Higher Intakes Of Minerals Research Articles

Utilizing an electronic feeder to measure individual mineral intake, feeding behavior, and growth performance of cow-calf pairs grazing native range.

Crossbred Angus cow–calf pairs (n = 28 pairs) at the Central Grasslands Research Extension Center (Streeter, ND) were used to evaluate an electronic feeder to monitor individual mineral intake and feeding behavior and their relationship with growth performance and liver mineral concentrations. Cows and calves were fitted with radio frequency identification ear tags that allowed access to an electronic feeder (SmartFeed system; C-Lock Inc., Rapid City, SD) and were provided ad libitum minerals (Purina Wind and Rain Storm, Land O’Lakes, Inc., Arden Hills, MN). Mineral intake, number of visits, and duration at the feeder were recorded over a 95-d monitoring period while pairs were grazing native range. Liver biopsies were collected from a subset of cows on the final day of monitoring and analyzed for mineral concentrations. Data were analyzed with the GLM procedure in SAS for mineral intake and feeding behavior with age class (cows vs. calves), intake category (high vs. low), and the interaction between class and category in the model. Correlations were calculated among cow feeding behavior and calf intake and growth performance with the CORR procedure, and a comparison of liver mineral concentrations among cows of high (>90 g/d; average 125.4 g/d) and low (<90 g/d; average 33.5 g/d) mineral intake was performed using the GLM procedure. High-intake calves (>50 g/d; average 72.2 g/d) consumed greater (P < 0.001) amounts of minerals than low-intake calves (<50 g/d; average 22.2 g/d) intake calves. Cows and calves attended the mineral feeder a similar (P = 0.71) proportion of the days during the experiment (overall mean of 20%, or once every 5 d). On days calves visited the feeder, they consumed less (P < 0.01) minerals than cows (222 ± 27 vs. 356 ± 26 g/d, respectively). Over the grazing period, calves gained 1.17 ± 0.02 kg/d, whereas cows lost 0.35 ± 0.02 kg/d. Calf mineral intake was correlated with cow duration at the mineral feeder (r = 0.403, P = 0.05). Cows with high mineral intake had greater (P < 0.01) concentrations of Se (2.92 vs. 2.41 ug/g), Cu (247 vs. 116 ug/g), and Co (0.51 vs. 0.27 ug/g) compared with low mineral intake cows, but liver concentrations of Fe, Zn, Mo, and Mn did not differ (P ≥ 0.22). We were able to successfully monitor individual mineral intake and feeding behavior with the electronic feeder evaluated, and the divergence in mineral intake observed with the feeder was corroborated by concentrations of minerals in the liver.

Breakfast Characteristics and Its Association with Daily Micronutrients Intake in Children and Adolescents-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Breakfast is an important source of key nutrients in the diet. For this reason, the aim of this review was to investigate the associations between breakfast consumption and daily micronutrients intake in both children and adolescents (aged 2–18 years). A peer-reviewed systematic search was conducted in three datasets (PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane Library) in February 2020 in English and Spanish. Two independent reviewers evaluated 3188 studies considering the AXIS critical appraisal and PRISMA methodologies. Meta-analysis was carried out comparing results according to type of breakfast consumed (Ready to eat cereals (RTEC) breakfast or other types of breakfast) and breakfast skipping. Thirty-three articles were included in the systematic review (SR) and 7 in the meta-analysis. In the SR, we observed that those children and adolescents who usually consume RTEC at breakfast had a higher consumption of B-vitamins than those not consuming RTEC at breakfast. Breakfast consumers had a higher mineral intake (iron, calcium, magnesium, potassium, zinc, and iodine) than breakfast skippers. In the Meta-Analysis, RTEC consumers had significantly higher vitamin C intake than breakfast skippers (Standard Mean Difference (SMD), −4.12; 95% confidence intervals (CI): −5.09, −3.16). Furthermore, those children who usually consume breakfast had significantly higher daily intake of calcium than breakfast skippers (SMD, −7.03; 95%CI: −9.02, −5.04). Our review proposes that breakfast consumption seems to be associated with higher daily micronutrients intake than breakfast skippers.

Patterns of the Consumption of Young Children Formula in Chinese Children Aged 1-3 Years and Implications for Nutrient Intake.

The consumption of young children formula (YCF) is associated with reduced risk of inadequacies of nutrients that are frequently lacking in the diets of young children. In this study, we assessed the role of YCF in children’s diets and whether meeting dairy intake recommendations would improve nutrient intake in young Chinese children aged 12–36 months. Dietary intake data for children from the 2012 China Maternal and Infant Nutrition and Growth study were analyzed (n = 910). Nutrient intake was compared between YCF consumers and non-consumers, and the theoretical impact of meeting dairy intake recommendations by adding cow’s milk or YCF to children’s diets was assessed using diet modelling. The percent of children consuming YCF was 64.5% and was positively associated with family income and mother’s education level. Compared to non-consumers, YCF consumers had higher intakes of minerals (e.g., calcium, iron) and vitamins (e.g., C, D, B6) that are important for growth and immune function, and lower intakes of saturated fat. To meet dairy intake recommendations by adding either cow’s milk or YCF to children’s diets would improve intakes of vitamins and minerals in young Chinese children. YCF consumption contributes to the improvement of nutrient intakes in children aged 12–36 months in China.

Nutritional Pattern And Healing Of Perineum Wound On Postpartum Period

Background: Postpartum period was the return of uterine implants such as before pregnancy which takes 6 weeks after born. Good nutrition patterns would speed healing wound perineum. The high nutritional content of calories, protein, fluids, and vitamins needed for speed up perineal wound closure.Purpose: This study aimed to determine the relationship of postnatal maternal nutritional patterns with the healing of perineal wounds in Puri community health center Mojokerto.Methods: Analytical research design with Cross-Sectional. The population used postpartum mothers with perineal injuries. The sampling technique was through consecutive. The sample size was 90 respondents. The independent variable was nutrition pattern and the dependent variable was perineal wound healing. The instrument used was a questionnaire sheet postpartum maternal nutrition pattern and observation sheets for perineal wound healing.Results: The results showed 56 respondents (63.3%) had good nutrition patterns and good perineal wound healing, 27 respondents (30%) had poor nutrition patterns and moderate perineal wound healing, as many as 7 respondents (6.7%) had nutritional patterns less and bad perineal wound healing. Chi-Square statistical test results showed ρ (0,000) &lt;α 0.05.Conclusion: It could concluded that there was a relationship between the nutritional pattern of the puerperal mother with the healing of perineal wounds. High caloric, protein, fluid and mineral intake and vitamins in the puerperium mother will accelerate the process of new cell regeneration so that the puerperal perineal wound heals faster. Postpartum mothers are expected to maintain a nutritional pattern for healing the perineal wound and not do certain food restrictions during the puerperium

Adult dogs are capable of regulating calcium balance, with no adverse effects on health, when fed a high-calcium diet.

Although the implications of long-term high Ca intakes have been well documented in growing dogs, the health consequences of Ca excess in adult dogs remain to be established. To evaluate the impact of feeding a diet containing 7·1 g/4184 kJ (1000 kcal) Ca for 40 weeks on Ca balance and health parameters in adult dogs, eighteen neutered adult Labrador Retrievers, (nine males and nine females) aged 2·5-7·4 years were randomised to one of two customised diets for 40 weeks. The diets were manufactured according to similar nutritional specifications, with the exception of Ca and P levels. The diets provided 1·7 and 7·1 g/4184 kJ (1000 kcal) (200(SD26) and 881(SD145) mg/kg body weight0·75 per d, respectively) Ca, respectively, with a Ca:P ratio of 1·6. Clinical examinations, ultrasound scans, radiographs, health parameters, metabolic effects and mineral balance were recorded at baseline and at 8-week intervals throughout the study. Dogs in both groups were healthy throughout the trial without evidence of urinary, renal or orthopaedic disease. In addition, there were no clinically relevant changes in any of the measures made in either group (all P>0·05). The high-Ca diet resulted in a 3·3-fold increase in faecal Ca excretion (P0·05). Ca intakes of up to 7·1 g/4184 kJ (1000 kcal) are well tolerated over a period of 40 weeks, with no adverse effects that could be attributed to the diet or to a high mineral intake.

Is nutrient intake associated with physical activity levels in healthy young adults?

Both physical activity (PA) and diet are important contributors to health and well-being; however, there is limited information on the association of these behaviours and whether observed associations differ by weight. The present study aimed to evaluate whether nutrient intake is associated with PA and if this association varies by weight in young adults. Cross-sectional study to analyse the association between PA and nutrient intake. Participants were stratified as normal weight (18·5 kg/m2 <BMI <25·0 kg/m2) and overweight/obese (BMI≥25·0 kg/m2). PA level (PAL) was calculated (PAL=total daily energy expenditure/RMR) and used to stratify groups (PAL<1·6, 1·6≤PAL<1·9, PAL≥1·9). Adults (n 407; age 27·6 (sd 3·8) years, 48 % male), with BMI between 20 and 35 kg/m2, having at least two 24 h diet recalls and at least 5 d (including two weekend days) of valid, objectively measured PA data were included in the analysis. In normal-weight participants, higher PAL was associated with higher intakes of minerals (except Ca, Fe and Zn), B-vitamins and choline (P for trend <0·05). In the overweight/obese group, higher PAL was associated with higher intakes of fibre, K, Na and Cu (P for trend <0·05). These differences, however, were no longer significant after additionally controlling for total energy intake. More active young adults have higher intakes of essential micronutrients. The benefits of PA may be predominantly due to a higher overall food intake while maintaining energy balance rather than a healthier diet.

Is Nutrient Adequacy Linked to Physical Activity Level in Healthy Young Adults?

Both physical activity (PA) and diet are important contributors to health and well-being but there is limited information on the interaction of these behaviors and whether the association differs by weight category. PURPOSE: To evaluate the association between physical activity (PA) and dietary intake in young, normal weight and overweight/obese adults. METHODS: The cross-sectional analysis includes 412 adults (27.6±3.8 years, 48% male) with valid dietary and PA data. Height (cm) and weight (kg) were measured with participants in surgical scrubs and bare feet. BMI was calculated (kg/m2) and used to differentiate between normal weight (BMI<25) and overweight/obese (BMI≥25). Multiple 24-hr dietary recalls (24HR) were administered over a period of 14 days and nutrient intake was calculated as the average of at least two 24HR. Total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) was assessed over a period of 10 days with the BodyMedia armband during the time period diet recalls were administered. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) was measured via indirect calorimetry after a 12 hour overnight fast and at least 24 hours abstention from exercise. Physical activity level (PAL=TDEE/RMR) was calculated and used to stratify groups (PAL 1<1.60, 1.6≤PAL 2<1.9, PAL 3≥1.9). RESULTS: A majority of participants (>60%) met macronutrient recommendations (% of calories/day). Conformance with micronutrient recommendations varied between 3% and 99%. Macronutrient intake did not differ between activity groups but a higher PAL was associated with higher fiber intake. In normal weight participants, higher PAL was associated with the higher intakes of minerals (except calcium, iron, and zinc), thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B12, and choline (p for trend <0.05). In the overweight/obese group, higher PAL was associated with the higher intakes of potassium, sodium, copper, and niacin (p for trend <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Higher PA is associated with increased fiber and micronutrient intake in normal weight and overweight/obese young adults. An active lifestyle, therefore, may provide additional benefits beyond those directly attributed to PA.

Intake of Minerals from Food Supplements in a German Population—A Nationwide Survey

Introduction: Studies indicate that 17.9% - 60% of adults in Germany and Europe regularly use food supplements. Some reports suggest that their use might be responsible for excessive nutrient intake. The purpose of this survey was to examine the quantitative mineral intakes from food supplements: whether the tolerable upper intake levels (ULs) with supplements alone, or in combination with food was exceeded was checked. Methods: The survey was carried out by the Association for Consumer Research, Nurnberg, Germany. Anonymous data of 1070 supplement users (40.8% men, 59.2% women) aged 18 - 93 years were available. Three groups were examined based on dietary and supplemental mineral intakes: average, middle-high and high intake. Results: The mean number of supplements reported was 1.6 ± 1.1 products in men and 1.5 ± 0.9 products in women. The minerals most frequently consumed were magnesium, followed by calcium, zinc and selenium. The percentage of the supplement users with total intakes greater than the UL was minimal for all minerals. Supplement use in 143 cases increased the likelihood of intakes above the UL only for magnesium. Subjects particularly in the high intake group—as a worst case scenario—had intakes above the UL in the case of calcium (n = 23) and zinc (n = 34). The percentage of subjects taking several products was greater in subjects exceeding the UL than in those below (P < 0.001). Multiple use was seen significantly more often in men than in women (P < 0.01). Conclusions: In this survey, supplement use was generally not associated with excessive intake. Supplement use resulted in intakes above the UL in only a few cases relating to magnesium, calcium and zinc. This applies more often to elderly subjects and particularly to those who already have a high mineral intake from food in the model calculation.

Anti-Hypertensive Effect of a Solar Salt Diet in Elderly Hypertensive Patients: A Preliminary Randomized, Double-Blind Clinical Trial

Background: High sodium and/or low mineral intake are known to be associated with elevated blood pressure. It has been reported that substituting low-sodium, mineral-rich salt for refined salt lowers blood pressure (BP). And solar salt is emerging as a low sodium high mineral salt for a healthy diet in Korea. Therefore, this double-blind, randomized, and placebo-controlled trial was conducted to explore changes in BP from substituting refined salt with solar salt among hypertensive elderly subjects. Methods: Forty-three hypertensive and institutionalized elderly individuals aged 65 years or older were enrolled. Thirty-eight subjects (88.4%) completed the study. Subjects were provided with either a solar saltor refined salt-based diet for eight weeks. Results: Systolic BP decreased significantly in the solar salt-based diet group after 2, 4, and 8 weeks when compared to the refined salt-based diet group. And, diastolic BP was lowered significantly in the solar salt-based diet group compared to that in the refined salt-based diet group after 8 weeks. In addition, urinary sodium/potassium, and angiotension converting enzyme activity decreased significantly in the solar salt-based diet group compared to the refined salt-based group. Urinary potassium excretion was significantly increased in the solar salt-based diet group. Conclusions: These results may provide clinical evidence that solar salt has beneficial effects on BP in elderly patients. And, people such as Koreans, who do not consume enough minerals, may experience a greater anti-hypotensive effect by using solar salt. However, further large-scale studies are necessary. Korean J Health Promot 2015;15(3):98-107

A Free New Dietary Supplement Label Database for Registered Dietitian Nutritionists

The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics recognizes the importance of including dietary supplements (DS) in assessing and planning dietary intakes. 1 Position of the American Dietetic AssociationNutrient Supplementation. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009; 109: 2073-2085 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar DS use in the United States has increased markedly during the past 30 years and is now widespread across all segments of society. 2 Briefel R. Johnson C.L. Secular trends in dietary intake in the United States. Ann Rev Nutr. 2004; 24: 401-431 Crossref PubMed Scopus (478) Google Scholar , 3 Radimer K.L. Bindewald B. Hughes J. Ervin B. Swanson C. Picciano M.F. Dietary supplement use by US adults: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2000. Am J Epidemiol. 2004; 160: 339-349 Crossref PubMed Scopus (647) Google Scholar , 4 Picciano M.F. Dwyer J.T. Radimer K.L. et al. Dietary supplement use among infants, children, and adolescents in the United States, 1999-2002. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2007; 161: 978-985 Crossref PubMed Scopus (116) Google Scholar , 5 Bailey R.L. Gahche J.J. Lentino C.V. et al. Dietary supplement use in the United States, 2003-2006. J Nutr. 2011; 141: 261-266 Crossref PubMed Scopus (585) Google Scholar , 6 Gahche J, Bailey R, Burt V, et al. Dietary supplement use among US adults has increased since NHANES III (1988-1994). NCHS Data Brief, No. 61. US Department of Health and Human Services. April 2011. Google Scholar At present, more than half of adults and a third of US children have used one or more DS within the past 30 days, with multivitamin, multimineral (MVMM) products especially common. 7 Dwyer J. Nahin R.L. Rogers G.T. et al. Prevalence and predicators of children's dietary supplement use: The 2007 National Health Interview Survey. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013; 97: 1331-1337 Crossref PubMed Scopus (67) Google Scholar , 8 Bailey R.L. Fulgoni V.L. Keast D.R. Lentino C.V. Dwyer J.T. Do dietary supplements improve micronutrient sufficiency in children and adolescents?. J Pediatr. 2012; 161: 837-842 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (96) Google Scholar Because supplements are now major sources of several nutrients, such as calcium and vitamin D, in American diets, it is important for registered dietitian nutritionists (RDNs) to include their contributions when assessing intakes or planning diets. 9 Fulgoni V.L. Keast D.R. Bailey R.L. Dwyer J.T. Foods, fortificants and supplements: where do Americans get their nutrients?. J Nutr. 2011; 141: 1847-1854 Crossref PubMed Scopus (339) Google Scholar , 10 Bailey R.L. Fulgoni V.L. Keast D.R. Dwyer J. Dietary supplement use is associated with higher intakes of minerals from food sources. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011; 94: 1376-1381 Crossref PubMed Scopus (120) Google Scholar , 11 Bailey R.L. Fulgoni V.L. Keast D.R. Dwyer J.T. Examination of vitamin intakes among US adults by dietary supplement use. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2012; 112: 657-663 Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (109) Google Scholar Likewise, for national nutrition surveillance, the contributions to nutrient intakes from supplements must be considered to identify groups at dietary risk because their intakes decrease below the estimated average requirement (EAR) or above the upper tolerable intake level. 12 Dwyer J. Picciano M.F. Raiten D.J. Estimation of usual intakes: What we eat in America–NHANES. J Nutr. 2003; 133: 609S-623S Crossref PubMed Google Scholar For example, when supplements are included in assessments, the proportion of the US population that is below the EAR is much less for several vitamins 11 Bailey R.L. Fulgoni V.L. Keast D.R. Dwyer J.T. Examination of vitamin intakes among US adults by dietary supplement use. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2012; 112: 657-663 Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (109) Google Scholar and fewer women are “at risk” (defined as below the EAR) for folate intake than when they are not. 13 Bailey R.L. Dodd K.W. Gahche J.J. et al. Total folate and folic acid intake from foods and dietary supplements in the United States: 2003-2006. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010; 91: 231-237 Crossref PubMed Scopus (185) Google Scholar , 14 Branum A.M. Bailey R. Singer B.J. Dietary supplement use and folate status during pregnancy in the United States. J Nutr. 2013; 143: 486-492 Crossref PubMed Scopus (102) Google Scholar For some nutrients, like folic acid, the upper tolerable intake level is established based solely for the form that comes from fortificants in foods and in dietary supplements. RDNs, epidemiologists, and public health officials also need accurate dietary supplement databases to evaluate possible associations between nutrient intake and disease outcomes.

Micronutrient challenges across the age spectrum: Is there a role for red meat?

SummaryIn recent years, there has been controversy about the healthiness of red meat, prompting suggestions that people should limit their consumption. However, national dietary surveys indicate that UK diets can be low in nutrients typically found in red meat, e.g. vitamin B2, vitamin D, iron, magnesium, zinc, selenium and potassium, particularly among low‐income groups, teenagers and females. This article examines the nutritional challenges from infanthood to old age and considers whether there is still a role for red meat in helping people to achieve their dietary requirements. The fossil record indicates that early man evolved as an omnivore, with meat representing a significant source of protein and nutrients in the prehistoric diet. Modern diets offer substantially more variation in protein sources yet the range of nutrients supplied by red meat and their high bioavailability may make meat particularly suitable for human diets. Studies suggest that low intakes of red meat are a marker for iron insufficiency, while inclusion of red meat in the diet is associated with higher mineral intakes. Moderate amounts of lean red meat provide a wide range of important nutrients, without substantially increasing intakes of energy and saturated fatty acids. While concerns have been raised about the potential impact of red meat on the risk of chronic disease, the data are mostly observational and may be confounded by cooking methods or other dietary factors. In conclusion, integrating red meat into diets across the age spectrum, from infanthood to old age, may help to narrow the present gap between micronutrient intakes and recommendations.

Re: “Dietary supplement use is associated with higher intakes of minerals from food sources”

Re: “Dietary supplement use is associated with higher intakes of minerals from food sources”

Dietary supplement use is associated with higher intakes of minerals from food sources

Dietary supplement use is extensive in US adults. Some reports suggested that supplement users had higher nutrient intakes from the diet than did nonusers, but to our knowledge this finding has not been examined in nationally representative survey data. In this analysis, we examined mineral intakes from the diet by supplement-use categories and how these supplements contributed to meeting or exceeding Dietary Reference Intakes for selected minerals. Data from adults (≥19 y of age; n = 8860) who participated in NHANES 2003-2006, a nationally representative, cross-sectional survey, were examined. Supplement use was defined as the participant's self-reported use of a supplement that contained one or more selected minerals. Dietary intakes of minerals from food sources were higher for magnesium, copper, potassium, and selenium in male supplement users than in nonusers. For women, dietary intakes of minerals from food sources were higher for users than for nonusers for each mineral examined except for selenium. In women, users of calcium-containing dietary supplements were much more likely to meet the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) than were nonusers. Even after consideration of supplement use, >14% of adults had inadequate intakes for calcium and magnesium on the basis of the percentage of adults with usual intakes less than the EAR. The prevalence of adults who exceeded the tolerable upper intake level (UL) for calcium, zinc, iron, and magnesium was higher in users than in nonusers. Individuals who used mineral-containing dietary supplements had higher mineral intakes from food sources in the diet than did nonusers. For all minerals examined, and particularly for calcium and magnesium in men and women and iron in women, supplement use decreased the prevalence of intake inadequacy for each respective mineral; however, supplements contributed to risk of potentially excessive intakes for calcium, iron, zinc, and magnesium.

In utero physiology: role in nutrient delivery and fetal development for calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D

Only limited aspects of the transfer of calcium across the placenta to the fetus are known. Clinical outcome studies suggest that bone mineral mass in newborn infants is related to maternal size and dairy intake. Available data indicate that vitamin D deficiency may also limit in utero fetal bone mineral accumulation. Recent data suggest that maternal vitamin D status affects long-term childhood bone status. At present, no strong evidence exists showing that improving maternal calcium or vitamin D status has a long-term positive effect on childhood bone mass. In premature infants, clinical rickets and fractures are common. In utero rates of calcium accretion during the third trimester cannot be readily achieved. The use of fortifiers designed for human-milk-fed infants or specially designed high-mineral-containing formulas allows for bone mineral accretion at or near in utero rates. Recent data have shown that physical therapy programs, judiciously used, in combination with adequate mineral content, can enhance bone mineral mass in preterm infants. There is little evidence for the use of high doses of vitamin D in the management of premature infants. After hospital discharge, continuation of a relatively high mineral intake has been shown to enhance bone mineral acquisition. Future research should include evaluations of the role of maternal vitamin D supplementation on fetal and infant bone mass, the mineral needs of infants weighing <800 g or <25 wk gestation, and the optimal discharge management of premature infants who are at risk of low bone mass.

The influence of high dietary protein, energy and mineral intake on deficient young camel ( Camelus dromedarius)—II. Changes in mineral status

1. 1. Mangrove Avicennia marina is poor in some trace elements such as copper, zinc and manganese. In a trial we used 32 young camels divided into four groups. 2. 2. Groups 1 and 3 were supplemented with copper and zinc in drinking water after 1 month of mangrove feeding. 3. 3. Groups 2 and 3 received concentrate rich in protein and energy. The supplementation was stopped after 2 months. 4. 4. All the camels were deficient in trace elements at the beginning of mineral supplementation. 5. 5. The plasma concentration of copper increased significantly up to normal levels (<70 μg/100 ml) in energy protein supplemented groups, but the quantity supplied (100 mg of copper sulphate/day) was not sufficient to maintain this level after the end of supplementation. 6. 6. The original zinc deficiency was too severe to observe a significant effect of the mineral supplementation. 7. 7. Calcium, magnesium and phosphorus levels were improved during the supplementation period in protein-energy supplemented groups. 8. 8. A high interaction between mineral absorption and quality of the diet was observed. A well-balanced diet seems essential to avoid deficient mineral status.

The influence of high dietary protein, energy and mineral intake on deficient young camel ( Camelus dromedarius)—I. Changes in metabolic profiles and growth performance

1. 1. The main forage for camels in northern Djibouti (mangrove with Avicennia marina) is very poor in nitrogen and energy. In a trial, 32 young camels (less than 2 years old) were used in four groups of eight each. 2. 2. All the camels received mangrove as basal diet ad lib. 3. 3. After 1 month, the camels received mineral supplementation in copper and zinc (groups 1 and 3) or/and a concentrate rich in protein and energy (groups 2 and 3) or continued with the basal diet (controls). 4. 4. Any supplementation was stopped after 2 months for 1 month. 5. 5. Growth performance was 550g/day (concentrate-supplemented camels) and 570g/day (concentrate + mineral-supplemented camels). 6. 6. The growth was negative for the two others groups (−260g/day). 7. 7. Food intake of mangrove was slightly more important with mineral supplementation only and with mineral + concentrate supplementation. 8. 8. The changes in metabolic profiles have shown an important catabolism in non-supplemented animals, an increase of urea and free fatty acid concentrations in plasma and a decrease of glucose concentrations. 9. 9. Three camels died in the control group with symptoms of starvation and signs of liver damage (increase of liver enzymes glutamate dehydrogenase and γ-glutamyl transferase).

Effects of High Dietary Calcium and Phosphorus on Calcium, Phosphorus, Nitrogen and Fat Metabolism in Children

Calcium, phosphorus, nitrogen and fat balances were measured in eighteen American Indian children, ten of whom were on a dietary intake of 2,300 mg. calcium and 2,400 mg. phosphorus and eight on dietary intakes of 1,300 mg. calcium and 1,600 mg. phosphorus. Both groups had been on diets similar to the experimental regimens for at least one year prior to the balance studies. Urinary calcium levels varied from person to person and were unrelated to dietary calcium. Both calcium and phosphorus storage were markedly diminished on the higher mineral intakes. Chemical steatorrhea (greater than 5 per cent of dietary fat) was seen in seven of ten subjects on higher intakes of calcium and phosphorus but in none of the other group. Nitrogen balances were unrelated to the excretions of fat, calcium or phosphorus. An hypothesis was suggested for the relationship between dietary calcium, phosphorus and fat and the altered absorption of calcium, phosphorus and fat observed in certain subjects on high dietary calcium intake.