High Load Research Articles

Coupled Ni─Co Dual-Atom Catalyst for Guiding Sulfur and Lithium Evolutions in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries.

The kinetically retarded sulfur evolution reactions and notorious lithium dendrites as the major obstacles hamper the practical implementation of lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs). Dual metal atom catalysts as a new model are expected to show higher activity by their rational coupling. Herein, the dual-atom catalyst with coupled Ni─Co atom pairs (Ni/Co-DAC) is designed successfully by programmed approaches. The Ni─Co atom pairs alter the local electron structure and optimize the coordination configuration of Ni/Co-DAC, leading to the coupling effect for promoting the interconversion of sulfur and guiding lithium plating/striping. The LSB delivers a remarkable capacity of 818mA h g-1 at 3.0 C and a low degeneration rate of 0.053% per cycle over 500 cycles. Moreover, the LSB with a high sulfur mass loading of 6.1mg cm-2 and lean electrolyte dosage of 6.0µL mgS -1 shows a remarkable areal capacity of 5.7mA h cm-2.

Regulation of Zn2+ Solvation Configuration in Aqueous Batteries via Selenium-Substituted Crown Ether Engineering.

The efficient utilization of the metallic Zn in rechargeable aqueous Zn-ion batteries (RAZBs) struggle to suffer from parasitic Zn dendrite formation, hydrogen evolution reactions as well as severe interfacial degradation at high areal capacity loadings. This study thus proposes to employ the modified crown ether as an aqueous electrolyte additive to regulate the Zn2+ desolvation kinetic and facilitates the horizontally oriented (002) deposition of Zn, extending the lifespan of both the symmetric cell and full cell models. Specifically, zincophilic cyano and hydrophobic selenium atoms are incorporated into the crown ether supramolecule to enhance Zn2+ coordination and desolvation capability. The addition of 4-cyanobenzo-21-crown-7-selenium at a low concentration of 0.5 wt.% effectively mitigates hydrogen evolution and Zn corrosion caused by water, promoting the oriented deposition of Zn2+. The Zn||V2O5 full cell prototype, assembled with the areal capacity loadings of 2 mAh cm-2 and N/P ratio of 2.95, exhibits negligible capacity fading at 2.0A g-1 for 300 cycles, highlighting the commercial feasibility of supramolecular macrocycles additive for practical RAZBs applications.

Capillary trapping of various nanomaterials on additively manufactured scaffolds for 3D micro-/nanofabrication

High-precision additive manufacturing technologies, such as two-photon polymerization, are mainly limited to photo-curable polymers and currently lacks the possibility to produce multimaterial components. Herein, we report a physically bottom-up assembly strategy that leverages capillary force to trap various nanomaterials and assemble them onto three-dimensional (3D) microscaffolds. This capillary-trapping strategy enables precise and uniform assembly of nanomaterials into versatile 3D microstructures with high uniformity and mass loading. Our approach applies to diverse materials irrespective of their physiochemical properties, including polymers, metals, metal oxides, and others. It can integrate at least four different material types into a single 3D microstructure in a sequential, layer-by-layer manner, opening immense possibilities for tailored functionalities on demand. Furthermore, the 3D microscaffolds are removable, facilitating the creation of pure material-based 3D microstructures. This universal 3D micro-/nanofabrication technique with various nanomaterials enables the creation of advanced miniature devices with potential applications in multifunctional microrobots and smart micromachines.

Regulating the Double-Way Traffic of Cations and Anions in Ambipolar Polymer Cathodes for High-Performing Aluminum Dual-Ion Batteries.

The strong Coulombic interactions between Al3+ and traditional inorganic crystalline cathodes present a significant obstacle in developing high-performance rechargeable aluminum batteries (RABs) that hold promise for safe and sustainable stationary energy storage. While accommodating chloroaluminate ions (AlCl4 -, AlCl2+, etc.) in redox-active organic compounds offers a promising solution for RABs, the issues of dissolution and low ionic/electronic conductivities plague the development of organic cathodes. Herein, electron donors are synthetically connected with acceptors to create crosslinked, bipolar-conjugated polymer cathodes. These cathodes exhibit overlapped redox potential ranges for both donors and acceptors in highly concentrated AlCl3-based ionic liquid electrolytes. This approach strategically enables on-site doping of the polymer backbones during redox reactions involving both donor and acceptor units, thereby enhancing the electron/ion transfer kinetics within the resultant polymer cathodes. Based on the optimal donor/acceptor combination, the bipolar polymer cathodes can deliver a high specific capacity of 205mAhg-1 by leveraging the co-storage of AlCl4 - and AlCl2+. The electrodes exhibit excellent rate performance, a stable cycle life of 60000 cycles, and function efficiently at high mass loadings, i.e., 100mg cm-2, and at low temperatures, i.e., -30°C. The findings exemplify the exploration of high-performing conjugated polymer cathodes for RABs through rational structural design.

Tailoring the Electrode-Electrolyte Interface for Reliable Operation of All-Climate 4.8 V Li||NCM811 Batteries.

Combining high-voltage nickel-rich cathodes with lithium metal anodes is among the most promising approaches for achieving high-energy-density lithium batteries. However, most current electrolytes fail to simultaneously satisfy the compatibility requirements for the lithium metal anode and the tolerance for the ultra-high voltage NCM811 cathode. Here, we have designed an ultra-oxidation-resistant electrolyte by meticulously adjusting the composition of fluorinated carbonates. Our study reveals that a solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) rich in LiF and Li2O is constructed on the lithium anode through the synergistic decomposition of the fluorinated solvents and PF6- anion, facilitating smooth lithium metal deposition. The superior oxidation resistance of our electrolyte enables the Li||NCM811 cell to deliver a capacity retention of 80% after 300 cycles at an ultrahigh cut-off voltage of 4.8 V. Additionally, a pioneering 4.8 V-class lithium metal pouch cell with an energy density of 462.2 Wh kg-1 stably cycles for 110 cycles under harsh conditions of high cathode loading (30 mg cm-2), low N/P ratio (1.18), and lean electrolytes (2.3 g Ah-1).

Improved Performance of Polylactic Acid Biocomposites at High Lignin Loadings through Glycidyl Methacrylate Grafting of Melt-Flowable Organosolv Lignin

Improved Performance of Polylactic Acid Biocomposites at High Lignin Loadings through Glycidyl Methacrylate Grafting of Melt-Flowable Organosolv Lignin

An injectable oleogel-based bupivacaine formulation for prolonged non-opioid post-operative analgesia.

Opioid-based medications remain the mainstay of post-operative pain management, even though they are associated with a plethora of adverse effects including addiction, nausea, constipation, cognitive impairment, respiratory depression, and accidental death due to overdose. Local anesthetics are effective at controlling the intense pain after surgery but their short duration of effect limits their clinical utility in post-operative pain management. In this manuscript, an optimized injectable oleogel-based formulation of bupivacaine for multi-day post-operative pain management was characterized on the benchtop and assessed in two clinically-relevant porcine post-operative pain models. Benchtop characterization verified the optimized oleogel-based bupivacaine formulation design, demonstrating a homogenous stable oleogel with sufficient injectability due to shear-thinning properties, high drug loading capacity and first-order drug release kinetics over 5days. In vivo assessment in two pig post-operative pain models demonstrated that the oleogel-based bupivacaine formulation can provide statistically significant multi-day analgesia in two routes of administration: local instillation directly into a surgical site and ultrasound-guided peripheral nerve block injection. Pharmacokinetic assessment of ALX005 found that Cmax values were not statistically different from the bupivacaine HCl control, with no clinical signs of local anesthetic systemic toxicity observed, when administering up to 2.7 and 8.1 times the control dose of bupivacaine HCl. This study demonstrates the pre-clinical safety and efficacy of an injectable oleogel-based bupivacaine formulation and explores its utility as a single-administration long-acting local anesthetic product for post-operative pain management that can be used in both local and regional anesthetic applications.

Diagnostic Discordance, Uncertainty, and Treatment Ambiguity in Community-Acquired Pneumonia : A National Cohort Study of 115 U.S. Veterans Affairs Hospitals.

Evidence-based practice in community-acquired pneumonia often assumes an accurate initial diagnosis. To examine the evolution of pneumonia diagnoses among patients hospitalized from the emergency department (ED). Retrospective nationwide cohort. 118 U.S. Veterans Affairs medical centers. Aged 18 years or older and hospitalized from the ED between 1 January 2015 and 31 January 2022. Discordances between initial pneumonia diagnosis, discharge diagnosis, and radiographic diagnosis identified by natural language processing of clinician text, diagnostic coding, and antimicrobial treatment. Expressions of uncertainty in clinical notes, patient illness severity, treatments, and outcomes were compared. Among 2 383 899 hospitalizations, 13.3% received an initial or discharge diagnosis and treatment of pneumonia: 9.1% received an initial diagnosis and 10.0% received a discharge diagnosis. Discordances between initial and discharge occurred in 57%. Among patients discharged with a pneumonia diagnosis and positive initial chest image, 33% lacked an initial diagnosis. Among patients diagnosed initially, 36% lacked a discharge diagnosis and 21% lacked positive initial chest imaging. Uncertainty was frequently expressed in clinical notes (58% in ED; 48% at discharge); 27% received diuretics, 36% received corticosteroids, and 10% received antibiotics, corticosteroids, and diuretics within 24 hours. Patients with discordant diagnoses had greater uncertainty and received more additional treatments, but only patients lacking an initial pneumonia diagnosis had higher 30-day mortality than concordant patients (14.4% [95% CI, 14.1% to 14.7%] vs. 10.6% [CI, 10.4% to 10.7%]). Patients with diagnostic discordance were more likely to present to high-complexity facilities with high ED patient load and inpatient census. Retrospective analysis; did not examine causal relationships. More than half of all patients hospitalized and treated for pneumonia had discordant diagnoses from initial presentation to discharge. Treatments for other diagnoses and expressions of uncertainty were common. These findings highlight the need to recognize diagnostic uncertainty and treatment ambiguity in research and practice of pneumonia-related care. The Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation.

Drug Loading in Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles

Chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) are promising vehicles for targeted and controlled drug release. Recognized for their biodegradability, biocompatibility, low toxicity, and ease of production, CSNPs represent an effective approach to drug delivery. Encapsulating drugs within nanoparticles (NPs) provides numerous benefits compared to free drugs, such as increased bioavailability, minimized toxic side effects, improved delivery, and the incorporation of additional features like controlled release, imaging agents, targeted delivery, and combination therapies with multiple drugs. Keys parameters in nanomedicines are drug loading content and drug loading efficiency. Most current NP systems struggle with low drug loading, presenting a significant challenge to the field. This review summarizes recent research on developing CSNPs with high drug loading capacity, focusing on various synthesis strategies. It examines CSNP systems using different materials and drugs, providing details on their synthesis methods, drug loadings, encapsulation efficiencies, release profiles, stability, and applications in drug delivery. Additionally, the review discusses factors affecting drug loading, providing valuable guidelines for future CSNPs’ development.

Tailoring the Electrode‐Electrolyte Interface for Reliable Operation of All‐Climate 4.8 V Li||NCM811 Batteries

Combining high‐voltage nickel‐rich cathodes with lithium metal anodes is among the most promising approaches for achieving high‐energy‐density lithium batteries. However, most current electrolytes fail to simultaneously satisfy the compatibility requirements for the lithium metal anode and the tolerance for the ultra‐high voltage NCM811 cathode. Here, we have designed an ultra‐oxidation‐resistant electrolyte by meticulously adjusting the composition of fluorinated carbonates. Our study reveals that a solid‐electrolyte interphase (SEI) rich in LiF and Li2O is constructed on the lithium anode through the synergistic decomposition of the fluorinated solvents and PF6‐ anion, facilitating smooth lithium metal deposition. The superior oxidation resistance of our electrolyte enables the Li||NCM811 cell to deliver a capacity retention of 80% after 300 cycles at an ultrahigh cut−off voltage of 4.8 V. Additionally, a pioneering 4.8 V‐class lithium metal pouch cell with an energy density of 462.2 Wh kg‐1 stably cycles for 110 cycles under harsh conditions of high cathode loading (30 mg cm‐2), low N/P ratio (1.18), and lean electrolytes (2.3 g Ah‐1).

Application of In-House Xylanases as an Addition to a Commercial Cellulase Cocktail for the Sustainable Saccharification of Pretreated Blue Agave Bagasse Used for Bioethanol Production

The study involves the use of commercial cellulase Cellic CTec2 in combination with two in-house xylanases, PxXyn10A (XynA), a recombinant purified enzyme from Paenibacillus xylanivorans A59, and a xylanase enzymatic extract from native Moesziomyces aphidis PYCC 5535T (MaPYCC 5535T), for the enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated blue agave bagasse (BAB) at the high solids load of 20% (w/v). Three different combinations of cellulase and xylanases were evaluated. When Cellic® CTec2 was used at a dosage of 10 FPU/g oven-dried solids (ODS) supplemented with XynA or MaPYCC 5535T at an endo-xylanase dosage of 100 U/g ODS, increases in the xylose yield of 30% and 33%, respectively, were obtained. When applying in-house xylanases alone (at an endo-xylanase dosage of 100 U/g ODS), xylan in BAB was selectively hydrolyzed into xylose with 5% yield with MaPYCC 5535T, while no xylose was detected with XynA. Interestingly, a synergic effect of Cellic® CTec 2 with both xylanases was observed when using a low dosage of 1 FPU/g ODS (allowing for some liquefaction of the reaction mixture), promoting xylose and glucose release by either xylanase. A higher concentration of monomeric sugars was obtained with 10 FPU/g ODS of Cellic® Ctec 2 supplemented with 100 U/g ODS of MaPYCC 5535T, followed by XynA. The improvement in saccharification through the synergistic combination of in-house xylanases and commercial cellulases allows for the obtention of sugar-rich hydrolysates, which enhances the technical sustainability of the process. Hydrolysates were then fermented using recombinant Cellux 4TM yeast to yield 45 g/L ethanol, representing an increase of about 30% with respect to the control obtained with only the commercial cellulase cocktail. The surface modification of agave biomass with the different combinations of enzymes was evidenced by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

A Reactor-Network Framework to Model Performance and Emissions of a Longitudinally-Staged Combustion System for Carbon-Free Fuels

Abstract Hydrogen and ammonia are considered crucial carbon-free energy carriers optimally suited for seasonal chemical storage and energy system balance. In this context, longitudinally-staged combustion systems (LSC) represent an attractive technology for achieving low emissions while conserving high load and fuel flexibility at high efficiency. While these two-stage combustion systems have been successfully implemented for natural gas and hydrogen firing of gas turbines, optimal operation with ammonia-based fuel mixtures not yet established. Recent works have shown that ammonia can be combusted with low emissions in gas turbines by employing a Rich-Quench-Lean operational concept where a slightly rich fuel-air mixture is burnt in the first-stage followed by dilution air addition, which completely oxidizes the remaining unburnt fuel. However, an optimal operational strategy to efficiently combust all three fuels within the same system is yet to be established. In this work, we exploit a reactors-network framework to efficiently investigate the emissions performance of a LSC system fired with natural gas, hydrogen and ammonia. Firstly, the framework is validated with experimental and computational emission results in the literature. Secondly, the optimal operational strategy (in terms of fuel- and air-split between the stages) for clean and efficient ammonia-firing operation is found. Thirdly, the consequences of such ammonia-optimized operational strategy on flame stabilization and emissions with natural gas- and hydrogen are considered. Finally, the air and fuel distribution for optimal performance and minimal emissions for all three fuels is found for the LSC system.

Hierarchically porous architectured stretchable fibrous materials in energy harvesting and self-powered sensing

Stretchable electronic textiles have integrated seamlessly into our lives, promising advancements in health monitoring and intelligent wearables. However, one key challenge is to combine fibrous materials and functional materials to realize an integrity of stretchability and functionality by a simple and scalable method. To address this challenge, we propose a novel hierarchically buckled porous microstructure fabric (HBPMFs) via a surface self-assembly method, which can integrate with customized functional nanoparticles for tailorable wearable energy devices. The unique buckled porous microstructure endows HBPMFs with remarkable porous stretchability and high loading capacity of functional nanoparticles. Based on HBPMFs, triboelectric nanogenerators (HBPMFs-TENGs) with high structural integrity, stretchability and enhanced electrical outputs are design and fabricated. The as-made Ag@HBPMFs-TENG exhibits a greater enhancement in voltage by 4 times than the original fabric TENG, which can drive miniature wearable electronics. The features enable the Ag@HBPMFs-TENG in efficiently powering wearable electronics and acting as a self-powered sensor capable of detecting human motions. This work will offer a new insight for porous stretchable energy devices by designing unique microstructural surfaces on commercial fibrous materials.

Effect of an intensive nutrition intervention of a high protein and low glycemic load diet on weight of kidney transplant recipients: a randomized clinical trial.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of a high protein and low glycemic load diet in preventing weight gain after kidney transplantation. We designed a prospective, single-center, open-label, randomized controlled study to compare the efficacy of a high protein (1.3-1.4 g/kg/day) and low glycemic load diet versus a conventional diet (0.8-1.0 g/kg/day of protein and no recommendations on glycemic load) in preventing weight gain (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02883777). A total of 120 patients were evaluated. Patients were followed for 12 months, and the primary outcome was weight maintenance or weight gain lower than 5%. There were no differences in total energy intake, carbohydrates, and total fats between groups. Intervention group (IG) increased protein intake to 1.38 ± 0.56 g/kg/day and decreased the glycemic load to 87.27 ± 4.54 g/day, while control group (CG) had a dietary protein intake of 1.19 ± 0.43 g/kg/day and a glycemic load of 115.60 ± 7.01 g/day. Total fiber intake was greater and trans-fat was lower in IG. Dietetic cholesterol increased in IG over time and was significantly different between groups. Overall, patients had an increase in body weight over time, with a mean increment of 4.1 ± 5.5 kg (5.75%). The percentage of patients who achieved the primary outcome was 50% of sample size, without differences between groups. The glomerular filtration rate improved over time in both groups. Considering 24-h proteinuria and albuminuria, a similar rise was observed in both groups. The present dietary intervention was safe, but had no effect on weight gain in kidney transplant subjects. Our findings suggest that other strategies, including alternative dietary and/or pharmacological and psychological interventions might be tested in randomized control trials in order to improve patients' body weight outcomes after transplant.

Training Load Monitoring in Elite Youth Women's Artistic Gymnasts: A Pilot Study.

Women's artistic gymnastics (WAG) is a complex aesthetic sport in which athletes start at a young age and are exposed to high loads during their careers. Little is known about the external and internal training load characteristics among elite young gymnasts. High training loads, with variations over the weeks, are expected. There is a relationship between external and internal load variables. Cohort study. Level 3. Seven elite-level Brazilian youth artistic gymnasts (age, 11.3 ± 0.4 years; mass, 33.0 ± 7.0 kg; height, 137.7 ± 10.6 cm; experience, 4.0 ± 1.2 years) participated in this study. Five nonconsecutive microcycles were monitored. Both external and internal training loads were quantified by counting the number of elements in video recordings of training sessions and by the session rating of perceived exertion method. A total of 168 individual training sessions were monitored. The microcycle that succeeded the main competition showed a significantly lower training load than ≥3 of the other 4 microcycles for all training load variables, except for vault elements, of which microcycle 4 was inferior only to the microcycle before the competition. Significant correlations were found between weekly internal training load and the total of elements and elements performed on uneven bars. Youth women's artistic gymnasts present fluctuations in external and internal training load variables over the weeks close to a major competition. Training load management in this sport must consider the specificity of each apparatus, as they have different demands and training load behaviors. A better comprehension of external and internal training loads in youth WAG and its apparatuses can benefit coaches and support staff and provide more information to overcome the challenge of training load management in gymnastics.

The emission, transport, and impacts of the extreme Saharan dust storm of 2015

Abstract. ​​​​​​​Each summer, the Saharan Air Layer (SAL) transports massive amounts of mineral dust across the Atlantic Ocean, affecting weather, climate, and public health over large areas. Despite the considerable impacts of African dust, the causes and impacts of extreme trans-Atlantic African dust events are not fully understood. The “Godzilla” trans-Atlantic dust event of 2020 has been extensively studied, but little is known about other similar events. Here, we examine the June 2015 event, the second strongest trans-Atlantic African dust event that occurred during the summers from 2003–2022. This event was characterized by moderately high dust emissions over western North Africa and an extremely high aerosol optical depth (AOD) over the tropical North Atlantic. The high dust loading over the Atlantic is associated with atmospheric circulation extremes similar to the Godzilla event. Both the African easterly jet (AEJ) and Caribbean low-level jet (CLLJ) have greatly intensified, along with a westward extension of the North Atlantic subtropical high (NASH), all of which favor the westward transport of African dust. The enhanced dust emissions are related to anomalously strong surface winds in dust source regions and reduced vegetation density and soil moisture across the northern Sahel. The dust plume reduced net surface shortwave radiation over the eastern tropical North Atlantic by about 25 W m−2 but increased net longwave flux by about 3 W m−2. In contrast to the Godzilla event, the 2015 event had minor air quality impacts on the US, partially due to the extremely intensified CLLJ that dispersed the dust plume towards the Pacific.

An Aero Engine Disk Sizing and Weight Estimation Approach with Improved Temperature Profiles

Abstract During the predesign phase of an aero engine, interdisciplinary parametric studies are crucial for identifying an optimum engine. As innovative engine concepts emerge, it is essential to study trends aiming to minimize climate impact and one of its key contributors, fuel burn. The comparatively heavy disks, subjected to high thermal and mechanical loads, are central to this analysis due to their high impact on the overall module mass. This paper proposes an approach to achieve a first lightweight mechanical design of disks in the predesign phase. Based on a performance and aerodynamic baseline, the design space and physical boundary conditions are set. Firstly, an initial mass optimized disk is derived using simplified temperature profiles and stress calculations under the Mechanical Design Point conditions. Subsequently, all the module disks are considered and an estimation for each bore temperature is achieved through a novel loop over the entire module and all available operating points. By evaluating the temperature and stress profiles across various operating conditions, the lowcyclefatigue life of each disk can be studied. As part of a highly modular engine predesign framework, this method allows for zooming capabilities of single disk calculations by prescribing individual boundary conditions. The proposed approach already yields an initial assessment of the rotors within a short runtime, facilitating simple iterations with the succeeding design phases due to method and tool commonalities. While the primary focus of the current work is on compressor design, the principles presented are adaptable and expandable to turbine disk applications as well.

Temporal Characterization of the Viral Load of Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease Virus in Rosy-Faced Lovebirds (Agapornis roseicollis)

Psittacine beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) is a widespread and highly pathogenic virus in parrots. The disease typically presents with feather and beak abnormalities, along with possible immune system suppression. No cure or commercialized vaccine is currently available. Our understanding of the Psittacine beak and feather disease often comes from infected individuals with visible symptoms. Limited knowledge exists regarding the pathology and role of asymptomatic individuals in disease transmission. Asymptomatic individuals could shed the virus in their crop secretion, feces, or feathers. In this study, we investigated the temporal change in the viral load in feather and fecal samples from 17 asymptomatic Rosy-faced Lovebirds (Agapornis roseicollis) using qPCR. Our results showed that most of the individuals had very low viral load, while three individuals with high viral load at the beginning of the experiment were observed to exhibit a decreasing trend in viral load in both fecal and feather samples. Surprisingly, the viral load in an individual can drop from a high level to an undetectable level within three months. This suggests that BFDV infection might not be lethal or highly pathogenic for some individuals. We also showed that the viral load in feathers was higher than in feces.

Electrochemically Active MoO3/TiN Sulfur Host Inducing Dynamically Reinforced Built-in Electric Field for Advanced Lithium-Sulfur Batteries.

Although various electrocatalysts have been developed to ameliorate the shuttle effect and sluggish Li-S conversion kinetics, their electrochemical inertness limits the sufficient performance improvement of lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs). In this work, an electrochemically active MoO3/TiN-based heterostructure (MOTN) is designed as an efficient sulfur host that can improve the overall electrochemical properties of LSBs via prominent lithiation behaviors. By accommodating Li ions into MoO3 nanoplates, the MOTN host can contribute its own capacity. Furthermore, the Li intercalation process dynamically affects the electronic interaction between MoO3 and TiN and thus significantly reinforces the built-in electric field, which further improves the comprehensive electrocatalytic abilities of the MOTN host. Because of these merits, the MOTN host-based sulfur cathode delivers an exceptional specific capacity of 2520mA h g-1 at 0.1 C. Furthermore, the cathode exhibits superior rate capability (564mA h g-1 at 5 C), excellent cycling stability (capacity fade rate of 0.034% per cycle for 1200 cycles at 2 C), and satisfactory areal capacity (6.6mA h cm-2) under a high sulfur loading of 8.3mg cm-2. This study provides a novel strategy to develop electrochemically active heterostructured electrocatalysts and rationally manipulate the built-in electric field for achieving high-performance LSBs.

Nanogel: A versatile drug delivery system for the treatment of various diseases and their future perspective.

Nanogel (NG) drug delivery systems have emerged as promising tools for targeted and controlled drug release, revolutionizing treatment approaches across various diseases.Their unique physicochemical properties, such as nano size, high surface area,biocompatibility, stability, and tunable drug release, make themideal carriers for a wide range of therapeutic agents. Nanogels (NGs), characterized by their 3D network of crosslinked polymers, offer unique edges like high drug loading capacity, controlled release, and targeted delivery. Additionally, the diverse applications of NGs in medical therapeutics highlight their versatility and potential impact on improving patient outcomes. Their application spans cancer treatment, infectious diseases, and chronic conditions, allowing for precise drug delivery to specific tissues or cells, minimizing side effects, and enhancing therapeutic efficacy. Despite their potential, challenges such as scalability, manufacturing reproducibility, and regulatory hurdles must be addressed. Achieving clinical translation requires overcoming these obstacles to ensure therapeutic payloads' safe and efficient delivery. Strategies such as surface modification and incorporating stimuli-responsive elements enhanced NG performance and addressed specific therapeutic challenges. Advances in nanotechnology, biomaterials, and targeted drug design offer opportunities to improve the performance of NGs and address current limitations. Tailoring NGs for exploring combination therapies and integrating diagnostics for real-time monitoring represent promising avenues for future research. In conclusion, NG drug delivery systems have demonstrated tremendous potential in diverse disease applications. Overcoming challenges and leveraging emerging technologies will pave the way for their widespread clinical implementation, ushering in a new era of precision medicine and improved patient care.