strength and ductility compared to rPET modified in the traditional way. The reaction time is reduced by 10–20% depending on the type and concentration of chain extenders used. The differences in the structures formed are demonstrated by NMR, FTIR, DSC, WAXS and rheological test methods. The economic and environmental implications associated with the introduction of a new principle are discussed.

Recent Progress in Modification of Polyphenylene Oxide for Application in High-Frequency Communication.

With the rapid development of highly integrated electronic devices and high-frequency microwave communication technology, the parasitic resistance-capacitance (RC) delay and propagation loss severely restrict the development of a high-frequency communication system. Benefiting from its low dielectric constants (Dk) and low dielectric loss factor (Df), polyphenylene oxide (PPO) has attracted widespread attention for its application in the dielectric layers of integrated circuits. However, PPO suffers from a very high melting viscosity, a larger coefficient of thermal expansion than copper wire and poor solvent resistance. Recently, many efforts have focused on the modification of PPO by various means for communication applications. However, review articles focusing on PPO are unexpectedly limited. In this article, the research progress concerning PPO materials in view of the modification of PPO has been summarized. The following aspects are covered: polymerization and design of special chemical structure, low molecular weight PPO and blending with thermosetting resin, hyperbranched PPO, thermosetting PPO and incorporating with fillers. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of various types of modification methods and their applications are compared, and the possible future development directions are also proposed. It is believed that this review will arouse the interest of the electronics industry because of the detailed summary of the cutting-edge modification technology for PPO.

Development of Ternary Amorphous Solid Dispersions Manufactured by Hot-Melt Extrusion and Spray-Drying─Comparison of In Vitro and In Vivo Performance.

Producing amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) by hot-melt extrusion (HME) is favorable from an economic and ecological perspective but also limited to thermostable active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). A potential technology shift from spray-drying to hot-melt extrusion at later stages of drug product development is a desirable goal, however bearing the risk of insufficient comparability of the in vitro and in vivo performance of the final dosage form. Hot-melt extrusion was performed using API/polymer/surfactant mixtures with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) as the polymer and evaluated regarding the extrudability of binary and ternary amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs). Additionally, spray-dried ASDs were produced, and solid-state properties were compared to the melt-extruded ASDs. Tablets were manufactured of a ternary ASD lead candidate comparing their in vitro dissolution and in vivo performance. The extrudability of HPMCAS was improved by adding a surfactant as plasticizer, thereby lowering the high melt-viscosity. d-α-Tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) as surfactant showed the most similar solid-state properties between spray-dried and extruded ASDs compared to those of poloxamer 188 and sodium dodecyl sulfate. The addition of TPGS, however, barely affected API/polymer interactions. The in vitro dissolution experiment and in vivo dog study revealed a higher drug release of tablets manufactured from the spray-dried ASD compared to the melt-extruded ASD; this was attributed to the different particle size. We could further demonstrate that the drug release can be controlled by adjusting the particle size of melt-extruded ASDs leading to a similar release profile compared to tablets containing the spray-dried dispersion, which confirmed the feasibility of a technology shift from spray-drying to HME upon drug product development.

Формирование и исследование свойств покрытий из металлического стекла FeWCrMoBC на стали 35

Introduction. To obtain metallic glass coatings it is necessary to achieve high cooling rates of melt. FeWCrMoBC composition has high melt viscosity and sufficient glass-forming ability to fix of the amorphous state at cooling rates implemented by electric discharge alloying with the use of a crystalline electrode. The purpose of the work is one-stage deposition of amorphous coating by electric discharge alloying, using crystalline anode FeWCrMoBC, prepared by casting and studying the properties of modified surface of carbon steel: wettability, high-temperature resistance, tribological properties. Methods and Results. The structure of anode and coatings was investigated by X-ray diffraction analysis in CuKα radiation on a DRON-7 diffractometer. In contrast to the X-ray patterns of the anode material, sharp Bregg reflexes were not observed on the X-ray patterns of the coatings, but a wide halo was present in the range of angles 2Ѳ = 40–50°, which indicates its amorphous structure. The cyclic high-temperature resistance test was carried out at 700 °C for 100 hours. The wear rate and coefficient of friction of the specimens were studied under dry sliding friction at a speed of 0.47 m/s at a load of 25 N with the use of a counterbody made of high-speed steel M45. The influence of the discharge pulse duty cycle on the character of mass transfer (anode erosion, cathode weight gain, mass transfer coefficient) during coating formation was investigated. With a decrease in the duty cycle of the discharge pulses up to 9 times, the erosion of the anode increased up to 5 times, and the cathode mass gain increased up to 2.2 times. The maximum mass-transfer coefficient was achieved at the highest duty cycle. An increase in a number of surface properties of carbon steel after coating was observed: the hardness of the surface of the specimens increased by 2.3–2.6 times; the average thickness of the coatings was in the range of 56–80.6 µm; the wetting angle was in the range of 108.4–121.3°; the coefficient of friction decreased by 1.2–1.4 times; the wear resistance increased by 2–3.3 times; oxidizability in air decreased by 14–18 times. Scope and Conclusions. The achieved higher properties (hardness, wear resistance, high-temperature resistance, and hydrophobicity) of the executive surfaces of parts made of carbon steel after deposition of the proposed coatings can be used in various branches of engineering production. The results of the work confirmed the possibility of deposition of metallic glass coatings by electric discharge alloying with the use of cast anode material FeWCrMoBC on carbon steel.

Fabrication of functionalised graphene-PAEK nanocomposites for different manufacturing processes

ABSTRACTAchieving good dispersion of graphene (GNP), in polyetheretherketone (PEEK), is challenging due to the high melt viscosity, solvent resistance and processing temperature of PEEK. In addition, certain manufacturing processes tend to enhance the anisotropy due to GNP orientation within the structure. This study investigated the fabrication of nanocomposite parts through hot compression moulding (C-MOULD) and powder bed fusion (PBF) processes, using powder with GNPs fused to the surface of polymeric particles, through a process called mechanofusion. The method applies mechanical forces of compression, shear and impact to generate a mechanical bond between materials, in this case, O2 functionalised GNP and a developmental polyaryletherketones (PAEK) grade powder. The novelty of this work is in the combination of processes used for manufacturing (material preparation and actual manufacturing processes), which are scalable and efficient in comparison with existing methods (such as solvent mixing or melt-compounding). The mechanofusion GNP-PAEK composite powders were successfully printed for the first time using the EOS P800 system with notable improvements in electrical and mechanical properties. This study highlights that the mechanofusion process could be used as an efficient process for making multifunctional nanocomposite materials and this can be combined with additive manufacturing (AM) processes to produce complex components.

Powder bed fusion additive manufacturing of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene using a novel laser scanning strategy

Current processing routes (ram extrusion, compression molding, and sheet molding) for fabricating ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) greatly limit the geometries that can be processed. Due to these limitations, additive manufacturing (AM) of UHMWPE has long been a goal, as the ability to fabricate complex geometries from this polymer could open new applications not possible using these traditional processing routes. UHMWPE’s especially high wear properties also fill a gap in current AM materials. Powder bed fusion (PBF) processing of UHMWPE is challenging due to the high melt viscosity of UHMWPE and melt explosion, which occurs during melting of UHMWPE and causes powder particle expansion during scanning and leads to powder recoating failure. This work demonstrates a novel scan strategy for PBF of UHMWPE, in which layers are scanned using large (1.2 mm) hatch spacings. Scanning with a large hatch spacing reduces conduction between scanlines and distributes energy so as to encourage coalescence without melt explosion. UHMWPE powder is only partially melted during this scanning approach, which causes light coalescence between particles and avoids z-direction expansion that disrupts powder recoating. The lightly coalesced “green” parts are brittle and are densified by thermally post-processing them in the melt. Parts retain their shape during post-processing due to the high melt viscosity of UHMWPE. Using this combination of a novel scan strategy with large hatch spacing and a post-processing thermal treatment, a 3000 kDa UHMWPE was successfully printed, demonstrating the first reported multi-layer PBF of UHMWPE with complex geometries.

Pre-compositing polyetherketoneketone with short-cut carbon fibers into advanced powder materials toward composites with fully-adhered interfaces

It is challenging to realize intimate interface between reinforcement and matrix using powder materials, due to the high melting points and melt viscosities of thermoplastics like polyaryletherketones. Herein, a solution-based strategy is proposed to realize pre-composition in powders, and using them, full and tight fiber–matrix bounding is formed in the final composites. Owing to the dissolubility of polyetherketoneketone (PEKK), short-cut carbon fibers (CFs) are uniformly introduced into the solution and fully covered by PEKK, i.e., the pre-composition. The composite powders lead to structural uniformity, full utilization of CF surfaces, and avoidance of CF aggregation. The hot-compressed beams exhibit remarkably enhanced tensile and flexural strengths (135.5 and 173.7 MPa), more than 30% and 60% higher than those of the pure PEKK. Meanwhile, they possess high tensile and flexural strains at break up to 5.5% and 11.4%, respectively, enhanced crystallinity up to 17.7%, and high thermal conductivity of 0.26–0.29 Wm−1K−1. The pre-composition also exhibits other advantages, such as the higher powder flowability, reduced steps of high-temperature processing, and superior anti-abrasion ability and enhanced thermal stability of composite beams.

Challenges in Manufacturing of Hemp Fiber-Reinforced Organo Sheets with a Recycled PLA Matrix.

This study investigates the influence of a hot press process on the properties of hemp fiber-reinforced organo sheets. Plain-woven fabric made from hemp staple fiber yarns is used as textile reinforcement, together with a recycled poly-lactic acid (PLA) matrix. Process pressure and temperature are considered with three factor levels for each parameter. The parameter influence is examined based on the B-factor model, which considers the temperature-dependent viscosity of the polymer, as well as the process pressure for the calculation of a dimensionless value. Increasing these parameters theoretically promotes improvements in impregnation. This study found that the considered recycled polymer only allows a narrow corridor to achieve adequate impregnation quality alongside optimal bending properties. Temperatures below 170 °C impede impregnation due to the high melt viscosity, while temperature increases to 185 °C show the first signs of thermal degradation, with reduced bending modulus and strength. A comparison with hemp fiber-reinforced virgin polypropylene, manufactured with identical process parameters, showed that this reduction can be mainly attributed to polymer degradation rather than reduction in fiber properties. The process pressure should be at least 1.5 MPa to allow for sufficient compaction of the textile stack, thus reducing theoretical pore volume content to a minimum.

Evaluation of the influence of process parameters on crystallinity and tensile strength of 3D printed PEEK parts

The Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) process of polyether(ether ketone), PEEK, is a challenging task due to its high melting point and viscosity that imply the need of high temperature of printing and the optimization of many process parameters. In the present work, the influence of printing speed, nozzle and chamber temperature on both crystalline and mechanical tensile characteristics was evaluated. The results showed the possibility to control the 3D-printed PEEK structural properties on which the tensile performances strongly depend. In particular, it was found that the chamber temperature is the parameter that most influences the specimens crystallinity degree which determines their actual tensile behavior. The higher the degree of crystallinity, the stiffer the material is. Furthermore, the printing speed and nozzle temperature play a key role in reducing voids inside the printed parts, thereby increasing tensile strength. In this work, the best tensile performance and the higher degree of crystallinity were obtained by keeping the chamber temperature of 160°C, the nozzle temperature of 450°C and the printing speed of 1500 mm/min. Thus, according to the final application of the printed parts, a careful choice of these parameters is needed.

Preparation and properties of polyetherimide fibers based on the synergistic effect of carbon nanotubes and ionic liquids

AbstractPolyetherimide (PEI) has been widely applied in the form of plastics, films, and foam materials. But PEI fiber is confronted with some challenges, such as high melt viscosity and high spinning temperature during the spinning process, poor mechanical properties because of its amorphous structure. In this study, ionic liquids (ILs) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were used to prepare PEI composite fibers (PEI/CNT‐IL) successfully, which were further characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), Raman spectra, differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, thermalgravimetric analysis, mechanical property, and conductivity measurements. IL showed a plasticizing effect to reduce the processing temperature of PEI and SEM images showed that CNTs were uniformly dispersed in the PEI matrix by the assistance of IL. The synergistic effect of CNT and IL thus improved the tensile strength and antistatic properties of PEI fibers. When the contents of CNT and IL were 0.5 and 1.0 wt%, respectively, the optimal properties were obtained. PEI/CNT‐IL fibers exhibited a maximum tensile strength of 2.0 cN/dtex with the elongation at break being 90%, and the enhanced electrical conductivity of 10−5 S·cm−1, which was increased by 13 orders of magnitude compared to that of pristine PEI fiber.Highlights PEI composite fibers were prepared via melt spinning with the assistance of IL and CNT. IL can effectively disperse CNT and plasticize PEI to reduce the processing temperature. The synergistic effect of CNT and IL has improved the tensile strength and antistatic properties of PEI fibers.