High Levels Of Acetate Research Articles

Dried Fruit, Acetate, and Asthma: A Mediation Mendelian Randomization Analysis

Background Asthma is a common chronic condition with increasing prevalence. Diet, including dried fruit consumption, has been linked to asthma risk, but the mechanisms remain unclear. This study investigates how dried fruit consumption affects asthma risk, focusing on acetate as a potential mediator. Methods We used Mendelian Randomization (MR) to analyze the relationships between dried fruit intake, acetate levels, and asthma. We applied three MR methods—Inverse-Variance Weighted (IVW), Weighted Median (WM), and MR-Egger—to determine causal effects. Results Dried fruit intake was inversely associated with asthma risk (IVW: β=-0.506, p = 0.0135) and positively associated with acetate levels (IVW: β = 0.269, p < 0.0001). Higher acetate levels were also linked to lower asthma risk (IVW: β=-0.361, p < 0.0001). Mediation analysis showed that acetate mediates approximately 19.22% of the effect of dried fruit on asthma risk. Conclusion Dried fruit consumption reduces asthma risk, partly through increasing acetate levels. This acetate-mediated pathway accounts for about 20% of the effect, suggesting potential for dietary strategies in asthma prevention and management. Further research could enhance the understanding and applicability of these findings.

Comprehensive assessment of fragrance profiles in peony flowers through HS-GC-IMS and metabolic pathway analysis

This study addresses the identification and comparison of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in different peony varieties to elucidate their distinct aroma profiles and the common VOCs that constitute the unique fragrance of peony flowers, laying a foundation for breeding high-quality peony varieties and developing related products. Headspace gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS) combined with principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was employed to analyze and differentiate the VOCs of eight peony varieties: TAOXI, ZIHELIAN, BAITIANE, YAOHUANG, DAFUGUI, DAOJIN, HONGXIUQIU, and MANAOPAN. The study identified 87 VOCs, revealing significant differences in VOC compositions among the samples. Notably, BAITIANE displayed distinct differences in both color and VOC composition compared to the other seven varieties. It exhibited uniquely high levels of butanoic acid-M, butanoic acid-D, hexanal-D, ethanol-D, and ethyl acetate. Twelve key differential VOCs were identified as having significant impacts: ethanol-D, hexanal-D, (e)-2-hexenal-D, (e)-2-hexenal-M, hexanal-M, butanoic acid-M, acetic acid-D, acetic acid-M, butanoic acid-D, ethyl acetate, thiophene, and dimethyl sulfide. KEGG pathway analysis highlighted the roles of xenobiotics biodegradation, terpenoid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism in VOC biosynthesis. The findings are significant for the breeding of fragrant peony varieties and the development of floral-based products. The findings provide theoretical support for breeding new horticultural flower varieties and developing commercial peony products, enhancing the understanding of floral scent chemistry, and offering valuable information for the perfumery, floral food processing, and related industries.

Metabolomic and transcriptomic integration reveals the mechanism of aroma formation as strawberries naturally turn colors while ripening

Aroma is an important indicator of fruit flavor, but mechanisms of aroma formation in strawberries (Fragaria spp.) during natural ripening are still not clear. In this study, aroma compounds in strawberry cultivars were analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Richly creamy strawberry cultivars in particular expressed high levels of vanillin acetate and coumarin (up-regulated by 12.6- and 9.8-fold, respectively), while the aroma-free cultivars were dominated by differential changes in terpenes and alcohols. Further research using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and RNA-Seq indicated that the activation of the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and alpha-linolenic acid metabolic pathways constituted the key to formation of aroma compounds in creamy strawberry cultivars. The results of this study not only provide a well-defined database to detect aroma compounds in different strawberry cultivars but also explore the underlying mechanisms of creamy aroma formation in strawberries.

Abstract 7475: The contribution of the oral bacteriome and mycobiome in cancer risk in people with HIV in Puerto Rico

Abstract Although under highly effective antiretroviral therapy, people with HIV (PWH) still experience an increased risk of developing cancer compared to people without HIV (PWOH). Dysbiosis of the oral microbiota in PWH can contribute to persistent inflammation and cancer risk. We previously showed higher levels of inflammation in saliva of PWH measured by TGF-β1 and IL-2. In addition, microbial products such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) can regulate the transcription of immune-related genes, particularly those necessary for the innate immune response to pathogens. In this study, we characterized the composition of the oral bacteriome and mycobiome in saliva of Puerto Rican PWH and PWOH, and analyzed these data in relation to markers of inflammation and cancer risk in saliva. Saliva, sociodemographic, and clinical data from 100 adults were collected (50 PWH and 50 PWOH). PWH were virally suppressed (&amp;lt;50 copies/mL) and had a median CD4 count of 699.8 cells/µL. We sequenced the 16S rDNA and the ITS in extracted DNA from saliva to characterize and quantify the bacterial and fungal communities, respectively. Furthermore, measurement of inflammatory markers (TGF-β1, IL-2, and IL-8) in saliva was performed using quantitative immunoassays. Microbiome data was processed using Qiime2, and statistical analysis was carried out using R-statistical software. Biological pathways associated to changes in the microbiome were inferred using PiCRUST2. PWH showed lower alpha diversity in the oral bacteriome (Observed OTUs: p=0.02, Faith: p=0.03) and oral mycobiome (Shannon: p=0.02) when compared to PWOH. In a multivariate analysis, lower alpha diversity in the bacteriome was associated with biological sex and HIV status. Lower alpha diversity in the oral bacteriome was associated with higher levels of acetate (r=-0.38, p&amp;lt;0.001) and lower levels of IL-8 (r= 0.21, p= 0.056) in saliva independent of HIV status. Taxonomic analyses showed PWH had a significantly lower abundance of Porphyromonas, Peptostreptococcus, Oribacterium, Parvimonas, Leptotrichia, Fusobacterium, Eubacterium, Dialister, and Alkalibacter genera of bacteria but there not significant changes in taxonomy in the oral mycobiome. Biological processes significantly affected by dysbiosis of the oral mycobiome include cytosolic and mitochondrial NADPH production, amino acid and sugar degradation, and phospholipid remodeling. Dysbiosis of both the oral bacteriome and mycobiome occur in HIV infection, which can contribute to chronic inflammation. However, the bacteriome and mycobiome may have different biological mechanisms, which suggest different roles in increasing cancer risk in Puerto Rican PWH. These findings provide more information regarding the oral health in people with HIV and may contribute to innovative cancer prevention strategies and screening guidelines for this high-risk population. Citation Format: Veronica Sofia Sanchez Gonzalez, Yakshi N. Ortiz-Maldonado, Gabriel Borges-Vélez, Tanner L. Shull, Jeannette L. Salgado-Montilla, Josué Pérez-Santiago1. The contribution of the oral bacteriome and mycobiome in cancer risk in people with HIV in Puerto Rico [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 7475.

Characterization of the Interindividual Variability Associated with the Microbial Metabolism of (-)-Epicatechin.

Although the relationship between gut microbiota and flavan-3-ol metabolism differs greatly between individuals, the specific metabolic profiles, known as metabotypes, have not yet been clearly defined. In this study, fecal batch fermentations of 34 healthy donors inoculated with (-)-epicatechin were stratified into groups based on their conversion rate of (-)-epicatechin and their quali-quantitative metabolic profile. Fast and slow converters of (-)-epicatechin, high producers of 1-(3'-hydroxyphenyl)-3-(2″,4″,6″-trihydroxyphenyl)-propan-2-ol (3-HPP-2-ol) and 5-(3',4'-dihydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone (3,4-DHPVL) were identified. Fecal microbiota analysis revealed that fast conversion of (-)-epicatechin was associated with short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria, such as Faecalibacterium spp. and Bacteroides spp., and higher levels of acetate, propionate, butyrate, and valerate were observed for fast converters. Other bacteria were associated with the conversion of 1-(3',4'-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(2″,4″,6″-trihydroxyphenyl)-propan-2-ol into 3-HPP-2-ol (Lachnospiraceae UCG-010 spp.) and 3,4-DHPVL (Adlercreutzia equolifaciens). Such stratification sheds light on the mechanisms of action underlying the high interindividual variability associated with the health benefits of flavan-3-ols.

Optimization of the Fermentation Conditions of Huaniu Apple Cider and Quantification of Volatile Compounds Using HS-SPME-GC/MS.

The fermentation process and composition of volatile compounds play a crucial role in the production of Huaniu apple cider. This study aimed to optimize the fermentation conditions of Huaniu apple cider and quantify its volatile compounds using headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC/MS). The optimal fermentation parameters were determined using response surface methodology (RSM). The optimal fermentation temperature was 25.48 °C, initial soluble solids were 18.90 degrees Brix, inoculation amount was 8.23%, and initial pH was 3.93. The fermentation rate was determined to be 3.0, and the predicted value from the verification test was 3.014. This finding demonstrated the excellent predictability of a RSM-optimized fermentation test for Huaniu apple cider, indicating the reliability of the process conditions. Moreover, the analysis of volatile compounds in the optimized Huaniu cider identified 72 different ingredients, including 41 esters, 16 alcohols, 6 acids, and 9 other substances. Notably, the esters exhibited high levels of ethyl acetate, ethyl octanoate, and ethyl capricate. Similarly, the alcohols demonstrated higher levels of 3-methyl-1-butanol, phenethylethanol, and 2-methyl-1-propanol, while the acids displayed increased concentrations of acetic acid, caproic acid, and caprylic acid. This study provides the essential technical parameters required for the preparation of Huaniu apple cider while also serving as a valuable reference for investigating its distinct flavor profile.

Mosaic Genome of a British Cider Yeast.

Hybrid formation and introgressions had a profound impact on fermentative yeasts domesticated for beer, wine and cider fermentations. Here we provide a comparative genomic analysis of a British cider yeast isolate (E1) and characterize its fermentation properties. E1 has a Saccharomyces uvarum genome into which ~102 kb of S. eubayanus DNA were introgressed that replaced the endogenous homologous 55 genes of chromosome XIV between YNL182C and YNL239W. Sequence analyses indicated that the DNA donor was either a lager yeast or a yet unidentified S. eubayanus ancestor. Interestingly, a second introgression event added ~66 kb of DNA from Torulaspora microellipsoides to the left telomere of SuCHRX. This region bears high similarity with the previously described region C introgression in the wine yeast EC1118. Within this region FOT1 and FOT2 encode two oligopeptide transporters that promote improved nitrogen uptake from grape must in E1, as was reported for EC1118. Comparative laboratory scale grape must fermentations between the E1 and EC1118 indicated beneficial traits of faster consumption of total sugars and higher glycerol production but low acetic acid and reduced ethanol content. Importantly, the cider yeast strain produced high levels of fruity ester, including phenylethyl and isoamyl acetate.

Fermented Bamboo Fiber Improves Productive Performance by Regulating Gut Microbiota and Inhibiting Chronic Inflammation of Sows and Piglets during Late Gestation and Lactation.

Sows exhibit metabolic syndrome and significant changes in intestinal microbiota during late gestation and lactation, affecting sow performance and piglet health. Dietary fiber (DF) is widely applied to improve sow performance by modulating gut microbiota and their by-products. Here, 60 sows were randomly allocated to groups, including CON (8% wheat bran), FBF-1 (1% fermented bamboo fiber), FBF-2 (2.5% fermented bamboo fiber), and FBF-3 (4% fermented bamboo fiber) from day 80 of gestation (G80d) to the end of lactation (L21d). Compared with CON, the FBF-3 diet decreased lactation backfat loss, increased average daily feed intake (ADFI) during lactation, and the weight gain of piglets, while supplementation of FBF increased fecal water content and reduced the rate of constipation in sows. Further, the yield and quality of milk of sows in FBF groups were improved. The FBF-3 diet significantly reduced markers of intestinal permeability (diamine oxidase and endotoxin) and systemic inflammation (interleukin-6 [IL-6] and tumor necrosis factor alpha) in sow serum during lactation, while it increased the anti-inflammatory marker (IL-10). Similarly, the piglets in the FBF-2 and FBF-3 groups had lower levels of IL-6 and higher levels of IgG, IgM, and insulin-like growth factor in serum. In addition, sows fed the 4% FBF diet had higher levels of acetate, propionate, butyrate, and total short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in feces than CON, and total SCFAs were promoted in piglets from the FBF-3 group. Spearman correlation analysis showed that immunity, inflammation, and intestinal microbiota are closely related to sow performance, which can affect piglet growth. The potential mechanism could be that FBF promoted the enrichment of beneficial genera such as Lachnospira, Lachnospiracea_XPB1014_Group, and Roseburia and the production of SCFAs in the sow's intestine, and reduced the relative abundance of harmful bacteria such as Fusobacterium, Sutterellaceae, and Sutterella. Meanwhile, the intake of FBF by sows affected the gut microbial composition of their offspring piglets, significantly increasing the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria Alistipes and Lachnoclostridium and decreasing the relative abundance of pathogenic bacteria Trueperella among colonic microorganisms. IMPORTANCE Dietary fiber is widely applied in the nutrition of sows due to its potential value in improving performance and intestinal health. Fermented bamboo fiber, rich in dietary fiber, has not been fully evaluated to be used in sow diets. Sows mobilize body reserves during gestation and lactation due to nutrients being prioritized for lactation purposes while feeding piglets, which generally leads to metabolism and immunity undergoing drastic changes. The main manifestations are increased inflammation and intestinal permeability and disturbed intestinal flora, which ultimately reduces the ADFI and milk quality, thus affecting the growth of piglets. The study described here is the first attempt to provide FBF for sows in late gestation and lactation can reverse this process. The 4% FBF was initially explored to have the most significantly beneficial effect. It provides a potentially effective method for dietary modification to control the gut microbiota and its metabolites to improve sow and piglet health. Moreover, the sow-piglet model offers a reference for investigating the impact of dietary fiber on the intestinal health of human mothers and infants.

Comparing the Volatile and Soluble Profiles of Fermented and Integrated Chinese Bayberry Wine with HS-SPME GC–MS and UHPLC Q-TOF

To evaluate the flavor characteristics of Chinese bayberry alcoholic beverages, fermented bayberry wine (FBW) and integrated bayberry wine (IBW) were investigated for their volatile and soluble profiles using HS-SPME GC-MS and UHPLC Q-TOF and were analyzed with multidimensional statistical analysis, including PCA and OPLS-DA. The volatile compounds 1-pentanol, β-caryophyllene and isopentanol were only detected in IBW. β-caryophyllene, the key flavor component of bayberry, was found to be the most abundant volatile compound in IBW (25.89%) and was 3.73 times more abundant in IBW than in FBW. The levels of ethyl octanoate, ethyl nonanoate, and ethyl decanoate were also several times higher in IBW than in FBW. These compounds contributed to the strong bayberry aroma and better fruity flavor of IBW. On the other hand, high levels of ethyl acetate and octanoic acid in FBW, representing pineapple/overripe or sweat odor, were key contributors to the fermented flavor of FBW. Soluble sugars, such as sucrose, D-glucose, and D-tagatose, as well as amino acids, such as L-glutamate and L-aspartate, had much higher levels in IBW. The anthocyanin pigment cyanidin 3-glucoside, which generates red color, was also higher in IBW. On the other hand, most of the differentially expressed alcohols, acids, amino acids, purines/pyrimidines and esters were present in higher concentrations in FBW compared to IBW. This demonstrated that IBW has a much sweeter and more savory taste as well as a better color generated by more anthocyanins, while FBW presents a more acidic and drier taste as well as a complex formation of alcohols and esters. The study also prompts the need for further research on the flavor profiles of IBW and its potential application and market value.

MP04-10 MACHINE LEARNING PREDICTS METABOLIC BIOMARKERS OF RESPONSE TO ANTI-VEGF DRUG SUNITINIB IN CCRCC

You have accessJournal of UrologyCME1 Apr 2023MP04-10 MACHINE LEARNING PREDICTS METABOLIC BIOMARKERS OF RESPONSE TO ANTI-VEGF DRUG SUNITINIB IN CCRCC Katiana Vazquez-Rivera, X. Amy Xie, Stephen Reese, Ritesh Kotecha, Martin Voss, Robert Motzer, Wesley Tansey, Ari Hakimi, and Ed Reznik Katiana Vazquez-RiveraKatiana Vazquez-Rivera More articles by this author , X. Amy XieX. Amy Xie More articles by this author , Stephen ReeseStephen Reese More articles by this author , Ritesh KotechaRitesh Kotecha More articles by this author , Martin VossMartin Voss More articles by this author , Robert MotzerRobert Motzer More articles by this author , Wesley TanseyWesley Tansey More articles by this author , Ari HakimiAri Hakimi More articles by this author , and Ed ReznikEd Reznik More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000003215.10AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is a metabolic disease with multiple mutated genes involved in the regulation of cellular metabolic processes, however it remains unknown how ccRCC metabolites are associated with response to anti-VEGF or immunotherapy agents. Metabolomic signatures may serve as a biomarker of response or serve as future points of intervention for targeted agents. Thus, we sought to characterize metabolite signatures associated with response to anti-VEGF therapy in patients with ccRCC. METHODS: A machine learning algorithm called T-MIRTH (Transcriptomics-Metabolite Imputation via Rank-Transformation and Harmonization) was developed to identify key metabolites. In short, this algorithm imputes metabolite abundances from RNA sequencing data by modeling metabolite-RNA covariation across datasets with paired metabolomics and transcriptomics data. 262 well-predicted metabolites were used to test the association between imputed levels of individual metabolites by T-MIRTH and progression free survival (PFS) in 7 published sunitinib clinical trials in advanced ccRCC. Using a multivariable Cox proportional hazard model, metabolomic signatures were correlated with progression-free survival and regression results were aggregated using a random effects meta-analysis model. RESULTS: Our T-MIRTH algorithm was validated using 3 ccRCC datasets with paired metabolomics and transcriptomics data and we demonstrated that T-MIRTH can accurately predict metabolite levels using RNA sequencing data. We then demonstrated using the ccRCC TCGA that T-MIRTH predicted metabolic differences between both tumor/normal samples and high/low-stage samples. Our algorithm was able to identify 262 validated metabolites. The results from our meta-analysis across 7 clinical trial demonstrated 7 metabolites significantly associated with improved PFS in the sunitinib arm (FDR < 0.05). In particular, high levels of 1-methylimidazole acetate had improved PFS within the sunitinib arm across all trials. CONCLUSIONS: Using a novel algorithm, we identified 7 metabolites that were associated with improved PFS in patients treated with sunitinib across 7 clinical trials. These metabolites may serve as biomarkers of response and may also be important targets for future therapeutics. Source of Funding: N/A © 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 209Issue Supplement 4April 2023Page: e37 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Katiana Vazquez-Rivera More articles by this author X. Amy Xie More articles by this author Stephen Reese More articles by this author Ritesh Kotecha More articles by this author Martin Voss More articles by this author Robert Motzer More articles by this author Wesley Tansey More articles by this author Ari Hakimi More articles by this author Ed Reznik More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

Intake of slow-digesting carbohydrates is related to changes in the microbiome and its functional pathways in growing rats with obesity induced by diet.

The main cause of insulin resistance in childhood is obesity, which contributes to future comorbidities as in adults. Although high-calorie diets and lack of exercise contribute to metabolic disease development, food quality rather than the quantity of macronutrients is more important than food density. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of changing the quality of carbohydrates from rapidly to slowly digestible carbohydrates on the composition of the gut microbiota and the profiles of the functional pathways in growing rats with obesity due to a high-fat diet (HFD). During the course of 4 weeks, rats growing on an HFD-containing carbohydrates with different digestive rates were fed either HFD-containing carbohydrates with a rapid digestion rate (OBE group) or HFD-containing carbohydrates with a slow digestion rate (OBE-ISR group). A non-obese group (NOB) was included as a reference, and rats were fed on a rodent standard diet (AIN93G). An analysis of gut microbiota was conducted using 16S rRNA-based metagenomics; a linear mixed-effects model (LMM) was used to determine changes in abundance between baseline and 4 weeks of treatment, and functional pathways were identified. Gut microbiota composition at bacterial diversity and relative abundance, at phylum and genus levels, and functional profiles were analyzed by integrating the Integrated Microbial Genomes (IMG) database. The groups showed comparable gut microbiota at baseline. At the end of the treatment, animals from the ISR group exhibited differences at the phylum levels by decreasing the diversity of Fisher's index and Firmicutes (newly named as Bacillota), and increasing the Pielou's evenness and Bacteroidetes (newly named as Bacteroidota); at the genus level by increasing Alistipes, Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides, Butyricimonas, Lachnoclostridium, Flavonifractor, Ruminiclostridium 5, and Faecalibaculum and decreasing Muribaculum, Blautia, and Ruminiclostridium 9. Remarkably, relative abundances of genera Tyzzerella and Angelakisella were higher in the OBE group compared to NOB and OBE-ISR groups. In addition, some microbiota carbohydrate metabolism pathways such as glycolysis, glucuronic acid degradation, pentose phosphate pathway, methanogenesis, and fatty acid biosynthesis exhibited increased activity in the OBE-ISR group after the treatment. Higher levels of acetate and propionate were found in the feces of the ISR group compared with the NOB and OBE groups. The results of this study demonstrate that replacing rapidly digestible carbohydrates with slowly digestible carbohydrates within an HFD improve the composition of the gut microbiota. Consequently, metabolic disturbances associated with obesity may be prevented.

Exploring volatile aroma and non-volatile bioactive compounds diversity in wild populations of rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus Schleid.)

Ninety-five rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus Schleid.) genotypes, representing 24 wild populations, collected in different geographical areas in Italy and then cultivated under homogeneous environmental conditions, were characterised for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and three main non-volatile phenolic diterpenes (carnosic acid, carnosol) and acids (rosmarinic acid).Cluster analysis of chemical data highlighted the occurrence of three main groups of populations: one with high levels of verbenone, α-pinene, bornyl acetate, carnosic acid and carnosol, a second one with relatively high levels of camphor and a third one with high levels of 1,8-cineole, β-pinene and sesquiterpenes. This clustering was consistent with geographic origin and previous genetic characterisation of the same populations. Correlation analysis suggested that levels of the key antioxidant carnosic acid were associated to levels of the key aroma compound verbenone.The observed diversity may be exploited in breeding programs to develop lines and designing products with improved flavour quality and functional properties.

Development of Hypertolerant Strain of Yarrowia lipolytica Accumulating Succinic Acid Using High Levels of Acetate.

Acetate is emerging as a promising feedstock for biorefineries as it can serve as an alternate carbon source for microbial cell factories. In this study, we expressed acetyl-CoA synthase in Yarrowia lipolytica PSA02004PP, and the recombinant strain grew on acetate as the sole carbon source and accumulated succinic acid or succinate (SA). Unlike traditional feedstocks, acetate is a toxic substrate for microorganisms; therefore, the recombinant strain was further subjected to adaptive laboratory evolution to alleviate toxicity and improve tolerance against acetate. At high acetate concentrations, the adapted strain Y. lipolytica ACS 5.0 grew rapidly and accumulated lipids and SA. Bioreactor cultivation of ACS 5.0 with 22.5 g/L acetate in a batch mode resulted in a maximum cell OD600 of 9.2, with lipid and SA accumulation being 0.84 and 5.1 g/L, respectively. However, its fed-batch cultivation yielded a cell OD600 of 23.5, SA titer of 6.5 g/L, and lipid production of 1.5 g/L with an acetate uptake rate of 0.2 g/L h, about 2.86 times higher than the parent strain. Cofermentation of acetate and glucose significantly enhanced the SA titer and lipid accumulation to 12.2 and 1.8 g/L, respectively, with marginal increment in cell growth (OD600: 26.7). Furthermore, metabolic flux analysis has drawn insights into utilizing acetate for the production of metabolites that are downstream to acetyl-CoA. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on SA production from acetate by Y. lipolytica and demonstrates a path for direct valorization of sugar-rich biomass hydrolysates with elevated acetate levels to SA.

Inter-Tree Variation in the Chemical Composition of Boswellia papyrifera Oleo-Gum-Resin

Frankincense is a fragrant resin produced by Boswellia species, and has been used for centuries as a perfume, medicine, and incense, and is an important cosmetic and therapeutic product today. A number of studies have been conducted on the resin essential oils, but many have used commercial sources outside of the country of origin, leading to potential taxonomic confusion or misidentification. Individual Boswellia papyrifera resin samples were each obtained directly from 11 individual trees in Sudan, hydrodistilled, the volatile phytochemicals determined by gas chromatographic methods, and the chemical compositions subjected to cluster analysis. All samples were very similar, with high levels of octyl acetate (49.5%-81.0%) and octanol (6.5%-13.7%), and varying levels of diterpenoids (6.6%-32.7%). The cluster analysis indicated 3 highly similar groups, defined by (1) relatively higher levels of octyl acetate (58.9%-81.0%), but with low levels of diterpenoids (6.6%-18.6%); (2) relatively lower levels of octyl acetate (49.5%-61.3%), but with a higher proportion of diterpenoids (19.0%-22.8%); and (3) with octyl acetate (51.6%) and diterpenoids (32.7%).

Effects of inoculation timing and mixed fermentation with Pichia fermentans on Oenococcus oeni viability, fermentation duration and aroma production during wine malolactic fermentation

There has been a growing interest in developing co-inoculum of Oenococcus oeni and Saccharomyces cerevisiae/non-Saccharomyces for simultaneous malolactic fermentation (MLF) and alcoholic fermentation (AF) of wines. This study sought to elucidate the effects of two crucial factors (inoculation timing and paired yeast) on the fermentation performance and aroma production of Merlot wine. O. oeni used for MLF was concurrently or sequentially inoculated with two yeast cultures (i.e., single S. cerevisiae and mixed S. cerevisiae /Pichia fermentans H5Y-28) used for AF. Inoculation timing determined the overall vinification duration, and conditioned the production of principle higher alcohols, terpene and O. oeni-mediated volatiles. In contrast, paired yeast improved O. oeni viability, and showed significant effect on aromatic esters and volatile fatty acids. Possibly due to lower ethanol stress, co-inoculum allowed O. oeni to initiate MLF during AF, resulting in 45% reduction of total fermentation time. Meanwhile, O. oeni growth was stimulated by P. fermentans, with 1.7-fold of the maximum population higher than that in co-fermentation without P. fermentans. Such stimulation of O. oeni growth also occurred in sequential fermentation where P. fermentans had been replaced by S. cerevisiae. Only in sequential inoculum, P. fermentans induced high levels of 3-methylbutyl acetate, ethyl 3-methylbutanoate, ethyl hexanoate and ethyl octanoate, which may result in enhanced fresh fruity trait of wines. These findings suggested a positive effect of P. fermentans H5Y-28 on O. oeni and MLF. This work provides an alternative approach to improve wine MLF and aroma outcomes using friendly non-Saccharomyces yeast with appropriate inoculation strategy.

Live long and prosper: Acetate and its effects on longevity in batch culturing of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

The mass cultivation of algal biomass has several challenges, one of which is the poorly developed concepts of aging in batch-culture systems, that could ultimately affect biomass and bioproduct accumulation. While senescence and longevity are successfully applied to multicellular organisms, how these concepts apply to unicellular, photosynthetic eukaryotes is less developed. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a green mixotrophic microalga that can assimilate exogenous acetate as a carbon source as well as relying on photosynthesis for carbon fixation. We tested the hypothesis that caloric content in the media (acetate content) would influence longevity, as has been shown for animals and yeast. Here we describe the development of a culturing system to make studying senescence and aging more tractable while testing the effects of acetate on longevity. In our experiments, acetate had clear effects on biomass accumulation, chlorophyll content, starch accumulation, and cellular respiration. Higher levels of acetate also substantially decreased cell survival, observable in this system within 4–6 days. We also show that the high acetate-induced increase in starch levels was correlated with accelerated senescence and death. In support of this, mutants unable to synthesize starch do not show the same reduction in lifespan as the wildtype in high acetate cultures. Collectively, we hypothesize that the remodeling of metabolic flux under high acetate shortens lifespan, which may be due to the excessive redox state of the chloroplast and reactive oxygen generation that can follow. On the surface, this suggests that the concept of caloric restriction applies to photosynthetic mixotrophs and can influence longevity in batch culture systems.

Longitudinal Serum Metabolomics in Extremely Premature Infants: Relationships With Gestational Age, Nutrition, and Morbidities.

An increasing number of extremely premature infants survive the neonatal period and beyond. Little is known about the maturation of the preterm infant’s metabolome and its relation to the development of morbidities. Using 1H-NMR, we investigated the serum metabolic profile of 87 infants born at a gestational age (GA) <28 weeks [mean GA (SD) 25.4 (1.4) weeks] in samples longitudinally collected from birth to term equivalent age. The infant metabolome was analyzed in relation to GA, postnatal age, nutrition, and preterm morbidities. At postnatal day 1, low GA correlated with high levels of 3-hydroxyisobutyrate, acetate, acetoacetate, acetone, formate, glucose, and valine. Nearly all quantified metabolites displayed postnatal concentration changes. For example, the two phospholipid-related metabolites myo-inositol and ethanolamine displayed a similar decline from birth over the first weeks of life, irrespectively of GA. The proportion of enteral/parenteral energy intake in the first 28 days significantly correlated with mean levels of 52% of the analyzed metabolites. Low enteral energy intake was associated with high serum levels of 3-hydroxyisobutyrate, creatinine, glucose, glycerol, histidine, lactate, leucine, lysine, methionine, ornithine, phenylalanine, proline, threonine, and uridine. There were also significant correlations between high enteral intake and high serum levels of isoleucine and tyrosine. Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) outcomes were not significantly associated with metabolite levels in the neonatal period after correcting for multiple testing. In conclusion, the serum metabolome of extremely premature infants changes substantially in the neonatal period, largely driven by the gradual transfer from total parenteral nutrition to full enteral feeding. Further studies are needed to disentangle the intricate relationships between the metabolome, nutritional management, GA, and the development of preterm morbidities.

Screening and Identification of Yeasts from Fruits and Their Coculture for Cider Production

Coculturing non-Saccharomyces yeasts with Saccharomyces cerevisiae could enrich the aromatic complexity of alcoholic beverages during cider brewing. Therefore, the present study performed rapid strain screening via selective culture medium and aroma analysis and adopted a response surface methodology to optimize fermentation conditions to produce 2-phenylethyl acetate (PEA), which presents a rose and honey scent. The effects of coculturing yeasts on cider quality were evaluated through hedonic sensory analysis and the check-all-that-apply (CATA) method. Hanseniaspora vineae P5 and S. cerevisiae P1 produced ciders with high levels of PEA and 2-phenylethanol, respectively. The optimal fermentation process consisted of sequential inoculation with a 31 h delay between inoculations, followed by fermentation for 14.5 d at 18.7 °C, yielding 17.41 ± 0.51 mg/L of PEA, which was 4.6-fold higher than that obtained through the unoptimized fermentation process. Additionally, the CATA results revealed that the cider produced through coculturing was associated with descriptors such as “smooth taste”, “honey”, “pineapple”, and “fruity”, which can be attributed to the high ethyl acetate and PEA levels in the cider.

Unique volatile chemical profiles produced by indigenous and commercial strains of &lt;i&gt;Saccharomyces uvarum&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Saccharomyces cerevisiae&lt;/i&gt; during laboratory-scale Chardonnay fermentations

Each wine growing region hosts unique communities of indigenous yeast species, which may enter fermentation and contribute to the final flavour profile of wines. One of these species, Saccharomyces uvarum, is typically described as a cryotolerant yeast that produces relatively high levels of glycerol and rose-scented volatile compounds as compared with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the main yeast in winemaking. Comparisons of fermentative and chemical properties between S. uvarum and S. cerevisiae at the species level are relatively common; however, a paucity of information has been collected on the potential variability present among S. uvarum strains. The objective of this study was to compare the fermentation kinetics and production of volatile compounds between indigenous and commercial Saccharomyces strains at different temperatures. We compared laboratory-scale fermentation of Chardonnay juice at 15 °C and 25 °C for 11 Saccharomyces yeast strains (six indigenous S. uvarum, one commercial S. uvarum, one indigenous S. cerevisiae and three commercial S. cerevisiae). Fermentation kinetics and the production of volatile compounds known to affect the organoleptic properties of wine were determined. The indigenous S. uvarum strains showed comparable kinetics to commercially sourced strains at both temperatures. Volatile compound production among the strains was more variable at 15 °C and resulted in unique chemical profiles at 15 °C as compared with 25 °C. Indigenous S. uvarum strains produced relatively high levels of 2-phenylethyl acetate and 2-phenylethanol, whereas these compounds were found at much lower levels in fermentations conducted by commercial strains of both S. cerevisiae and S. uvarum. Production of glycerol by indigenous S. uvarum strains did not differ from commercial strains in this study. Our findings demonstrate that indigenous strains of S. uvarum show functional variation among themselves. However, when compared with commercial S. cerevisiae and S. uvarum strains, they have comparable fermentation kinetics but unique volatile compound profiles, especially at low fermentation temperatures.

The Keystone commensal bacterium Christensenella minuta DSM 22607 displays anti-inflammatory properties both in vitro and in vivo

Christensenellaceae is a family of subdominant commensal bacteria found in humans. It is thought to play an important role in gut health by maintaining microbial symbiosis. Indeed, these bacteria occur at significantly lower levels or are absent in individuals suffering from inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). Here, we explored if type species Christensenella minuta (strain: DSM 22607) could have the potential to help treat IBDs. We assessed key properties displayed by the bacterium using a combination of in vitro and in vivo assays. We found that while C. minuta is a strict anaerobe, it is also oxygen tolerant. Additionally, we observed that the species produces high levels of acetate and moderate levels of butyrate. We performed deep phenotyping using Biolog microarrays. Using human intestinal cell lines, we discovered that C. minuta demonstrated strong anti-inflammatory activity, resulting in reduced levels of proinflammatory IL-8 cytokines via the inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Furthermore, C. minuta protected intestinal epithelial integrity in vitro. Finally, in two distinct animal models of acute colitis, C. minuta prevented intestinal damage, reduced colonic inflammation, and promoted mucosal healing. Together, these results indicate that C. minuta has potent immunomodulatory properties, underscoring its potential use in innovative microbiome-based IBD biotherapies.