High Levels Of Cellulose Research Articles

Production of fermentable glucose from the hydrolysis process of cellulose algae waste using fungal cellulases

Kappaphycus alvarezii is the most widely cultivated algae species globally because of its main use in carrageenan production. Waste resulting from carrageenan production still contains high levels of cellulose, which is potentially convertible into fermentable sugar. However, the commercial viability of sugar conversion from algae waste is limited by the high cost of the hydrolysis required to break down the algae waste. This study aims to develop a new hydrolysis method, through the adoption of fungal algal cell disruption to produce a fermentable sugar. The fungus Trichoderma reseei was developed as a new pretreatment method. It was chosen for its superior inherent properties, including low chemical input and environmental friendliness. This study develops a method for fungal pretreatment of algae processing waste. We investigated the effects of substrate concentration, inoculum size, and reaction time on sugar production using full factorial design. The results showed that substrate concentration, inoculum size, and reaction time affect sugar production. This study demonstrates that sugar production from algae proccessing waste can reach more than 70% under optimum conditions. These results indicate the potential of microbial cellullase as an economically friendly pretreatment for sugar production from algae processing waste.

Coconut fibre for the synthesis of microfibrillated cellulose: Thermal analysis experimental characterization

AbstractFibrillated cellulose at nano‐ and microscales was obtained from green coconut fibre. The biomass was subjected to mechanical treatment (comminution and sieving of the fibres) and chemical treatment (washed with water, treated with sodium hydroxide, bleached with sodium chlorite, and subjected to acid hydrolysis). Finally, purification steps included centrifugation, dialysis, and ultrasound. The product obtained by acid hydrolysis, the crude fibre, and the intermediate‐treated samples were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and characterized by chemical analysis and thermogravimetry (TGA/DTG). The chemical characterization for crude coconut fibre demonstrated 27.99% ± 1.98% for cellulose, 14.11% ± 4.44% for hemicellulose, 25.15% ± 0.04% for lignin, and 19.34% ± 0.02% for ashes. The applied pretreatment used to remove hemicellulose and lignin from the crude coconut fibre permitted obtaining high levels of cellulose, such as 94.94% ± 5.46% for the hardest condition, with NaOH 11% (w/v)/NaClO2. Then, acid hydrolysis was used to obtain the micro‐scale cellulose structures with 50% H2SO4 at 45°C for 90 min in an agitated condition (100 rpm). Following pretreatment with 2% and 11% NaOH/NaClO2, respectively, microfibrillated cellulose was verified at levels of 0.9% and 0.75% by thermogravimetric analysis, while the commercial sample had a verification level of 1.89%. The produced micro cellulose was fibrillated with a diameter equal to 149.39 ± 40.63 nm and a length of 1764.07 ± 1109.18 nm, as determined by SEM.

Diverging cell wall strategies for drought adaptation in two maize inbreds with contrasting lodging resistance.

The plant cell wall is a plastic structure of variable composition that constitutes the first line of defence against environmental challenges. Lodging and drought are two stressful conditions that severely impact maize yield. In a previous work, we characterised the cell walls of two maize inbreds, EA2024 (susceptible) and B73 (resistant) to stalk lodging. Here, we show that drought induces distinct phenotypical, physiological, cell wall, and transcriptional changes in the two inbreds, with B73 exhibiting lower tolerance to this stress than EA2024. In control conditions, EA2024 stalks had higher levels of cellulose, uronic acids and p-coumarate than B73. However, upon drought EA2024 displayed increased levels of arabinose-enriched polymers, such as pectin-arabinans and arabinogalactan proteins, and a decreased lignin content. By contrast, B73 displayed a deeper rearrangement of cell walls upon drought, including modifications in lignin composition (increased S subunits and S/G ratio; decreased H subunits) and an increase of uronic acids. Drought induced more substantial changes in gene expression in B73 compared to EA2024, particularly in cell wall-related genes, that were modulated in an inbred-specific manner. Transcription factor enrichment assays unveiled inbred-specific regulatory networks coordinating cell wall genes expression. Altogether, these findings reveal that B73 and EA2024 inbreds, with opposite stalk-lodging phenotypes, undertake different cell wall modification strategies in response to drought. We propose that the specific cell wall composition conferring lodging resistance to B73, compromises its cell wall plasticity, and renders this inbred more susceptible to drought.

Adsorption Kinetics of Banana Stem Activated Carbon in Reducing Phosphate Levels

Introduction: High levels of phosphate in water are caused by wastewater pollution such as laundry waste water causing eutrophication. Adsorption is a method that can be used to reduce phosphate level. Banana stem that contains high levels of cellulose can be used as the main ingredient for making activated carbon. The aims of this study were to analyze the adsorption capacity and adsorption kinetics of banana stem activateld carbon in relducing phosphatel lelvells. Methods: The design of this research was true experiment with a pretest-posttest controlled group. Adsorption process was carried out with batch method that used three variations of adsorbate concentration and four variations of mixing time. Adsorption took place at pH 3 and 30 rpm of mixing time. Adsorption capacity was analyzed using the Langmuir isotherm and Freundlich isotherm models. Adsorption kinetic was analyzed using pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models. Results and Discussion: The X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) difactogram and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) results prove that the activateld carbon was successfully made. The iodine number of banana stelm activateld carbon was 698.12 mg/g. The results showed that activated carbon from banana stem successfully reduced phosphate levels in water with adsorption capacity 0.10708 mg/g and following the Langmuir isotherm model. The kinetics adsorption of banana stem activated carbon was validated by the pseludo-selcond-ordelr kinetics model with a kinetics constant of 0.17137 g/mg.min. Conclusion: The Langmuir models indicated that adsorption of phosphate occurred in monolayer. Modifications of activated carbon were needed based on characterization results.

Examining the physico-chemical, structural and thermo-mechanical properties of naturally occurring Acacia pennata fibres treated with KMnO4

Natural fiber is a viable and possible option when looking for a material with high specific strength and high specific modulus that is lightweight, affordable, biodegradable, recyclable, and eco-friendly to reinforce polymer composites. There are many methods in which natural fibres can be incorporated into composite materials. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the physico-chemical, structural, thermal, and mechanical properties of Acacia pennata fibres (APFs). Scanning electron microscopy was used to determine the AP fibers' diameter and surface shape. The crystallinity index (64.47%) was discovered by XRD. The irregular arrangement and rough surface are seen in SEM photos. The findings demonstrated that fiber has high levels of cellulose (55.4%), hemicellulose (13.3%), and low levels of lignin (17.75%), which were determined through chemical analysis and validated by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). By using FTIR, the functional groups of the isolated AP fibers were examined, and TG analysis was used to look into the thermal degrading behaviour of the fibers treated with potassium permanganate (KMnO4) Due to their low density (520 kg/m3) and high cellulose content (55.4%), they have excellent bonding qualities. Additionally, tensile tests were used for mechanical characterisation to assess their tensile strength (685 MPa) and elongation.

Morphological, characterization and FTIR analysis of delignified pineapple leaves as raw material for cellulose production

Lignocellulose is an abundant natural polysaccharide component containing cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Pineapple leaves contain high levels of cellulose and their utilization as abundant plantation waste is still not optimal. The delignification process was carried out to isolate cellulose and remove lignin contained in pineapple leaf fibers. This study aims to obtain high purity cellulose and analyze the effect of delignification on morphology and FT-IR results. In this study, the pineapple leaf fiber used underwent a delignification process by adding a Deep Euteutic Solvent (DES) solvent consisting of a mixture of Choline chloride (ChCl): formic acid (1:2). The cellulose obtained was characterized by morphology and analyzed using FT-IR. FTIR pineapple leaf fiber with delignification treatment still contained lignin in the absorption area around 1600cm−1 with C=C aromatic group as shown from the peak on the FTIR graph, fiber and it was clarified in the morphology of pineapple leaves which showed that the fiber surface was smoother and looked less lignin. In this study it can be concluded that the delignification process that has been carried out can remove lignin from the material.

Pelatihan Pemanfaatan Limbah Tongkol Jagung Menjadi Hand Sanitizer di Desa Kawengan

Kawengan Village is located in Kedewan District, Bojonegoro Regency. Kawengan has an abundance of agricultural product, especially corn. This certainly has an impact on the results of corn waste production, especially corn cobs. But, corn cob utilization in Kawengan has not been maximized. Corn cobs in this village are special concern can cause various negative effects on life. Corn cobs have higher levels of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin than other corn wastes, this making them more suitable as raw materials for bioethanol production. The obtained bioethanol will be used for hand sanitizer. To address the issue of corn cob waste in Kawengan, training on the use of corn cob waste as a hand sanitizer to Tim Pelaksana Inovasi Desa (TPID) Kawengan was carried out. This training uses the Learning Deeply method, which involves evaluating each activity as it is completed and succeeded to increase the understanding of the Kawengan villagers.

Screening of cellulose-degrading yeast and evaluation of its potential for degradation of coconut oil cake.

Coconut oil cake (COC), a byproduct of oil extraction, contains high levels of cellulose. The aim of this study was to isolate a cellulose-degrading yeast from rotten dahlia that can effectively use COC as the only carbon source for cellulase secretion. Based on screening, Meyerozyma guillermondii CBS 2030 (M. guillermondii) was identified as a potential candidate, with the highest cellulolytic activity among the yeast strains isolated, with the carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase) activity reaching 102.96 U/mL on day 5. The cellulose in COC samples was evaluated before and after degradation by M. guillermondii. Analysis based on field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) revealed that the COC structure was changed significantly during the treatment, indicating effective hydrolysis. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) of the modified functional groups indicated successful depolymerization of coconut cake. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and analysis of color differences established effective degradation of COC by M. guillermondii. The results demonstrate that M. guillermondii effectively secretes CMCase and degrades cellulose, which has important practical significance in COC degradation.

Effect of acid hydrolysis on bioethanol production from oil palm fruit bunches

Bioethanol is organic fuels from natural materials containing starch and cellulose. High levels of cellulose can be found in the waste of empty oil palm fruit bunches. The initial stages of bioethanol production in this study is the delignification stage I and delignification stage II to reduce the lignin content. The hydrolysis process to convert hemicellulose and cellulose into sugar, fermentation to convert sugar into bioethanol. This study was conducted to determine the effect of variations in H 2 SO 4 concentration on the sugar content of the material after hydrolysis, determine the optimal time conditions for fermentation of empty palm fruit bunches to produce bioethanol. Hydrolyzed with variations in the use of 0.5 %v/v sulfuric acid; 1.5 %v/v; 2.5 %v/v and 3.5 %v/v. The results obtained that the sugar content increased at a concentration of 0.5 %v/v sulfuric acid; 1.5 %v/v and 2.5 %v/v and decreased at a concentration of 3.5 %v/v. The sugar solution obtained was then fermented with the microorganism Saccharomyces cerevisiae with variations in fermentation time of 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, 96 h and 120 h. The optimal condition for bioethanol production is the use of 2.5 %v/v sulfuric acid with a fermentation time of 96 h, with the concentration of bioethanol produced is 5.25 %v/v.

Investigation of Swelling Ratio and Textures Analysis of Acrylamide-Nanocellulose Corncobs Hydrogel

Corncobs have a high level of cellulose hence making it suitable to be used as the main ingredient in making hydrogels. Hydrogel are crosslinked polymers capable of absorbing water hundreds to thousands of times their dry weight, but are insoluble in water due to the three-dimensional structure of the polymer network. Hydrogel can be synthesized using corncobs cellulose and acrylate-acrylamide with chemical crosslinking methods. This study aims to determine the effect of adding corncobs cellulose and acrylate-acrylamide on hydrogel ability to swelling ratio, gel fraction and texture analysis. Nanohydrogel were synthesized by cellulose concentration by 5-25% while acrylamide was varied 10,12 and 16 %. The treatment concentration ratio of nanocellulose solution to acrylamide also showed a significantly different effect at 5% level. The optimum hydrogel synthesis was the treatment of 10 % cellulose ratio and 16% acrylamide ratio which has a swelling ability of 15152.3% (g/g) and gel fraction 56.6%. The increasing the concentration of cellulose caused the hardness value to be higher but the springiness value tends to decrease. Morphology analysis showed the surface of hydrogels that are porous, has lumps and forms a three-dimensional tissue.

Origin, evolution and functional characterization of the land plant glycoside hydrolase subfamily GH5_11

Colonization of the land by plants was a critical event in the establishment of modern terrestrial ecosystems, and many characteristics of land plants originated during this process, including the emergence of rosette terminal cellulose-synthesizing complexes. Cellulases are non-homologous isofunctional enzymes, encoded by glycosyl hydrolase (GH) gene families. Although the plant GH5_11 gene subfamily is presumed to encode a cell-wall degrading enzyme, its evolutionary and functional characteristics remain unclear. In the present study, we report the evolution of the land plant GH5_11 subfamily, and the functions of its members in terms of cellulase activity, through comprehensive phylogenetic analyses and observation of Arabidopsis mutants. Phylogenetic and sequence similarity analyses reveal that the ancestor of land plants acquired the GH5_11 gene from fungi through a horizontal gene transfer (HGT) event. Subsequently, positive selection with massive gene duplication and loss events contributed to the evolution of this subfamily in land plants. In Arabidopsis and rice, expression of GH5_11 genes are regulated by multiple abiotic stresses, the duplicated genes showing different patterns of expression. The Arabidopsis mutants atgh5_11a and atgh5_11c display low levels of cellulase and endoglucanase activities, with correspondingly high levels of cellulose, implying that the encoded proteins may function as endoglucanases. However, atgh5_11a and atgh5_11c also display an enlarged rosette leaf phenotype, and atgh5_11c is late-flowering under short photoperiods. These observations suggest that plant GH5_11s possess more functions beyond being endonucleases. To summarize, we demonstrate that the ancestor of land plants has acquired GH5_11 gene through HGT, which extends the cellulose degradation complexity. Our investigations illuminate features of part of the molecular framework underlying the origin of land plants and provide a focus on the cellulose degradation pathway.

Thermochemical Characterization of Casamance Biomass Residues for Production of Combustibles Briquettes

The development of alternatives energies illustrates the common interest of all countries in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and combating climate change. Thermochemical treatment of municipal solid waste, agricultural and forestry wastes is a major challenge for this XXIst century to replace petroleum fuels. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) makes it possible to elucidate the thermal behavior of Casamance (Senegal) biomass residues, mass losses and decomposition rate, under inert (N2) atmosphere and oxidizing (O2) atmosphere. Carbonization and briquetting techniques of these various residues encountered in this part of Senegal country, by densification in order to produce fuel briquettes (call biochars) will be used to improve stoves for cooking. Samples used in this study are peanuts shells (PNS), cashew nut shells (CNS), palm nut shells (PLS) and millet stems (MS). Elemental and approximate analyses make it possible to determine the CHNSO* composition, volatile matter, fixed carbon and ashes content of the samples used. Higher heating values (HHV) of the former residues are ranging from 28.60 MJ·kg-1, 26.51 MJ·kg-1, 29.69 MJ·kg-1 and 24.93 MJ·kg-1 respectively. The chars are obtained by slow pyrolysis with a heating rate of 5°C·min-1 from ambient temperature up to 800°C under inert atmosphere. The morphology of the samples is different for the four biomasses studied, from biomass in the form of wood fibers to a more compact biomass. The parietal composition of different samples presented was determined by Van Soest method using neutral detergents (NDS), acid detergent (ADS) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4, 72%); to solubilize successively extractable, hemicellulose and cellulose respectively; lignin was obtained by balance (Table 2). The samples show a high level of cellulose, this pseudo-component is very rich in carbon directly linked to the calorific value, whose values vary from 32.35%; 24.20%; 34.94% and 39.67% for PNS, PLS, CNS and MS respectively.

PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH JAMUR TIRAM SEBAGAI PUPUK ORGANIK PADA BUDIDAYA SELADA (Lactuca sativa L.)

Oyster mushroom growing media generally in the form of sawdust. The sawdust contains high levels of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin so that the C/N ratio is high. Mixing with manure and composting are one way to improve the quality of compost. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of oyster mushroom waste combined with fermentation time on lettuce growth. The research method used a randomized block design with treatment namely A=oyster mushroom media waste 100% fermented 20 days, B=oyster mushroom waste 100% fermented 25 days C=75% oyster mushroom waste+25% goat manure fermented 20 days, D=75% oyster mushroom waste+25% goat manure fermented 25 days, E=50% oyster mushroom waste+50% goat manure fermented 20 days, F=50% oyster mushroom waste+50% goat manure fermented 25 days, G=25% oyster mushroom waste+75% goat manure fermented 20 days, H=25% oyster mushroom waste+75% goat manure fermented 25 days each treatment was repeated four times. Parameter observed were leaf area, number of leaves, net assimilation rate, root and wet weight ratio per plant. The results showed that a combination of compost consisting of 25% mushroom waste+75% goat manure both fermented 20 days and 25 days had a good influence on leaf area, leaf number, root fission ratio and weight of wet stover per lettuce plant. Keywords: Compost, Fermentation, Lettuce, Organic fertilizer

Recovery of glucose from dried distiller's grain with solubles, using combinations of solid-state fermentation and insect culture.

A bioethanol by-product, dried distiller's grains with solubles (DDGS) contains high levels of cellulose and starch. We hypothesized that combinations of solid-state fermentation (SSF) and digestion by black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) (Hermetia illucens) could increase the recovery of glucose from this by-product by concentrating and loosening the cellulose matrix through their activities. DDGS was individually fermented with Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Trichoderma koningii, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, or Lactobacillus plantarum. The fermented DDGS was fed to BSFL, and glucose recoveries from spent feeds were conducted. SSF increases lipid and protein contents, supporting BSFL growth, and weakens the cellulosic matrix. BSFL use nutrients in SSF-DDGS, further concentrating and weakening the cellulose, i.e., DDGS is halved without changing the cellulose contents. For example, Lactobacillus plantarum SSF with BSFL culture concentrates the cellulose content from 9.7% to 26.5% of spent feed. Glucose recovery was determined using three sequential processes (free glucose determination, weak-acid hydrolysis of amorphous cellulose, and enzymatic hydrolysis of micronized crystalline cellulose). Total glucose obtained from 100 g of DDGS increased from 4.8 to 10.7 g. These results show that the combinations of SSF and BSFL could provide additional fermentable sugars (and insect biomass) from bioethanol by-products, suggesting a high productivity from the same feedstock.

Wear behavior of straw fiber-reinforced polyvinyl chloride composites under simulated acid rain conditions

In order to investigate the effect of simulated acid rain (SAR) corrosion on the wear-resistance properties of straw fiber/polyvinyl chloride (SPVC) composites, four types of straw fibers (wheat straw (WS), rice straw (RS), corn straw (CS), and sorghum straw (SS) fibers) were utilized and incorporated into poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). The results show that the SS fibers have high levels of cellulose, lignin and crystallinity, and it also exhibited high adhesion strength with PVC matrix, which endow the SS/PVC with high wear-resistance compared with other three SPVC composites. After SAR corrosion, SPVC composites exhibited severe degradation of the physical, mechanical, and thermal properties, and the fibers were easily pulled out from the matrix to form abrasive particles. The high-speed fiber debris in high-temperature and high-loading environments can be deemed a kind of “incompressible lumps” that will form a certain abrasive wear.

Silencing of SlPL, which encodes a pectate lyase in tomato, confers enhanced fruit firmness, prolonged shelf-life and reduced susceptibility to grey mould.

SummaryPectate lyase genes have been documented as excellent candidates for improvement of fruit firmness. However, implementation of pectate lyase in regulating fruit postharvest deterioration has not been fully explored. In this report, 22 individual pectate lyase genes in tomato were identified, and one pectate lyase gene SlPL (Solyc03g111690) showed dominant expression during fruit maturation. RNA interference of SlPL resulted in enhanced fruit firmness and changes in pericarp cells. More importantly, the SlPL‐RNAi fruit demonstrated greater antirotting and pathogen‐resisting ability. Compared to wild‐type, SlPL‐RNAi fruit had higher levels of cellulose and hemicellulose, whereas the level of water‐soluble pectin was lower. Consistent with this, the activities of peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase were higher in SlPL‐RNAi fruit, and the malondialdehyde concentration was lower. RNA‐Seq results showed large amounts of differentially expressed genes involved in hormone signalling, cell wall modification, oxidative stress and pathogen resistance. Collectively, these data demonstrate that pectate lyase plays an important role in both fruit softening and pathogen resistance. This may advance knowledge of postharvest fruit preservation in tomato and other fleshy fruit.

Bio-ethanol production by Zymomonas mobilis using pretreated dairy manure as a carbon and nitrogen source

Dairy manure contains high levels of cellulose, hemicellulose and a nitrogen source.

Characterization qualitative of SOEL for a valorization best of the biomass produced

The main objective of this study was to qualitatively characterize biomass of Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav. (or SOEL) to highlight the essential alternatives its valorization. At first, we studied the potential of composting biomass of this plant. The physico-chemical characterization of biomass silverleaf nightshade has detected a wealth in organic carbon, which highlighted the potential value of this plant in the Co-composting with other biodegradable waste. In a second step, we assessed the possibility to develop this plant in the area of treatment in textile effluents by biosorption of dyes on fibers from the biomass of this plant, especially after the discovery of high levels of cellulose in its different organs.

Genome-scale resources for Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum.

BackgroundThermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum is a hemicellulose-degrading thermophilic anaerobe that was previously engineered to produce ethanol at high yield. A major project was undertaken to develop this organism into an industrial biocatalyst, but the lack of genome information and resources were recognized early on as a key limitation.ResultsHere we present a set of genome-scale resources to enable the systems level investigation and development of this potentially important industrial organism. Resources include a complete genome sequence for strain JW/SL-YS485, a genome-scale reconstruction of metabolism, tiled microarray data showing transcription units, mRNA expression data from 71 different growth conditions or timepoints and GC/MS-based metabolite analysis data from 42 different conditions or timepoints. Growth conditions include hemicellulose hydrolysate, the inhibitors HMF, furfural, diamide, and ethanol, as well as high levels of cellulose, xylose, cellobiose or maltodextrin. The genome consists of a 2.7 Mbp chromosome and a 110 Kbp megaplasmid. An active prophage was also detected, and the expression levels of CRISPR genes were observed to increase in association with those of the phage. Hemicellulose hydrolysate elicited a response of carbohydrate transport and catabolism genes, as well as poorly characterized genes suggesting a redox challenge. In some conditions, a time series of combined transcription and metabolite measurements were made to allow careful study of microbial physiology under process conditions. As a demonstration of the potential utility of the metabolic reconstruction, the OptKnock algorithm was used to predict a set of gene knockouts that maximize growth-coupled ethanol production. The predictions validated intuitive strain designs and matched previous experimental results.ConclusionThese data will be a useful asset for efforts to develop T. saccharolyticum for efficient industrial production of biofuels. The resources presented herein may also be useful on a comparative basis for development of other lignocellulose degrading microbes, such as Clostridium thermocellum.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12918-015-0159-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Characterization of culm morphology, anatomy and chemical composition of foxtail millet cultivars differing in lodging resistance

SUMMARYLodging can be an important factor in limiting yield and quality of summer foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.]. Although lodging resistance varies among different genotypes, direct selection for lodging resistance is difficult because of its sporadic occurrence in the field and inconsistency between years. A 2-year-field study was conducted with 35 summer foxtail millet cultivars or advanced breeding lines to determine the association between lodging resistance and culm morphology, anatomy and chemical composition. Path analyses indicated that stem-breaking strength had the most important effect on the lodging coefficient. The breaking strength of stem was associated with specific morphological properties of the culm, such as greater culm diameter and most importantly culm wall thickness. Width of sclerenchyma tissue, and the number and sheath width of the large vascular bundles were the major anatomical properties that influenced stem-breaking strength. The cellulose and lignin compositions of the culm had different effects on stem-breaking strength. Cultivars with smaller lodging coefficients contained higher levels of cellulose, but lower levels of lignin than the cultivars that were more prone to lodging. The findings from the present study provide useful information on lodging-associated traits in the culm that can be used as indicators for the improvement of lodging resistance in foxtail millet.