Higher Levels Of Impulsivity Research Articles

Relationship between bullying victimization and murderous behaviors and impulsivity's mediating role: Evidence from Chinese early adolescents.

Evidence suggests a robust relationship between experiencing bullying victimization (BV) and engaging in murderous behaviors among adolescents. However, the potential mediating effect of impulsivity on the relationship between BV and murderous behaviors in early adolescents remains underexplored. A total of 5724 adolescents, with a mean age of 13.5years, were enrolled from three middle schools in Anhui Province, China. Participants completed self-report questionnaires detailing their experiences with bullying, impulsiveness, and murderous behaviors. To assess the relationship between BV and murderous behaviors, multivariate logistic regression and Poisson regression analyses were conducted. Mediation analysis was performed using structural equation modeling. After controlling for confounding factors, a positive association was found between experiencing BV and engaging in murderous behaviors (p<0.05). Mediation analysis revealed a significant indirect effect of BV on the occurrence of murderous behaviors through impulsivity (indirect effect=0.027, 95% CI: 0.021, 0.033). BV appears to heighten levels of impulsivity, which in turn increases the likelihood of murderous behaviors. Additionally, sex-specific analysis indicated that impulsivity played a greater mediating role in the link between verbal and relational BV and murderous behaviors in females, while physical and cyber BV were more significant in males. Our findings underscore the necessity of early targeted interventions for adolescents experiencing BV and exhibiting high levels of impulsivity to mitigate their risk of engaging in murderous behaviors.

Influence of parental mediation and social skills on adolescents' use of online video games for escapism: A cross-sectional study.

The widespread use of video games among adolescents has raised concerns about their impact on psychological and social development. This study aimed to assess the effects of different types of parental mediation on adolescents' tendency to use video games to avoid negative emotions and determine the relationship between adolescents' interpersonal skills and their reliance on online video games for escapism. Participants were 452 adolescents from 15 middle and high schools. Data on sociodemographic information, gaming habits, parental control of online gaming, interpersonal skills, and reasons for playing online games were also collected. Hierarchical multiple regression was used to analyze the data, with online video game escapism as the dependent variable. Results supported the study's hypothesis that both parental mediation and adolescent interpersonal skills significantly predict the use of online video games for escapism. Higher levels of parental monitoring were associated with a lower tendency of adolescents to use video games to escape negative emotions, while parental mediation supporting autonomy showed a similar but weaker protective effect. At the same time, parental monitoring was also found to be associated with lower interpersonal skills, notably higher impulsivity, narcissism, and stress in social situations. In addition, adolescents with higher levels of impulsivity were more likely to use video games for escapism. These findings highlight the importance of balanced parental involvement and the development of adolescents' social skills to mitigate the risks of problematic online gaming. Interventions should promote effective parental mediation strategies and enhance adolescents' interpersonal skills to reduce their tendency to use video games as a coping mechanism for real-life challenges. Effective parental mediation and improved interpersonal skills are critical for promoting healthier gaming habits and reducing adolescent escapism.

Engagement in New Gambling Practices and its Association with Gambling Disorder, Impulsivity, and Cognitive Distortions: Findings from a Nationally Representative Sample of Spanish Gamblers.

Most epidemiological surveys focus on adult gambling behaviors related to traditional gambling forms, while studies on novel forms often focus on loot boxes and cryptocurrency trading individually. This study examines the co-ocurrence of emergent gambling and gambling-like practices, analyzing the demographic and psychological characteristics of involved gamblers. A cross-sectional study surveyed 1429 Spanish individuals aged 18-65, using a web-based questionnaire. The survey assessed participation in 19 gambling (e.g., lotteries, sports betting) and gambling-like activities (e.g., trading of cryptocurrencies and other assets, buying loot-boxes), along with sociodemographic and substance use. Problem gambling (PGSI), Impulsivity (UPPS-P), and cognitive distortions (Labrador's cognitive distortions scale) were also assessed. Participants who gambled over the past year (n = 921) were classified into four groups: traditional gambling (TG) only (64.5%, n = 594), TG with trading activities (27.5%, n = 253), TG with gambling withing video games or streaming platforms (2.5%, n = 23), and TG with both trading and video gambling (5.5%, n = 51). Most gamblers engaged exclusively in traditional formats, but 35.5% also participated in novel gambling forms. Those involved in both trading and video gambling were generally younger, male, with higher levels of impulsivity and gambling-related cognitive distortions compared to TG-only gamblers (p < 0.001). This group also exhibited higher rates of problem gambling and substance use (p < 0.001). This study emphasize the importance of including emerging gambling activities, which are particularly prevalent among high-risk gamblers, in epidemiological surveys. Identifying new gambling patterns and associated risk factors could help optimize public policies and develop more effective regulatory and prevention strategies.

Impulsivity mediates the relationship between sleep quality and interpersonal functioning: a cross-sectional study in a sample of university students

BackgroundAmid the current mental health pandemic, research continues to investigate potential contributors associated with increasing levels of negative mental health. Among such contributors is sleep, which is vital for physiological and psychological functioning with potential downstream behavioral consequences, including in relation to impulsivity and social functioning. Given the significant rates of disordered sleep behaviors reported in the literature, our study sought to investigate the relationship between sleep quality, impulsivity and interpersonal functioning among university students.MethodsAn anonymous online survey was administered to university students (Ages 18 + ; N = 526; 33% male, 67% female) addressing demographics, sleep quality, impulsivity, and interpersonal functioning.ResultsOur findings indicate a substantial proportion of students reporting poor sleep quality and impulsivity. Moreover, higher levels of impulsivity and lower interpersonal functioning were associated with poor sleep quality. Mediation analysis revealed a significant mediating role of attentional impulsivity in the relationship between sleep quality and interpersonal functioning.ConclusionsRepeated reports of significant levels of impulsivity underlying numerous psychiatric disorders, its prevalence socially, and the fundamental issue that impulsivity reflects (i.e., lack of self-control/self-discipline/self-regulation), suggests a necessity to reorient therapeutic efforts towards the root of the problem. Thus, efforts should seek to maximize preventative behaviors that strengthen the individual (e.g., improving sleep-related behaviors), and contribute to the building of character/virtue, through self-discipline, perseverance and consistency, in order to reduce negative outcomes (e.g., impulsivity, dysfunctional interpersonal functioning).

Negative and positive urgency as pathways in the intergenerational transmission of suicide risk in childhood.

Parental suicide attempts and suicide death increase suicide risk in their offspring. High levels of impulsivity have been observed in families at high risk for suicide. Impulsivity, a highly heritable trait that is especially elevated in childhood, is frequently measured with the UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale, which includes negative urgency, positive urgency, sensation seeking, premeditation, and perseverance. Our study examined the association between the UPPS-P facets and suicide ideation (without suicide attempts) and suicide attempts at baseline and first-time endorsement within the next two years in childhood. We also examined how the UPPS-P facets mediated the association between parental suicide attempts and suicide death and offspring first-time suicide ideation and attempts at follow-up. The sample was 9,194 children (48.4% female; 9-10 years old) from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study, assessed yearly three times. At Time 1 (T1), caregivers reported on suicide attempts and suicide deaths (combined) of the biological parents. Caregivers and children reported on suicide ideation and attempts in the KSADS-PL DSM-5 at each time point, T1 and follow-up (T2 and/or T3). The Short UPPS-P Scale (child-report) assessed the impulsivity facets at T1, which were computed as latent variables. At T1, 6.7% of children had a parent who had attempted or died by suicide. Most UPPS-P facets were associated with suicide ideation and attempts at T1 and T2/T3. In adjusted models, parental suicide attempts and suicide death were associated with offspring negative and positive urgency. In mediation models, parental suicide attempts and suicide death had an indirect effect on offspring first-time suicide ideation at T2/T3 through negative urgency (OR = 1.04; 95% CI, 1.01-1.08) and positive urgency (OR = 1.03, 95% CI, 1.01-1.05). Similar results were found for first-time suicide attempts at T2/T3. Our findings support an impulsive pathway in the familial transmission of suicide risk. For all youth, interventions that target multiple UPPS-P facets may help prevent or reduce suicide risk. For offspring whose parents have attempted or died by suicide, clinicians should pay particular attention to children who impulsively act on extreme emotions, as they may be at higher suicide risk.

Distinct impulsivity profiles in subtypes of violence among community-dwelling patients with severe mental disorders: a longitudinal study

BackgroundAlthough only a few patients with severe mental disorders (SMD) can commit violent behaviour in the community, violent behaviour aggravates the stigma towards patients with SMD. Understanding the subtypes of violent behaviour may be beneficial for preventing violent behaviour among patients with SMD, but it has rarely been studied.MethodsThis longitudinal study investigated 1914 patients with SMD in the community at baseline, and the follow-up period ranged from February 2021 to August 2021. The Barratt Impulsiveness Scale Version-11, the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire, the Impulsive/Premeditated Aggression Scale, the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire and the MacArthur Community Violence Instrument were used at baseline. The Modified Overt Aggression Scale was used to assess the occurrence of violent behaviour (outcome) during the follow-up period. Cox regression models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Latent class analysis was used to characterise the subtypes of patients with SMD who engaged in violent behaviour at follow-up.ResultsWe found that 7.2% of patients with SMD presented violent behaviour within six months in the community. Younger age (OR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.96-1.00, p = 0.016) and no economic source (OR = 1.60, 95% CI = 1.10–2.33, p = 0.014) were risk factors for violent behaviour. Patients with SMD who engaged in violent behaviour could be classified into three subtypes: one class characterised by a history of violence and impulsivity, another class characterised by high levels of aggression and motor impulsivity, and the last class characterised by median cognitive impulsivity.ConclusionsSocio-demographic factors were risk factors for violent behaviour among patients with SMD, which could eliminate the discrimination toward this group. Impulsivity played a vital role in identifying the three subtypes of patients with SMD who engaged in violent behaviour. These findings may be helpful for the development of a personalised violence risk management plan for patients with SMD who commit violent behaviour in the community.

A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Mentalization-Based Therapy With the Unified Protocol in the Treatment of Psychopathy and Comorbid Borderline + Antisocial Personality Disorders.

Those with cooccurring antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) and borderline personality disorder (BPD) are reported to be highly psychopathic and to represent a severe challenge to treatment efforts. In a sample of such individuals, the effects of two treatments, mentalization-based therapy (MBT) and the unified protocol (UP), were investigated on three outcomes: (i) the psychopathy trait domains of meanness, boldness and disinhibition proposed by the triarchic psychopathy model (TPM); (ii) antisocial and borderline symptom severity; and (iii) the severity of their common features including impulsivity, anger expression and self-harm. Of 163 individuals with BPD + ASPD screened for eligibility, 55 were randomized to MBT treatment and 53 to UP treatment. Outcomes of treatment were assessed at 6-month intervals to 36 months. Short-term reductions were seen following both treatments in traits of psychopathy, antisocial and borderline personality symptom severity, anger dysregulation, impulsivity and self-harm, but both treatment groups showed almost complete relapse of symptoms at the 36-month follow-up. UP had more durable effects than MBT. Despite being a considerably shorter treatment, UP was at least as effective as MBT and in some respects superior. Remission of symptoms was not achieved by either treatment in the long term. Psychopathy and borderline/antisocial comorbidity with which it is associated are to some extent remediable through psychotherapy, but only in the short term. Patients with high levels of impulsivity and disinhibition are likely to relapse following psychotherapy and should be closely monitored after treatment.

Prevalence and clinical phenotypes of adult patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and comorbid behavioral addictions.

Although the correlation between substance use disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been largely studied, less is known about the correlation between behavioral addictions and ADHD. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of behavioral addictions in a large sample of adult patients with a primary diagnosis of ADHD and to compare the clinical profile of ADHD patients with and without behavioral addictions comorbidity. 248 consecutive adults newly diagnosed as ADHD patients were assessed through a series of validated scales for gambling disorder, internet, sex, shopping and food addictions. ADHD patients with at least one comorbid behavioral addiction were compared to non-comorbid patients on ADHD symptoms, impulsivity, mood and anxiety symptoms and functional impairment. 58.9% of patients had at least one behavioral addiction comorbidity. Of the whole sample, 31.9% of the patients had a comorbidity with one behavioral addiction while the 27% showed a comorbidity with two or more behavioral addictions. Internet addiction was the most common comorbidity (33.9%) followed by food addiction (28.6%), shopping addiction (19%), sex addiction (12.9%) and gambling disorder (3.6%). ADHD patients with comorbid behavioral addictions showed higher ADHD current and childhood symptoms, higher cognitive and motor impulsivity, higher mood and anxiety symptoms and higher functional impairment. Behavioral addictions are highly frequent in adult ADHD patients. Comorbid patients seem to have a more complex phenotype characterized by more severe ADHD, mood and anxiety symptoms, higher impulsivity levels and greater functional impairment.

Clinical specificities of patients with substance use disorder and comorbid borderline personality disorder compared to patients with substance use disorder only: a retrospective study

Introduction Substance use disorder (SUD) is a common condition often associated with borderline personality disorder (BPD), and patients with both disorders (SUD + BPD) have more complex presentations and poorer outcomes in treatment. Thus, there is a need to identify more clearly the clinical differences between patients with SUD + BPD and those with SUD only to help clinicians in their diagnostic process. Methods Data from medical files of 92 patients with SUD (SUD only: n = 42; SUD + BPD: n = 50) treated in an outpatient psychiatry and addiction treatment center were extracted to compare the differences in terms of sociodemographic characteristics, substance used, psychopathological dimensions, comorbidity prevalence, and functional impairment. Results Compared to the SUD only group, patients in the SUD + BPD group were younger, more disabled, and less satisfied with their social life. Regarding substance used, the comorbid group had more frequently cannabis use disorder and poly nonalcoholic SUD. Regarding psychopathological dimensions, the comorbid group had higher levels of impulsivity, emotion regulation difficulties and alexithymia. Finally, regarding comorbidities, the comorbid group had a higher risk of comorbid anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, and post-traumatic stress disorders. Conclusion While being only exploratory, these results add evidence on the impact of the BPD comorbidity in patients with SUD and underline important dimensions that should be considered by clinicians working with this population.

Adolescent Substance use in Brazil and Ecuador: Unpacking the Roles of Impulsivity and Emotional Symptoms

ABSTRACT Background The research involved 170 adolescents from Brazil and Ecuador, ages 12 to 19, comprising 87 Brazilians and 83 Ecuadorians, with a gender distribution of 95 females and 75 males. Purpose Examine the correlation between impulsivity, emotional symptoms, and the use of alcohol and drugs among teenagers in these countries. Methods Implemented Addiction Severity Index (ASI-version 6), Barratt Impulsiveness Scale for Young People (BIS-11 and BIS-Brief), a Sociodemographic Questionnaire, and Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Results Findings indicated a significant link between higher impulsivity levels and increased alcohol consumption across both nations. Specifically, adolescents with greater impulsivity were 1.18 times more likely to consume alcohol (OR = 1.18, 95% CI [1.017–1.374]), and the likelihood of alcohol use escalated with age, with older teenagers 1.80 times more prone to drinking (OR = 1.80, 95% CI [1.285–2.541]). Discussion Brazilian adolescents exhibited more emotional symptoms than their Ecuadorian counterparts. No gender differences were found in alcohol use, though females showed more emotional symptoms and males had more positive peer interactions. Translation to Health Education Practice The research highlights the need for culturally sensitive health education interventions targeting these issues to promote healthier behaviors among adolescents.

Impulsivity and reward and punishment sensitivity among patients admitted to a specialized inpatient eating disorder treatment program.

Eating disorders (EDs) are conceptualized as disorders of under- and over-control, with impulsivity reflecting under-control. Extant research indicates that impulsivity and related factors such as reward sensitivity and punishment sensitivity may serve as trait-level transdiagnostic risk and/or maintenance factors in EDs. Findings on impulsivity and reward and punishment sensitivity by diagnosis are mixed and research on the relationship between these factors and ED symptoms, hospital course, and treatment outcomes is limited. Participants (N = 228) were patients admitted to a specialized inpatient behavioral treatment program for EDs who agreed to participate in a longitudinal study and completed self-report measures of impulsivity, reward sensitivity, and punishment sensitivity at admission. Weight and ED symptomatology were measured at admission and discharge. Hospital course variables included length of stay and premature treatment dropout. Impulsivity was lower in individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN) restricting type compared to those with AN binge/purge type or bulimia nervosa; no other group differences were observed. Higher impulsivity was associated with greater bulimic symptoms on the Eating Disorder Inventory 2 (EDI-2) at admission. Impulsivity was not related to ED symptoms, weight outcomes, length of hospital stay, or treatment dropout at program discharge. Impulsivity may help distinguish restrictive versus binge/purge EDs, but does not necessarily relate to discharge outcomes in an intensive inpatient ED program. Findings from this study provide novel contributions to the literature on personality traits in EDs and have important clinical implications. Results suggest that patients with higher levels of impulsivity or reward and punishment sensitivity can be expected to respond to inpatient treatment. Suggestions for future research are discussed.

비만치료의 정신심리적 개입 방법

Obesity is a major global public health crisis, and the severity of obesity is known to have a negative impact on mental health. Individuals who are overweight or obese are more likely to experience mood disorders such as depression. Interestingly, depression itself is also a risk factor for the development of obesity. Due to this connection, it is crucial to include psychosocial assessment and intervention when dealing with obesity. Additionally, food addiction is a condition that affects a significant portion (25%-30%) of overweight or obese individuals. It is characterized by the impulsive and compulsive consumption of pleasurable foods in excessive amounts. This addiction is associated with high levels of impulsivity and shares similar neural mechanisms with other addictive disorders, including high activation in the striatum. Consequently, food addiction may contribute to obesity and should be given careful attention and further research. This article will explore obesity from the perspective of food addiction and discuss various psychological interventions that are both essential and effective in treating obesity. By doing so, we aim to underscore the importance of psychosocial interventions in obesity treatment and draw the attention of mental health professionals to the need for additional research.

Distinct profiles of university students engaged in food and alcohol disturbance behaviors

ABSTRACT The present study aimed at exploring the combined effect of risk of eating disorders (ED), alcohol use, physical activity, and social and psychological traits in Food and Alcohol Disturbance (FAD) behaviors. Nine-hundred and seventy-six college students were included in the study. They were then divided into two groups based on the Compensatory Eating and Behaviors in Response to Alcohol Consumption Scale (CEBRACS): students with a FAD positive score and student with a FAD negative score. Both groups of participants were compared on the risk of ED, alcohol and physical activity variables, as well as social and psychological dimensions. A cluster analysis was performed on the FAD positive group to determine distinct subgroups and to explore the involvement of social and psychological dimensions in FAD behaviors. The comparison between FAD and non-FAD students demonstrated a more severe alcohol use, risk of ED, a higher level of impulsivity, anxiety, depression and more drinking motives as well as a lower self-esteem in students engaged in FAD behaviors compared with non-engaged students. The cluster analysis identified four clusters: the asceticism FAD subgroup, the damage control FAD subgroup, the emotional FAD subgroup and the recreational FAD subgroup. Overall, results reveal that FAD should not be considered as a unitary behavior but rather as a more complex pattern involving distinct psychological profiles.

Impulsivity, suicide risk and cannabis consumption

IntroductionCannabis is the most widely consumed illegal drug in the world and one of the easiest to access. This drug provides a feeling of well-being and euphoria. However, frequent consumption is associated with several complications including increased impulsivity and an increased risk of suicidal behaviour.ObjectivesOur objective was to study the link between cannabis consumption, impulsivity and suicide intentionality.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study, during the period from September 2020 to October 2021, among cannabis users consulting the Sfax Detoxification Center in Tunisia. Impulsivity was studied using the Barrat Impulsivity Scale (BIS 15) and suicide intentionality was assessed using the Suicide intent scale Beck; Pierce (SIS) in subjects with history of a suicide attempt.ResultsWe included 38 consumers. The average age is 26 years old and the sex ratio was 8.5 with an over-representation of men. The average BIS15 score was 38.2 ranging between 19 and 45. We have demonstrated that the higher the level of cannabis dependence, the higher the level of impulsivity. A high level of impulsivity was found in younger subjects (p=0,04) and with a low socio-economic level and unemployment (p =0,021). Suicidal intentionality, assessed in 10 patients with a history of suicide attempt, was low and intermediate in 40% and 60% of users respectively, which means a low to intermediate risk of subsequent completed suicide.Conclusions Impulsivity is associated with aggressive behaviour, various accidents including motor vehicle accidents, more self-mutilation and a much greater risk of dying by suicide than the general population. Frequent cannabis use is also associated with increased risk of developing all types of suicidal behaviours independently of the existence of depressive symptomatology. Overall, it is important to take into account the issues of impulsivity and substance abuse in daily clinical work as they influence the level of dangerousness.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Impulsivity as a predictor factor of health-related risk-taking

IntroductionThere is a broad consensus that risk taking is largely determined by risk perception. However, previous literature has shown numerous examples of situations associated with potential health risks where our decisions are not made in accordance with the level of perceived risk.ObjectivesThe aim of the present research was to investigate the role of impulsivity in the explanation of the discordance observed between risk perception and risk-taking in health-related domains.MethodsThe sample consisted of 612 participants (Mage = 23.54, 73,2% women). All participants were assessed for levels impulsivity and levels of risk perception and risk-taking propensity in contexts related to health.ResultsResults revealed that higher levels of impulsivity were significantly related to a lower tendency to perceive and take risks in the health domain. Most important for our objectives, we observed that the relationship with impulsivity was significantly stronger for risk taking than for risk perception. Moreover, impulsivity significantly predicted risk taking propensity when controlling for risk perception.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that, in the health-related domains, impulsivity can differentially affect risk perception and risk taking, thus, offering a possible explanation for the inconsistencies observed in the previous literature.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

A man stitches his mouth in the context of a personality disorder

IntroductionA 28 year old patient will be presented. This paramilitary man was brought to the Emergency Room due to an autolytic attempt with Benzodiazepines, along with a mouth suture, in the context of a soon to be resolved problematic ankle osteosynthesis procedure. The patient claimed to be suffering pain, furthermore struggling due to the fact he could not be working due to his ankle issue. Language barrier was a problem during the interview.ObjectivesThe objetives of this case is to try to explain the issues that may arise in patients with personality disorders in the context of an autolytic attemptMethodsThis patient will be presented, along with systematic bibliography review of the topic.ResultsThe following results were extracted upon the attention given to this patient which was admitted to the Psychiatric Unit.First of all, the mouth stitches were removed, along with a petition for toxicological analysis. The results gave positive for cannabis and benzodiazepines. The patient was also brought previously this year with another autolytic attempt, this time on cocaine consumption too. Furthermore, a thorough review was made of the other autolytic attempts, including those which happened in his country of origin. The patient has hundreds of small cuts among his arms, from previews cuts made in the past. Furthermore, subcutaneous wounds were auto inflicted in the ER, with a small blade.Among the whole interview, it was clear he had a personality disorder, with high impulsivity levels and lack of control once the situation overflows.We also tried to understand the outcome of suturing his mouth. The patient referred his acts of impulsiveness due to his overwhelming situation of both having no job at this moment and the pain he was suffering due to his ankle procedure.The patient was admitted to our Unit due to the high risk he could repeat this act. Upon arrival, the same day he was admitted, the patient asked if he had to stay at the unit. When explaining the following already told event, furthermore insisting in the possibility of been evaluated by the Traumatology team, he proceeded to try and hang himself with his medical-hospital clothing.The patient was treated with antipsychotics. Along with Lormetazepam at night. At the end of the hospitalization, and after been evaluated by the Psychiatrist of this Unit, the patient was also treated with Lithium due to its effectiveness in the treatment of autolytic attempts.ConclusionsPersonality disorders are one of the psychiatric pathologies that prevail with greater frequency in autolytic attempts 1. Additionally, it should be taken into account the possible ongoing consumption of psychoactive drugs that could also derive in psychopathological decompensation. On top of the following, the use of antipsychotic treatment is indicated for the managing of conduction altercations 2, besides Lithium being a great option in managing suicidal temptations 3.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

ADHD: Development of a printable poster for parents, teachers and healthcare professionals

IntroductionADHD is a very frequent reason for consultation in child psychiatry. It affects 2.5% of children and 5% of adults. Diagnosis is clinical. Treatment is based on medication combined with psychosocial interventions.ObjectivesDevelop an ADHD guide for caregivers.MethodsWe carried out a literature review covering the last 5 years using the google scholar and pubmed search engines, including the key words ADHD, in order to produce a printable guide for caregivers working with children, in particular school teachers and healthcare personnel.ResultsAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting 5% of school-age children.It is characterized by abnormally high levels of developmental inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity, leading to impaired personal, social, academic or occupational functioning. Because of its pervasiveness, ADHD can interfere negatively with general well-being, as well as with social life, academic performance and the development of social skills, which can lead to low self-esteem.ADHD has multiple etiologies. It is thought to be due to a complex interaction between genes and environment. In fact, genetic vulnerability predisposes to the disorder which, under the influence of an unfavorable environment, expresses itself in clinical symptoms represented by 2 dimensions: inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity.Diagnosis is essentially clinical, and treatment is based on medication combined with psychosocial interventions.ConclusionsADHD is one of the most frequently encountered disorders in general practice, pediatrics and child psychiatry. Early recognition of the disorder enables appropriate management, while limiting the impact of the disease on the functioning of the young person and his or her family.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Worsening symptoms in ADHD children caused by increased parental stress before, during and after Covid-19

IntroductionAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by high levels of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that are present before the age of seven, seen in a variety of situations, inconsistent with the child’s developmental level and that cause social or academic damage. Parents may respond with high levels of verbal aggression and disciplinary measures to disruptive behaviors, which causes their children to respond negatively, influencing a bidirectional process of participating of a vicious circle. The pandemic has been a huge battle for everyone. Their anxiety in this extraordinary situation can also increase the children’s psychological and behavioral problems.ObjectivesThis literature review aims to explore the connection between the increase of parental stress among parents of ADHD children and worsening symptoms of ADHD, before and during COVID-19 outbreaks.MethodsThe literature review was performed by searching the following electronic databases (for all available years from 2005-2021): PubMed, PubMed Central, Springer Open, Hindawi, Google Scholar. We included studies with a primary focus on parenting stress in families that have children, aged 6-12 years old, with a clinical diagnosis of ADHD that was made by a specialist using the diagnostic criteria of DSM-III/DSM-IV/DSM-V or ICD-10. The search was organized in chronological order by selecting studies published in the time period before,during and after the pandemic.ResultsParents of children with ADHD tend to use inappropriate parenting styles, they are more disapproving, critical and exhibit poorer monitoring and more corporal punishment than parents of children without ADHD who try to control disruptive behaviors. These parenting styles can affect the course of the disease, worsen its manifestations and cause the secondary development of psychiatric and maladaptive behaviors. In some of the studies,during the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, is observed a high prevalence of depressive symptoms (62.5%) among caregivers, while 20.5% and 36.4% indicated anxiety and stress symptoms, respectively.Some parents reported deterioration of general well-being in their children and this manifested as oppositional/defiant attitudes and emotional outbursts, sleep problems and anxiety in this context.ConclusionsThe pandemic has had psychological influences on parents with ADHD that affected their children’s compliance with the medication and, consequently worsened their symptomatology. Society can be exposed to chronic stressors like Covid-19 anytime soon, so the main focus must be identifying needs to inform future interventions designed to support parents and ultimately their children. Psychoeducation of parents should be promoted in order to cope with the symptomatology of ADHD in the field of normality or under a chronic stressor.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Predicting cheating among married individuals based on sexual satisfaction and personality traits: A review

This article discusses the prediction of cheating among married individuals based on two significant factors: sexual satisfaction and personality traits. Sexual satisfaction is an essential component of a healthy and fulfilling relationship, and individuals who experience a lack of fulfillment in their sexual lives may seek satisfaction outside their marriage. Personality traits play a crucial role in determining an individual's propensity for cheating, with several traits commonly associated with a higher likelihood of engaging in infidelity, including low levels of conscientiousness, high levels of impulsivity, narcissism, and a desire for novelty and excitement. While sexual satisfaction and personality traits each contribute to the prediction of cheating, their interaction can further enhance our understanding. Developing reliable predictive models for cheating based on sexual satisfaction and personality traits is a complex task, with researchers using various methods to discern patterns and make accurate predictions. Data analysis techniques, such as logistic regression and machine learning algorithms, have been applied to collected data on married individuals and their tendencies to cheat, achieving moderate success in predictive accuracy. However, it is essential to acknowledge the limitations of these predictions, such as individual circumstances, relationship dynamics, and other external variables that are not accounted for in these models. Privacy concerns and ethical considerations surrounding the monitoring of individuals' personal lives must also be taken into account. These predictive models should be used with caution and in conjunction with comprehensive counseling and support systems to maintain the integrity of relationships.

Disentangling associations between impulsivity, compulsivity, and performance monitoring.

Disorders marked by high levels of impulsivity and compulsivity have been linked to changes in performance monitoring, specifically the error-related negativity (ERN). We investigated the relationship between performance monitoring and individual differences in impulsivity and compulsivity. A total of 142 participants were recruited into four groups, each with different combinations of impulsivity and compulsivity, and they performed a flanker task to assess error-related brain activity. We defined error-related brain activity as ERN amplitude and theta power. Single-trial regression was employed to analyze the amplitude differences between incorrect and correct trials within the ERN time window. The findings revealed that impulsivity, compulsivity, and different measures of response processing exhibited distinct interactions, which were influenced by the configuration of impulsivity and compulsivity, but also depended on the measure of response processing. Specifically, high compulsivity predicted larger ERN amplitudes in individuals with low impulsivity, whereas high impulsivity had no significant effect on ERN amplitude in individuals with low compulsivity. Furthermore, when both impulsivity and compulsivity were high, no significant increase in ERN amplitude was observed; instead, there was a reduced difference between incorrect and correct trials. No significant differences were found for theta power. While the association between error-related brain activity and transdiagnostic markers or psychopathology may be smaller than generally assumed, considering the interaction between different transdiagnostic markers and their facets can enhance our understanding of the complex associations that arise during the investigation of neural correlates of performance monitoring, specifically the ERN.