High Iodine Number Research Articles

Thermodynamic and structural investigation of oily wastewater treatment using peach kernel and walnut shell based activated carbon.

Despite the many articles about activated carbon with different precursors in adsorption process, no in-depth research has been carried out to understand the causes of the difference in surface adsorption characteristics of activated carbon with different precursors and different activation processes. In this work, the ability of two active carbon adsorbents made of walnut shell and peach kernel by two chemical and physical methods (totally 4 different types of activated carbon) in treatment of oily wastewater including diesel, gasoline, used oil or engine lubricant has been compared. The results show that the chemical activated peach carbon active with 97% hardness has provided the highest hardness and physical activated walnut carbon active has obtained the lowest hardness value (87%). It is also found that peach activated carbon has a higher iodine number than walnut activated carbon, and this amount can be increased using chemical methods; Therefore, the highest amount of Iodine Number is related to Peach activated carbon that is made by chemical method (1230 mg/g), and the lowest amount of iodine number is seen in walnut activated carbon that is made by physical method (1020 mg/g). moreover, the pore diameter of physical activated carbon is lower than chemical activated carbon in all cases. So that the pore diameter of chemical activated peach carbon active is equal to 22.08 μm and the measured pore diameter of physical activated peach carbon active is equal to 20.42 μm. These values for walnut are obtained as 22.74 μm and 21.86 μm, respectively. Furthermore, the temperature and pH effects on the adsorption of different synthesized oily wastewater was studied and it was found that a decrease in adsorption can be seen with an increase in temperature or decreasing the pH value, which can be referred to this fact that the process of adsorption is an exothermic process. Finally, to analyze the compatibility of adsorption isotherms with experimental data and to predict the adsorption process, three different isotherms named Langmuir, Temkin, and Freundlich isotherms were applied and their parameters were correlated. The correlation results show that the Langmuir isotherm had the best correlation in all cases compared to the Freundlich and Temkin isotherms, based on the correlation coefficient, and the calculated R2 values which was greater than 0.99 in all the studied cases.

Biomass derived activated carbons in wastewater treatment – The aim of metallurgical industry

In the presented study, two commercial powder activated carbons (ACs) produced from low-cost biomass: coconut shells and wooden chips, were used in the adsorption process. The treated solution was wastewater obtained from production area of metallurgical industrial plant, which was analysed before and after the adsorption process using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). The adsorption process proceeded at two pH levels 7 and 9. The removed pollutants were Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Sb, and Zn. Based on the adsorption results, the correlation between adsorption efficiency, pH and ACs properties was determined. The complicated composition of the tested wastewater causes that the adsorption mechanism did not have to be obvious due to the phenomena occurring in the multi-component system. Both ACs adsorbed ions efficiently, better results were obtained for AC derived from coconut shells. It was found that higher pH correlate with higher adsorption efficiency for every checked type of ions. AC with higher iodine number, mainly basic surface groups and higher micropores volume had better efficiency for adsorption Cd, Co, Cu, Ni and Zn. AC with higher surface area and presence of acidic surface groups only, had better efficiency in Sb adsorption process.

Synthesis and characterizations of conocarpus- and azadirachta-derived activated carbons as wastewater recycling material.

Water being the most important fluid supporting the life as well as industry is getting sparse and polluted day by day. Activated carbon (AC) can be utilized in various applications of significant environmental impact and sustainable living such as carbon dioxide sensing and capturing, air purification, and water recycling. However, in the wake of the recent corona pandemic which resulted in global lockdown and took the entire world by shock, a cost-effective and simple synthesis of such a useful material remains dire need of time. Therefore, this paper describes a simple and cost-effective synthesis of activated carbon (AC) of high porosity and surface area derived from the pruning of conocarpus and azadirachta trees. In reference to the study under consideration, alongside numerous others, a furnace was employed to synthesize activated carbon. However, our approach utilized a more conventional methodology wherein the environmental parameters were not optimized. In furnace-based procedures, factors such as temperature, pressure, and humidity are meticulously regulated, contrasting with the conventional methodologies where such parameters lack optimal control. Consequently, employing a furnace does not constitute a cost-effective approach for the physical activation of organic samples thus proving a furnace is not imperative for physical activation. The synthesis was carried out by physical activation in the form of carbonization followed by chemical activation with potassium hydroxide (KOH). The influence of activated carbon from each pruning over filtration of water containing industrial dye was investigated. Activation temperature and impregnation ratio of 600-800°C and 1:5 were selected respectively. X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD) for all AC samples indicted the appearance of broad peaks at 2θ value of 20-30° which confirms the presence of carbon in the sample. The physical morphology arrangement by SEM analysis showed uneven arrangement of pores of conocarpus which indicated higher iodine number and hence higher adsorption capacity of 442.13mg/g.

Activated Carbon from Cashew Nut Husk and Cashew Nut Shell Wastes: Synthesis, Characterization, and Adsorption Studies

AbstractActivated carbon (AC) is a key material in numerous industrial applications, including wastewater treatment, catalysis, personal care products, and pharmaceutical industry. Producing AC from waste biomass is of much interest since the environmental footprint is low and the economics are favorable for most applications. Cashew nut husk (CNH) and cashew nut shell (CNS) are typically considered wastes in the cashew nut processing industry. Synthesis of AC from CNH and CNS allows value addition of these materials and improves the economic prospects of the cashew nut processing industry. Herein, we report the production of AC by carbonization of CNH and CNS using orthophosphoric acid as the activating agent. The results showed that 700 °C is a suitable activation temperature for CNH, whereas 500 °C was enough for activating CNS. The AC samples were extensively characterized by FTIR, PXRD, BET, and FESEM‐EDX analysis. The AC produced from CNH at 700 °C (H‐700) exhibited a very high specific surface area and iodine number of 1511 m2/g and 961 mg/g, respectively. Therefore, H‐700 was used for adsorbing methylene blue from water as a model for wastewater treatment. The H‐700 sample showed an adsorption capacity of 520 mg/g with good recyclability up to five cycles.

Waste orange seeds (Citrus sinensis seed) transformation, a viable industrial bio-oil: Oil extraction, physicochemical characterization and vital instrumental analyses studies

The processing of Petroleum-based oil has contributed to environmental challenges such as climate change. Recently, research attention has been shifted to oil extraction from different non-edible seeds as a suitable substitute. Accordingly, this study examines the physiochemical characterization, and the effect of extraction temperature on the yield of waste Citrus sinensis seed [orange seed (OS)] bio oil. Studies on the prevalent functional group, fatty acid methyl ester compositions and thermal oxidative stability were carried out using the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GCMS) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), respectively. The oil content of the OS bio oil was 46.26%w/w. The high iodine number (31.47 mg/100 g) and low pour point (4.50 °C) of the OS bio oil showed its high content of unsaturated fatty acid. The FTIR functional group of the OS bio oil showed predominantly alkane of CH stretching, aldehydes, esters, and carboxylic acid. The chemical composition of the OS bio oil as determined by GCMS (massHunter/library/NIST 14.1) showed the occurrence of octadecadienoic and oleic acids as poly-saturated and saturated fat found in plant glycosides and vegetable fats and oil. The DSC thermal stability analysis showed the possible existence of mixed triglycerides. Finally, the result from the physiochemical characterization compositions, and functional group the OS bio oil indicated its potential as a suitable substitute for petroleum-based oil.

INFLUENCE OF CLIMATIC FACTORS AND SEED STORAGE PERIODS ON THE QUALITY OF LINSEED OIL

Purpose. The purpose of the research was to determine changes in the quality of oil flax seeds of different varieties on weather condition during cultivation and storage period. Methods. Laboratory and statical research methods used. The laboratory was used to determine the oil content of flax seeds and to establish the quality indicators of the oil obtained from flax seeds at different storage periods. Statistical for estimating the standard deviation in determining the oil content of seeds. Results. The article analyzes the weather conditions during the growing season of oilseed flax. It was determined that the amount of precipitation and air temperature during the research periods significantly deviated from the average longterm indicators, and the precipitation was characterized by unevenness of arrival. As a result of the conducted research, it was determined that the oil flax seeds grown in the agroclimatic conditions of Polissia of Ukraine have high quality and are suitable for use as food and technical raw materials. It was established that the Liryna variety had an oil content of 46.5–47.2 % on average over the years of experiments and was ahead of the Evryka variety by this indicator. Linseed oil had high quality indicators, its iodine value ranged from 178.4–184.2 gJ2/100g for the Eureka variety and 175.3–181.2 for the Liryna variety. A high iodine number determines a significant content of unsaturated fatty acids, which determines the oil as valuable when using it for food, pharmaceutical and technical purposes. The maximum oil content in seeds is set for the initial storage period – 38.8 and 44.5%, respectively, of the variety. At the end of the storage period, after 9 months, the oil content in the Evryka variety decreased by 4.1%, and in the Liryna variety by only 2.1%. A decrease in the iodine value was established depending on the storage period. This indicator of oil quality, depending on the shelf life, decreased from 182.1 to 179.6 (by 1.4%) for the Evryka variety and from 178.4 to 169.5 (by 5.0%) for the Liryna variety. At the end of the storage period, the acid numbers of linseed oils increased. Thus, at the end of the storage period, the content of free fatty acids in the oil obtained from the seeds of the Eureka variety increased by 1.7 times, for the Liryna variety, this indicator doubled. Conclusions. The climatic condition of Polissia ensure the production of high-quality oil, and the considered terms of storage of raw materials for its production, subject to the use of optimal regimes, ensure the quality regulated by state standard.

Biodiesel production and engine performance study using one-pot synthesised ZnO/MCM-41

This study demonstrates the importance of lemon peel powder in the formation of ZnO nanoparticles. The facile synthesis of core-shell morphological ZnO/MCM41 was achieved in a one-pot approach. The catalyst formation was confirmed by XRD, nitrogen adsorption–desorption studies, TGA, DSC, and SEM analysis. Jatropha to biodiesel production was concisely performed using the composite materials and the futuristic result are presented and discussed in this paper. Different coating % of ZnO over MCM-41 (10%, 20%, and 30%) were examined for their performance in biodiesel conversion. A maximum of 99.4% conversion of Jatropha oil was observed using the catalyst ZnO/MCM-41 (20%). A detailed analysis of the produced biodiesel was performed using NMR and GC. Due to the high saponification value and iodine number, a large % of higher methyl ester composition was observed. The produced biodiesel (BD) was further blended with the diesel (D) fuel (90 % to 30 %) and examined for its performance in the engine. Smoke emission and power of the engine was found to be excellent for the 90BD:10D blend.

Production of biodiesel and hydrogen by using a double-function heterogeneous catalyst derived from spent coffee grounds and its thermodynamic analysis

Biodiesel and hydrogen are promising liquid and gas energy source alternatives to satisfy fossil fuel demand. In this study, a heterogeneous catalyst, spent coffee grounds derived activated carbon supported, was synthesized using KOH as an activation agent. The highest iodine number was obtained at 600 °C carbonization temperature and the synthesized catalyst was subjected to the characterization and evaluated in terms of biodiesel and hydrogen production efficiencies. The optimal transesterification reaction parameters were determined as 3 wt% catalyst loading, 9:1 methanol-to-waste cooking oil molar ratio, 90 °C reaction temperature, and 120 min reaction time. Under optimal reaction conditions, the biodiesel yield was 91.57%. For hydrogen production, 100% conversion was observed in all cases. Among the experimental conditions, the fastest reaction was obtained with the addition of 0.25 g superior catalyst with 2.5% of NaBH4 concentration at 30 °C reaction temperature. Moreover, the chosen superior catalyst was successfully reused for five cycles to test the reusability of the catalyst. The catalyst performance was almost the same as of the first cycle after regeneration for both transesterification and dehydrogenation reactions. Additionally, the activation energy of the transesterification and methanolysis reactions was calculated as 19.15 and 15.48 kJ/mol, respectively. In the thermodynamic aspect, both reactions were endergonic and unspontaneous. Additionally, it can be concluded that the reactants were converted to the products very well due to the indication of entropy change.

Activated carbon production from coconut leaflets through chemical activation: Process optimization using Taguchi approach

The present work investigated the feasibility of coconut leaflets for synthesizing activated carbon through chemical activation using phosphoric acid (H3PO4), zinc chloride (ZnCl2), and potassium hydroxide (KOH). The result showed that the optimum production route with higher iodine number and surface area was achieved through one step for H3PO4 and ZnCl2 whereas two step for KOH activation. The chemical activation process conditions such as activation temperature, time, and impregnation ratio were optimized using L16 Taguchi experimental design. The optimal impregnation ratio (2:1) and activation time (60 min) were found similar for all three activating agents while the optimum temperature for H3PO4, ZnCl2, and KOH was 600, 500, and 800 °C, respectively. Activated carbons synthesized at the optimized conditions were characterized for its morphological, textural, and functional characteristics. Activated carbon produced using H3PO4 had maximum surface area (1353 m2/g) and total pore volume (0.647 cm3/g) followed by ZnCl2 and KOH.

Dynamic adsorption behavior of benzene, toluene, and xylene VOCs in single- and multi-component systems by activated carbon derived from defatted black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) biowaste

In the current study, activated carbon (AC) was produced from defatted black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) biowaste (DBCB) with ZnCl2 activation by means of the response surface methodology. The optimum process conditions for the production of DBCB-AC with a high iodine number of 1055.02 mg/g were predicted as an activation time of 57 min, activation temperature of 550 °C, and impregnation ratio of 105%. The surface and textural properties of the optimal DBCB-AC were characterized by SEM, FTIR, and BET analysis techniques. The DBCB-AC exhibited a highly porous structure with a specific surface area of 1213.32 m2/g, total pore volume of 0.89 cm3/g, and micropore surface area of 787.65 m2/g. Exploring the comparative and competitive adsorption behavior of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is of both practical and scientific interest. Therefore, the competitive adsorption of multi-component benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) vapors by the DBCB-AC was elucidated. In the single-component system, the adsorption capacities of the BTX vapors at inlet concentrations of 20 mg/L were determined as 495, 580, and 674 mg/g, respectively. In contrast, in the binary-component system, the adsorption capacity of the B-vapor at 20 mg/L B + 10 mg/L T and 20 mg/L B + 10 mg/L X decreased by approximately 42% and 56%, respectively. Similarly, the adsorption capacity of the T-vapor at 20 mg/L T + 10 mg/L X decreased by approximately 47%. In the ternary-component system, the adsorption capacity of the X-vapor remained consistent. The adsorption mechanism of the BTX was explained by adsorption kinetic and isotherm models. The reuse efficiency of the DBCB-AC for the BTX was assessed through five cycles of adsorption-desorption tests and was found to be 89.45%, 88.02%, and 87.25%, respectively. The DBCB-AC, which had high-performance in terms of both reuse efficiency and adsorption capacity, can be recommended as a promising adsorbent for removal of VOC pollutants.

EVALUATION OF ACTIVATED CARBONS OBTAINED FROM COLOMBIAN MINERAL COALS FOR ADSORPTION OF CAFFEINE

Caffeine is a natural alkaloid used as a key ingredient in craft and industrially produced beverages. The caffeine concentration in water bodies worldwide is increasing to the point of being classified as an emerging contaminant with potentially harmful effects on aquatic ecosystems. Given the importance of both, coffee and carbon production in Colombia, activated carbons prepared from local mineral coals have been considered a cost-effective alternative for the treatment of wastewater from coffee plantations. In this study, activated carbons from the Colombian regions of Cundinamarca and Santander were evaluated as matrices for caffeine adsorption in an aqueous solution. The prepared activated carbons were characterized and subjected to adsorption tests and kinetic studies. The caffeine concentration (adsorbate) and the activated carbon (adsorbent) to liquid ratio were considered as the experimental factors in the evaluation of removal capacity. The results showed that the mineral coal from the Cundinamarca region has better physicochemical (low ash and volatile matter contents and high iodine number) and better adsorption capacity, reaching specific caffeine retention of 882.1 mg/g. The adsorption process corresponds with Freundlich’s adsorption model suggesting heterogeneous adsorption, while pseudo-second-order kinetics indicated the dominance of a chemical adsorption mechanism.

A comparative study of one‒step and two‒step activated carbon from longan seeds by dry chemical activation with NaOH

This research aims to study the effects of one‒step and two‒step activated carbon from longan seeds by dry chemical activation with NaOH. The longan seeds and their charcoal produced at carbonized temperature of 500 °C, were impregnated by dry chemical activation with NaOH at a weight ratio of 1.00:1.00, 1.00:1.50 and 1.00:2.00 at activation temperatures ranging from 500, 600 and 700 °C for 2 h. The iodine number, surface area, pore volume, functional group, crystalline phases, surface morphology and elemental composition of the activated carbons were examined. The results showed that the two-step process had the highest iodine number and BET surface area of 987.22 mg g‒1 and 975.18 m2 g‒1, respectively, which is the standard measure for liquid-phase applications.

Removal of Cr(III), Mn(II), Fe(III), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), and Pb(II) from water solutions using activated carbon based on cherry kernel shell powder

In this work, a method for preparing activated carbon based on cherry kernel shell (AC-CKS) was investigated using two consecutive steps: chemical activation with H2SO4 agent and thermal activation in air. For the first time, AC-CKS product is used for the removal of numerous metal ions such Cr(III), Mn(II), Fe(III), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), and Pb(II) from water solutions. The AC-CKS was characterized using EA, FTIR, SEM, EDX, and XRF techniques. The AC-CKS obtained by heating at 600 °C showed product with higher iodine number and invariably micro-size pores compared to those obtained by heating at 55°C and 400°C. Adsorption capacity of AC-CKS600 was tested in removal of previously mentioned metal ions. The essential parameters affecting the removal of metal ions were studied. The results showed maximum adsorption of 99.0% for Cr(III), 91.7% for Fe(III), 62.0% for Cu(II), 59.3% for Pb(II), 42.0% for Zn(II), 28.0% for Ni(II), and 26.9% for Mn(II). The adsorption data of most metal ions fitted well with Langmuir model. The maximum adsorption capacity followed the sequence: Cr(10.75 mg/g)>Fe(10.15 mg/g)>Cu(7.58 mg/g)>Pb(7.36 mg/g)>Zn(6.08 mg/g)>Ni(2.83 mg/g)>Mn(2.29 mg/g). The adsorption kinetics was tested for the pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. The rate constants of adsorption for all studied metal ions were calculated. Good correlation coefficients (R2>0.9972) were obtained for the pseudo-second order kinetic model showing that all metal ions uptake processes followed the pseudo-second order rate expression. Desorption studies showed the quantitative recovery of metal ions in the range from 89.4% for Pb(II) to 94% for Cr(III). According to the adsorption model applied in this work, AC-CKS600 product could be recommended for the removal of Cr(III), Fe(III), Cu(II), Pb(II), and Zn(II) from aqueous solutions.

Keeping Quality of Rabbit Meat Floss Prepared with Different Oils and Stored in Three Packaging Materials

Meat floss is a dehydrated ready-to-eat meat product most commonly produced from beef. Due to increasing consumer awareness about health, there is interest in healthier alternatives like rabbit meat. In this study, meat floss was produced from rabbit meat using three cooking oils: Refined Palm Oil (RPO), Soya Oil (SO) and Canola Oil (CO). The iodine number of each of the three oil types was determined before use. The resulting Rabbit Meat Floss (RMF) was packed in three materials: Aluminium Foil (AF), Ziploc (ZPL) and Polypropylene (PP). The RMF were stored at room temperature and analysed for sensory properties and Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) on days 7, 14 and 21 of storage. The study was a 3 by 3 factorial experiment fitted into a completely randomised design and replicated three times. The refined RFO had the highest iodine number (81.05), and CO had the least (69.57). Following interactions among storage days, oil type and packaging material, TBARS was significantly highest (P<0.05) on day 7 for RMF from CO stored in ZPL (8.44mgMDA/Kg). The RMF from SO stored in AF had the lowest TBARS on Day 21 (2.57mgMDA/Kg). There were no significant differences in sensory properties throughout the experimental period.

Chemical Activation of <i>Garcinia mangostana</i> Mangosteen Shell with Acid-Base for Hexavalent Chromium Adsorption

This study investigates the potential for using mangosteen shell which is an agricultural waste to chemically activate using potassium hydroxide (KOH) or phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and then carbonized for 120 min at 673 K, to adsorb hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) from solution. The high iodine number and methylene blue number on the base-activation as a good adsorbent that a high surface area of this activated carbonaceous material is effective in removing Cr6+, with adsorption increasing with temperature, adsorption time, and initial feed concentration. With decreasing solution pH, the maximum of Cr6+ adsorption capacity and removal at a pH of 2.0 was achieved.

Utilization of lignite coal as heavy metal adsorbent in chemistry laboratory wastewater

Wastewater from Chemistry Laboratory contains heavy metals which need treatment before being discharged into the environment. This study investigates the treatment of chemistry laboratory wastewater using activated carbon. The activated carbon was made from lignite coal with ZnCl2 activation and carbonization was carried out at a temperature of 500°C for 2 hours. The highest iodine number is 1529.20 mg/g on activated carbon with a grain size of 80 mesh of coal and a composition of 40% ZnCl2-60% coal. Adsorption of Fe, Cr and Pb metals using activated carbon was carried out at 2 variations of initial concentrations. At an initial concentration of 75.8 ppm Fe, metal adsorption is 84%, while at an initial concentration of 37.9 ppm it is 87%. The adsorption of Cr metal is 44% at an initial concentration of 1.37 ppm, and it is 79% at an initial concentration of 0.69 ppm. The adsorption of Pb metal is 91% at an initial concentration of 11.2 ppm, and it is 91% at an initial concentration of 5.6 ppm. The results showed that activated carbon from lignite coal could adsorb Fe, Cr and Pb metals, and the initial concentration influenced the effectiveness of metal adsorption.

Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from wheat straw to remove2, 4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid from aqueous solutions

This study was focused to investigate the adsorptive behavior of activated carbon prepared from wheat straw treated with acid and base for the removal of 2, 4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D). The morphology of the adsorbent was characterized using infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Compared with acid activated wheat straw, base activated wheat straw has provided lower ash content, moisture and volatile matter. However, it has higher iodine number than acid activated wheat straw. The removal of 2,4-D from aqueous solution was investigated at various physicochemical parameters such as pH (2–10), contact time (5–60 min), temperature (20-80 oC), amount of adsorbent (0.1-1.4 g) and initial concentration of 2,4-D (1.0-25 mg/L). The removal efficiency of 2,4-D in aqueous solution was found to be 92.02%. The equilibrium data were analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm and the Langmuir model better describes that the active adsorption sites were homogeneously distributed on the surface of the adsorbent. Therefore, the activated carbon prepared from wheat straw treated with base can be used as efficient and cost-effective method to remove 2,4-D from aqueous solution.

Effects of cooking oils and packaging media on quality of meat floss

Meat floss (MF) is one of the popular ready-to-eat meat products among the elites of northern Nigeria, which is fast extending to some other parts of the country because of its long shelflife at room temperature. Nonetheless, there is little documentation on the keeping quality during storage when MF is prepared from different cooking oil and packaged in different materials. In this study, meat floss was produced from raw beef (3kg) by cooking, cooling, shredding and deep frying. The deep frying was done in three cooking oils (groundnut oil - GO, soya oil - SO and palm oil - PO) and the products were packed in three materials (acrylic bottle - P1, polyethylene - P2 and polyamide - P3). The frying was done using 1 litre each oil to 500 g of shredded meat, continued until golden brown colour was reached at about 20 minutes. The iodine number of each of the three oil types, and the crude protein and moisture contents of the raw meat and freshly prepared meat floss were determined. At 7, 14 and 21 days of storage the meat floss types were assessed for microbial growth and Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS). The study was a 3 x 3 factorial experiment fitted into completely randomized design replicated three times. The GO had highest iodine number (38.83) and PO had the least (28.00). The protein content of MF (43.93%) was higher than that of raw meat (21.79%). The MFSO was richest in crude protein (44.54%) but MFPO had highest moisture content (14.33%). The microbial load (1.49 log10-2cfu/cm2) and TBARS (0.82mg MDA/kg) of fresh MFSO was highest. The microbial load decreased with storage, with highest values obtained in MFSO on 0, 7 and 14 days. However on day 21, the three MF types had similar lowest microbial load. The polyamide pack had the highest microbial load throughout the storage period. Conversely, the TBARS of MF prepared from the three oils and stored in the three materials increased with storage for 21 days, with highest values obtained in MFSO and in polyamide. Nonetheless, all values obtained for microbial load and TBARS during storage did not exceed the threshold values for spoilage of stored meat products. It can be inferred from the study that though meat floss produced from palm oil and packed in acrylic bottle stored best, any of the three oils and any of the three packaging media retained the keeping quality of beef meat floss for 21 days at room temperature.

Effects of cooking oils and packaging media on quality of meat floss

Meat floss (MF) is one of the popular ready-to-eat meat products among the elites of northern Nigeria, which is fast extending to some other parts of the country because of its long shelf-life at room temperature. Nonetheless, there is little documentation on the keeping quality during storage when MF is prepared from different cooking oil and packaged in different materials. In this study, meat floss was produced from raw beef (3kg) by cooking, cooling, shredding and deep frying. The deep frying was done in three cooking oils (groundnut oil - GO, soya oil - SO and palm oil - PO) and the products were packed in three materials (acrylic bottle - P1 , polyethylene - P2 and polyamide - P3 ). The frying was done using 1 litre each oil to 500 g of shredded meat, continued until golden brown colour was reached at about 20 minutes. The iodine number of each of the three oil types, and the crude protein and moisture contents of the raw meat and freshly prepared meat floss were determined. At 7, 14 and 21 days of storage the meat floss types were assessed for microbial growth and Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS). The study was a 3 x 3 factorial experiment fitted into completely randomized design replicated three times. The GO had highest iodine number (38.83) and PO had the least (28.00). The protein content of MF (43.93%) was higher than that of raw meat (21.79%). The MFSO was richest in crude protein (44.54%) but MFPO had highest moisture content (14.33%). The microbial load (1.49 log10-2 cfu/cm2 ) and TBARS (0.82mg MDA/kg) of fresh MFSO was highest. The microbial load decreased with storage, with highest values obtained in MFSO on 0, 7 and 14 days. However on day 21, the three MF types had similar lowest microbial load. The polyamide pack had the highest microbial load throughout the storage period. Conversely, the TBARS of MF prepared from the three oils and stored in the three materials increased with storage for 21 days, with highest values obtained in MFSO and in polyamide. Nonetheless, all values obtained for microbial load and TBARS during storage did not exceed the threshold values for spoilage of stored meat products. It can be inferred from the study that though meat floss produced from palm oil and packed in acrylic bottle stored best, any of the three oils and any of the three packaging media retained the keeping quality of beef meat floss for 21 days at room temperature.

Effective treatment for environmental enhancing the performance of undesirable agro‐waste in production of carbon nanostructures as adsorbent

AbstractThe work in this article deals with enhancing the performance of rice straw (RS) for production of carbon nanostructures (CNSs), as aqueous phase adsorbents, as well as benefit solution for disposing of this undesirable waste and for avoiding the environmental risk from burning. In this respect, controlling the constituents of RS by enzymatic treatment, followed by hydrothermal treatment and carbonization was carried out. The benefit role of the performed treatments was supported via comparing these CNSs with those obtained from RS pretreated by chemical pulping processes; moreover, literature reported CNSs. Results deduced from SEM and TEM analyses showing that, the two investigated CNSs samples have different surface morphologies and comprised of graphitic carbons as nodules and multi‐layer graphene sheets. The investigated RS‐based CNSs own numerous of oxygen‐containing functional groups with low specific surface area and high mesopore volume; thus, they exhibited high iodine number of 959 and 863 mg/g, respectively. The CNSs from hydrochar of peroxidase treated RS has higher uptake to methylene blue (MB) dye (358 mg/g) than that produced from hydrochar of cellulase treated RS (202 mg/g), this may be related to its unique nanostructure. Both values are higher than that of reported CNSs, which obtained from chemical pulping processes (~ 54–119 mg/g). The adsorption of MB dye is well‐fitted with Langmuir and described by pseudo‐second order kinetic model.