Economic growth is an important foundation for the improvement of people's health, and the improvement of people's health is a prerequisite for social and economic growth, which are interconnected and influence each other. This paper analyzes the mechanism of mutual influence between economic growth and people's health on the basis of literature combing. The study shows that the relationship between residents’s health and economic growth presents different results depending on the selection of indicators, the study area and the characteristics of the study group. For regions or countries with a low level of economic development, economic growth has a positive effect on residents'health, but there is a marginal diminishing effect, while for regions or developing countries with a high level of economic development, economic growth has a negative effect on residents'health. There are multiple mechanisms of interaction between residents' health and economic growth. Health affects socio-economics through life expectancy, mortality rate and productivity; economic development also affects residents' health through unemployment rate, health inputs, environmental pollution and nutritional intake. A variety of economic and health-related issues are derived from the process of social development, including population aging, increasing pension burdens, industrial pollution and chronic diseases, which have an impact on the relationship between the economy and health.