Higher Levels Of Positive Mood Research Articles

How exposure to body neutrality content on TikTok affects young women’s body image and mood

Body neutrality aims to encourage a non-judgmental attitude towards the body and prioritize functionality over appearance. This study examined the impact of exposure to TikTok body neutrality content on young women’s body image and mood. The sample comprised 189 undergraduate women (Mage = 19.25, SD = 1.98) who were randomly assigned to view one of three compilation TikTok videos on body neutrality, thin ideal, or art. Controlling for pre-test measures, results showed that women in the body neutrality group reported higher functionality appreciation and body satisfaction than women in the thin ideal and art control groups. Higher levels of positive mood and fewer upward appearance comparisons were reported by women in the body neutrality group relative to the thin ideal group. Although women in the body neutrality and thin ideal groups thought about their appearance and what they were wearing whilst viewing the videos, women in the body neutrality group reported that those thoughts were more positive than those in the thin ideal group. Findings demonstrate that brief exposure to body neutrality content on TikTok may induce immediate positive body image and mood in young women whilst providing a useful alternative to the unrealistic beauty standards popularized on such platforms.

Time in nature is associated with higher levels of positive mood: Evidence from the 2023 NatureDose™ student survey

Growing evidence shows that exposure to nature can improve mood. However, this evidence is mostly based on short-term or subjectively reported exposures. Machine learning and GPS mobile device tracking offer fine-grained assessments of minute-by-minute nature exposure over long periods. Few studies on nature exposure and mood have leveraged these technologies. We conducted one of the first longer-term investigations of daily nature exposure and mood with a mobile app as part of the NatureDose™ Student Study (NDSS). The NatureDose™ app uses GPS and a phone's sensors to evaluate whether a person is inside or outside and checks levels of nature surrounding the person with the NatureScore™ measure. This measure is based on more than 30 remotely sensed datasets, geo-located health records, and machine learning models. College students' nature exposure (N = 154 initial recruitment) was monitored for eight weeks (March 7 to May 1, 2022). Their mood states were calculated weekly using the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). Both exposure and outcome measures were continuous values. After three weeks, randomly selected groups of students were asked to either maintain or increase their nature exposures. However, students asked to increase their nature exposures maintained them. Therefore, evaluating cause-and-effect relationships through an experimental design was not possible. Instead, we evaluated observational associations between average nature exposure and mood levels across the study period using mixed-effect linear regression models adjusting for gender and allergies. Among the 97 participants with available data, we observed a positive association between nature exposure and positive mood (β = 0.10 [0.04–0.17], p = .003) but not negative mood (β = 0.01 [-0.07-0.09], p = .76). These findings were supported by sensitivity analyses with ANOVA models between tertiles on average NatureDose™ levels. We also found that the average nature exposure was 71 min per day, most of which (66%) was earned within 10 km of the center of the university campus. The study supports the utility of using NatureDose™ as an app-based tracking tool for objective nature exposure measurement. The study also reinforces previous findings on the associations between nature exposure and positive mood states. Greening university campuses and surrounding locations where college students live and spend leisure time could support college students' mental health.

Morningness-eveningness preference and shift in chronotype during COVID-19 as predictors of mood and well-being in university students

It is suggested that social obligations, such as early work/school starts, have a disadvantageous impact on sleep behavior that can further transfer to mental health problems. Lockdown as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic created a unique opportunity to research human sleep-wake behavior in naturalistic conditions of decreased social obligations. This study aimed to test whether a change in habitual sleep-wake timing (shift in chronotype) during the COVID-19 lockdown impacted mood and well-being, and whether the impact differs according to morningness-eveningness preference. University students (N = 1011; Meanage = 21.95 ± 1.95 years) filled out self-report questionnaires containing measures of chronotype (midpoint of sleep) before and during the COVID-19 lockdown, morningness-eveningness preference, mood, and well-being. The impact of morningness-eveningness preference and shift in chronotype was tested via multiple regression analyses. Results showed that participants shifted their chronotype in line with their morningness-eveningness preference, and that shift toward earlier sleep-wake timing was related to better moods and well-being. Moreover, higher levels of positive mood (vigor) and well-being were found in individuals who shifted their sleep-wake timing earlier and were higher on morningness.

093 Sleep and Mood Across the Menstrual Cycle in Young Women

Abstract Introduction Sleep modulates mood, with adequate, good-quality sleep associated with a more positive mood. Additionally, sleep is affected by the menstrual cycle in women, with better self-reported sleep quality during non-menses, compared with pre- and during menses. The present study examines the interaction between self-reported sleep quality and mood across the menses (pre/during menses) and non-menses portion of the menstrual cycle. Methods 10 female participants (27± 2.96) completed sleep and mood diaries over a two month period, answering questions about their nighttime sleep quality and daily mood, and also marking days of menstruation. Each morning participants indicated on a 7-point scale how their overall sleep quality was the previous night. Then, each evening, participants indicated on a 7-point scale the extent to which they felt specific positive and negative moods throughout the day. Time lag cross-correlation and linear regression models were used to determine directionality of sleep quality and mood, and interaction between sleep quality, menses status, and mood levels. Results Better sleep quality was associated with better mood, with prior sleep quality predicting mood, but prior mood did not predict sleep (cross-correlation time lag = 0) across menses and non-menses. Additionally, on average women reported higher levels of sleep quality and better mood during the non-menses portion of their cycle. During the non-menses portion, women reported higher levels of positive mood (happy, pleased, and joyful), which were mediated by level of sleep quality. Women also reported lower levels of negative mood (depression, frustration, anxiety, unhappiness, and overwhelmed feelings), which were similarly mediated by level of sleep quality. Conclusion These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that sleep modulates mood, which fluctuates over the course of a woman’s menstrual cycle. Moreover, our data suggest that perceived sleep quality impacts mood, and that the menstrual cycle affects both sleep quality and mood Support (if any) Supported by: RF1AG061355 (Baker/Mednick)

Effects of diminished positive mood and depressed mood upon verbal learning and memory among people with multiple sclerosis

ABSTRACT Objective: Cognitive impairment affects as many as 65% of people with multiple sclerosis (PWMS), and memory impairment confers greater severity of disability and functional impairment. Depression is also common among PWMS, and lifetime prevalence rates are as high as 50%. Research has yet to clearly define the relationship between memory dysfunction and depression among PWMS, and may reflect incomplete assessment of depressive symptoms. The present study examined different aspects of depressive symptoms including anhedonia (i.e., diminished positive mood) and their relationships with verbal learning and memory among PWMS. Method: Participants were 48 healthy individuals and 96 PWMS. They were primarily Caucasian (90.3%) and female (75.0%). Participants completed the California Verbal Learning Test-2 (CVLT-2) to assess verbal learning and memory and the Chicago Multiscale Depression inventory to assess depressed mood (CMDI-Mood) and diminished positive mood (CMDI-DPM). Results: Linear regression revealed that the main effect of CMDI-DPM and the interaction of CMDI-DPM and CMDI-Mood significantly explained variance across learning, recall, and recognition CVLT-2 indices. Follow-up analyses indicated that CMDI-DPM was only significant in the absence of high CMDI-Mood scores. CMDI-Mood explained variance in only CVLT-2 Trial B. Conclusions: Depressed mood had little direct effect upon memory performance in PWMS. In the absence of severe depressed mood, higher levels of positive mood corresponded to better memory performance. However, the impact of diminished positive mood was rendered null among those endorsing high levels of depressed mood. These data may imply that anhedonia corresponds with poorer memory function among PWMS, and suggests that investigators and clinicians should assess multiple mood dimensions among PWMS.

Introducing novel fruits and vegetables: Effects of involving children in artistic plating of food

Enhancing the visual appeal of foods has been suggested as a strategy for promoting healthy food consumption in childhood. Furthermore, several studies have documented a link between children’s involvement in meal preparation and the increased willingness to taste novel fruit and vegetables. However, experimental studies confirming the beneficial effect of children’s involvement in artistic plating on food choices are missing from the literature. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of involving children in creating attractive designs with their foods, on food choices, intake, and mood. A total of 165 children aged between 8 and 12 years participated in the study. Children in the ART condition (n = 56) participated in a workshop dedicated to creating an artistic plate containing four familiar and four unfamiliar foods. Children in the VISUAL (n = 54) and CONTROL conditions (n = 55) participated instead in an unrelated creativity workshop. Afterward, the children were invited to eat the eight food items previously used in the ART workshop, presented either in an artistic manner (ART and VISUAL conditions) or on a regular basis (CONTROL condition). Results showed that the strategies of involving children in artistic plating or merely offering them the same visually appealing afternoon snack lead children to increase the willingness to taste new foods. However, the higher levels of positive mood and dominance reported in the ART condition, lead us to conclude that self-crafting creates positive experiences with unfamiliar foods.

Coping and Observed Emotions in Children of Parents with a History of Depression

The ability to experience, express, and maintain positive emotions and reduce negative emotions during stress has been cited as a marker of resilience, yet much needs to be learned regarding what mechanisms underlie this ability in youth. The current study assesses relations between coping strategies and observed emotion expression and maintenance in offspring of depressed mothers as possible mechanisms to promote resilience. Mothers with a history of depression (N = 160) and their children (M age = 11.38) participated in two video-recorded interactions about a recent pleasant activity and a recent stressful experience in the family. Observed positive mood, anxiety, hostility, and sadness in youth were measured via a macro-level coding system and adolescents completed a self-report measure regarding how they cope with family stress. Secondary control coping (e.g., cognitive restructuring, acceptance) was significantly related to higher positive mood and lower hostility during the stressful task when controlling for mothers’ depressive symptoms, emotions during the pleasant activity task, primary control and disengagement coping, and child gender. Secondary control coping was not related to observed anxiety or sadness. Results highlight a link between coping and emotion expression and maintenance in the context of family stress and suggest that coping strategies differ in their effectiveness of managing distinct emotions. Secondary control coping in particular may foster resilience by promoting higher levels of positive mood and lower levels of hostility in children exposed to parental depression. Implications, study limitations, and future directions are discussed.

An Online Investigation of Imagery to Attenuate Paranoia in College Students

Onset of psychosis typically occurs in young adulthood, and is likely to be preceded by anxiety, low mood, suspiciousness and perceptual anomalies. Where these develop into mild or brief psychotic experience, and impact on functioning, young people are identified as being at risk of psychosis. Early intervention may reduce severity or delay transition to psychosis, and yield significant healthcare cost savings. This study examined the impact of an online attachment-based imagery task on paranoia, anxiety, mood and self-esteem, in college students. An experimental design was used to compare the effects of secure and anxious-ambivalent attachment imagery. A total of 301 college students, aged 18–48 years (M = 20.1, SD = 2.976), were randomly assigned to one of the two imagery conditions, and assessed pre and post imagery task on standardised measures of paranoia, anxiety, mood and self-esteem. A series of mixed model analyses of variance showed that participants in the secure attachment imagery condition reported lower levels of paranoia, anxiety and negative mood, and higher levels of positive mood and self-esteem, compared with those in the anxious-ambivalent attachment imagery condition. The study is limited by the lack of a neutral control condition and follow-up measures. Nevertheless, study demonstrated the impact of attachment-based imagery on paranoia. If these effects are replicated with ‘at risk mental state’ groups, and maintained at follow-up, online imagery may provide a safe and highly accessible means of attenuating paranoia in young people at risk of developing psychosis.

Reappraisal Buffers the Association between Stress and Negative Mood Measured over 14 Days: Implications for Understanding Psychological Resilience

Reappraisal is thought to be an adaptive emotion regulation strategy, and research suggests that individuals who habitually reappraise report more positive patterns of affect overall. However, some experimental studies indicate that a greater tendency to reappraise can exacerbate stress response, and it is unclear whether reappraisal confers resilience or exacerbates response to naturally occurring stressors. In order to address this, the present study investigated whether reappraisal prospectively moderated the association between daily stressors and daily negative mood measured over 14 days. Participants (n = 236) completed a measure of reappraisal at baseline, before completing daily online entries of stress and positive and negative mood. Data were analysed using multilevel modelling. Results suggested that reappraisal moderated the association between stress and negative mood, such that higher levels of reappraisal were associated with lower levels of negative mood in response to stress. Moreover, higher reappraisal was also independently associated with lower levels of daily negative mood and higher levels of positive mood. These results suggest that higher reappraisal may confer resilience to stress. Copyright © 2016 European Association of Personality Psychology

Couples and breast cancer: women's mood and partners' marital satisfaction predicting support perception.

Women who are diagnosed with breast cancer can experience an array of psychosocial difficulties; however, social support, particularly from a spouse, has been shown to have a protective function during this time. This study examined the ways in which a woman's daily mood, pain, and fatigue, and her spouse's marital satisfaction predict the woman's report of partner support in the context of breast cancer. Pretest data from a larger intervention study and multilevel modeling were used to examine the effects of women's daily mood, pain, and fatigue and average levels of mood, pain, and fatigue on women's report of social support received from her partner, as well as how the effects of mood interacted with partners' marital satisfaction. Results show that on days in which women reported higher levels of negative or positive mood, as well as on days they reported more pain and fatigue, they reported receiving more support. Women who, on average, reported higher levels of positive mood tended to report receiving more support than those who, on average, reported lower positive mood. However, average levels of negative mood were not associated with support. Higher average levels of fatigue but not pain were associated with higher support. Finally, women whose husbands reported higher levels of marital satisfaction reported receiving more partner support, but husbands' marital satisfaction did not moderate the effect of women's mood on support. Implications of these findings are discussed relative to assisting couples during this difficult time in their lives.

Mood, motives, and gambling in young adults: An examination of within- and between-person variations using experience sampling.

It is well established that young adults are a population at risk for problem gambling and that young adults gamble for various reasons, including positive mood enhancement and negative mood reduction. Although these motives have been identified as important proximal predictors of gambling, the research to date has focused on between-subjects relationships. What is missing is a process-level understanding of the specific within-subjects relations between mood-regulation motives for gambling, mood states, and gambling behaviors. The current study used experience sampling to assess the specific link between gambling motives, mood states, and gambling behavior. Participants were 108 young adults (ages 19-24 years), who completed baseline measures of gambling motives and gambling problems and then reported on their mood states and gambling behavior three times a day for 30 days. Multilevel modeling analyses revealed a significant positive moderating effect for enhancement motives on the relationship between positive mood and amount of time spent gambling and number of drinks consumed while gambling. In addition, problem gambling status was associated with consuming fewer drinks while gambling at higher levels of positive mood, and spending more money than intended at higher levels of negative mood. Unexpectedly, there was only one moderating effect for coping motives on the mood-gambling relationship; low coping motivated gamblers consumed more alcohol while gambling at higher levels of positive mood, whereas high coping motivated gamblers did not change their drinking in response to positive mood. The current findings highlight enhancement motives as risky motives for young adult gambling, particularly in the context of positive mood, and suggest that gambling interventions should include strategies to address positive mood management.

Using qualitative behaviour assessment to explore the link between stockperson behaviour and dairy calf behaviour

Dairy farming usually implies close and frequent contact between the stockperson and the animals. A good human–animal relationship (HAR) is therefore essential for good animal welfare. To fully understand the quality of the HAR both the stockperson behaviour and the animals’ reaction to the handler needs to be assessed, as they mutually affect each other. Qualitative behaviour assessment (QBA) has during the last decade become a method to assess animal welfare through scrutiny of animal body language. The application of this method to characterize stockperson behaviour, on the other hand, is novel. This study aimed to, through the use of QBA, to characterize stockperson behaviour and to portray the body language dairy calves of the animals in his/her care. Further, the study tested the relationships between stockperson behaviour and calf behaviour using structural equation modelling (SEM). The assessments were performed in 2006–2008 on 110 Norwegian dairy farms. The stockperson sample consisted of 79.6% males and 20.4% females, with a mean age of 46 years. The dairy calves (including young stock) were mostly Norwegian Red and were 3 to 298 days old at the day of observation. Ten items of the stockperson QBA were analysed through Principal component analysis. The handling styles that emerged were termed calm/patient, dominating/aggressive, positive interactions and insecure/nervous. The 31 items of the calf QBA were also analysed using principal component analysis and revealed two dimensions of calf behaviour labelled pos/neg mood and high/low arousal. Based on the expected relationships between stockperson behaviour and calf behaviour a structural model was developed and tested using SEM. The analysis revealed that stockpersons who handle their calves patiently and pet and calmly talk to them during handling have animals with higher levels of positive mood, as characterized by high scores on QBA items like friendly and content. Stockpersons with a nervous handling style, or who were dominating and aggressive, on the other hand, had calves with more negative mood. These findings are important as they show the direct link between human behaviour and calf behaviour and once again confirm the significance of good stockmanship. The results also highlight the importance of proper training and self-awareness for those working with livestock.

The impact of experimentally-induced positive mood on affect, eating behaviour, and eating-related responses

Negative affect has been linked to abnormal eating patterns. The present study examined the impact of a video-clip aimed at inducing positive mood in a sample of healthy controls (HCs; N = 35) and a sample of patients with anorexic symptoms (EDs; N = 13). Participants took part in two experimental sessions comparing the use of a vodcast to increase positive mood (experimental condition) with the use of a video-clip with contents related to general knowledge (control condition) during a test-meal (smoothie). They completed baseline and post-meal self-report and behavioural assessments. The amount of smoothie consumed was also measured. No changes in mood, feelings of fatness, fullness, urge to exercise and restrict intake, attentional bias to food, and number of positive and negative words recalled occurred in the neutral condition for both groups. In the experimental condition, both healthy controls and patients reported higher levels of positive mood (HCs p = .04; EDs p = .01). Healthy controls also reported higher levels of fullness ( p = .006) and showed a significant change of the attentional pattern to food stimuli ( p = .03). The clinical sample reported also lower levels of negative mood ( p = .04), recalled fewer negative words ( p = .05), and showed a trend for a reduction in urge to restrict ( p = .07) in the experimental condition. In terms of eating behaviour, the use of the positive mood vodcast was associated to a greater consumption of smoothie in the clinical sample ( p = .02), whereas no differences between conditions were found in the healthy controls.

Friends and family: A cross-cultural investigation of social support and subjective well-being among college students

Despite the growing number of cross-cultural studies focusing on well-being, little is known about social support outside of western civilization, particularly among people in Middle Eastern cultures. The current study examined the relationships between perceived social support and components of subjective well-being (i.e. positive and negative affect, satisfaction with life) among college students in Iran, Jordan, and the United States. Perceived support from family significantly predicted each aspect of well-being within each country. However, perceived support from friends did not predict any component of well-being in Iran; yet, in Jordan and the US, friend support predicted higher levels of positive mood. These results will be examined in terms of roles and relationship norms in these countries.

Effects of an expressive writing intervention on cancer‐related distress in Danish breast cancer survivors — results from a nationwide randomized clinical trial

To examine the effects of an expressive writing intervention (EWI) on cancer-related distress, depressive symptoms, and mood in women treated for early stage breast cancer. A nationwide sample of 507 Danish women who had recently completed treatment for primary breast cancer were randomly assigned to three 20-min home-based writing exercises, one week apart, focusing on either emotional disclosure (EWI group) or a non-emotional topic (control group). Cancer-related distress [Impact of Event Scale (IES)], depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory-Short Form), and negative (37-item Profile of Moods State) and positive mood (Passive Positive Mood Scale) were assessed at baseline and at 3 and 9 months post-intervention. Choice of writing topic (cancer versus other), alexithymia (20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale), and social constraints (Social Constraints Scale) were included as possible moderators. Significant (p<0.01) group differences in mood change from before to immediately after each session suggested successful manipulation. Reductions over time in psychological symptoms were seen in both groups (p<0.05), but no time × group interactions were found. Choice of writing topic moderated effects on IES, with women writing about other themes showing greater reductions in cancer-related avoidance than women writing about their cancer. Fewer depressive symptoms and higher levels of positive mood were seen 3 months post-intervention in women writing about their cancer when compared with the control group. Difficulties describing feelings and externally oriented thinking (20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale) moderated effects on positive mood and IES-total, while no moderating effects were found of social constraints. In concordance with the majority of previous results with cancer patients, no main effects of EWI were found for cancer-related distress, depressive symptoms, and mood. Moderator analyses suggested that choice of writing topic and ability to process emotional experiences should be studied further.

Do you feel what I feel? Mood contagion and leadership outcomes

This research examines the role of mood and mood contagion in a leadership situation. In phase 1 of the study participants received a positive or negative mood induction and completed a leadership speech describing how to complete a hiring task. In phase 2, participants watched one of the speeches from phase 1, completed ratings, and performed the hiring task. Followers in the positive mood condition had higher levels of positive mood and lower levels of negative mood, rated their leaders as more charismatic, and performed better than followers in the negative mood condition. Followers' mood mediated the relationship between leader mood and follower outcomes. In the third phase of the study, participants read transcripts of the speeches from phase 2 but experienced no change in mood or performance, suggesting the previous effects found in phase 2 were due to mood contagion rather than the content of the speeches.

Mother – child attachment in later middle childhood: Assessment approaches and associations with mood and emotion regulation

This study examined the overlap and validity of several measures of mother – child attachment developed for preadolescents. Validity was assessed in part by examining how attachment is related to children's mood and emotion regulation. Mother – child attachment was assessed in a sample of 9 to 11 year-old children using a story stem interview technique and questionnaires. Positive and negative mood were scored from daily logs completed by children. Emotion regulation was assessed with mothers' reports of constructive coping and teacher reports of children's ability to tolerate frustration. Interview and questionnaire measures of attachment were not consistently related to one another, although both were related to mood and emotion regulation. As expected, secure attachment and maternal secure base support were related to higher levels of positive mood, more constructive coping, and better regulation of emotion in the classroom, with effects stronger for emotion regulation than for mood. Children classified Disorganized or Ambivalent displayed the most negative mood. All effects remained significant after controlling for child temperament.

Sources of Situational Variation in Ethnic Identity and Psychological Well-Being: A Palm Pilot Study of Chinese American Students

Experience sampling reports collected randomly six times a day for 1 week examined the association between context, ethnic salience, psychological well-being, and stable ethnic centrality and ethnic private regard among Chinese American university students (N = 62). At the level of the situation, ethnic composition, family, and language were associated with higher ethnic salience. Stable ethnic centrality moderated the association between ethnic salience and family where higher centrality was related to stronger ethnic salience when students were with family. At the situation level, ethnic salience was associated with fewer depressive symptoms and increased positive mood. Stable ethnic private regard moderated this association where higher private regard was related to fewer depressive symptoms and higher levels of positive mood when ethnicity was salient.

Daily supportive equity in close relationships.

Receiving support in committed relationships has frequently been associated with negative psychological outcomes in the recipient, such as increased distress. The authors hypothesized that these negative effects could be offset by support recipients' reciprocation of support, that is, by creating a sense of supportive equity. To investigate this hypothesis, the authors obtained daily reports of mood and of received and given emotional support from both partners in 85 couples throughout a 4-week period. Reciprocity in support transactions was associated with higher levels of positive mood and lower levels of negative mood. In line with previous research, receiving support without reciprocation was associated with increases in negative mood. Giving support, regardless of receipt, was associated with a decrease in negative mood.

Living with rheumatoid arthritis: The role of daily spirituality and daily religious and spiritual coping

The objective of this preliminary study was to evaluate more fully the role of daily spiritual experiences and daily religious/spiritual coping in the experience of individuals with pain due to rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Thirty-five individuals with RA were asked to keep a structured daily diary for 30 consecutive days. The diary included standardized measures designed to assess spiritual experiences, religious and spiritual pain coping, salience of religion in coping, religious/spiritual coping efficacy, pain, mood, and perceived social support. The participants in this study reported having spiritual experiences, such as feeling touched by the beauty of creation or feeling a desire to be closer or in union with God, on a relatively frequent basis. These participants also reported using positive religious and spiritual coping strategies much more frequently than negative religious and spiritual coping strategies. Although most of the variance in these measures was due to differences between persons, each measure also displayed a significant variability in scores from day to day. Indeed, there was just as much (or more) variability in these measures over time as there was variability in pain. Individuals who reported frequent daily spiritual experiences had higher levels of positive mood, lower levels of daily negative mood, and higher levels of each of the social support domains. Individuals who reported that religion was very salient in their coping with pain reported much higher levels of instrumental, emotional, arthritis-related, and general social support. Coping efficacy was significantly related to pain, mood, and social support in that on days that participants rated their ability to control pain and decrease pain using spiritual/religious coping methods as high, they were much less likely to have joint pain and negative mood and much more likely to have positive mood and higher levels of general social support. Taken together, these results suggest that daily spiritual experiences and daily religious/spiritual coping variables are important in understanding the experience of persons who have RA. They also suggest that newly developed daily diary methods may provide a useful methodology for studying religious and spiritual dimensions of living with arthritis.