Higher Injury Severity Score Scores Research Articles

Predictors of mortality for blunt trauma patients in intensive care: A retrospective cohort study

Background Major trauma places substantial demand on critical care services, is a leading cause of death in under 40-year-olds and causes significant morbidity and mortality across all age groups. Various factors influence patient outcome and predefining these could allow prognostication. The aim of this study was to identify predictors of mortality from major trauma in intensive care. Methods This was a retrospective study of adult trauma patients admitted to general intensive care between January 2018 and December 2019. We assessed the impact on mortality of patient demographics, patterns of injury, injury scores (Glasgow Coma Score (GCS), Charlson’s comorbidity index (CCI), Acute Physiology and Health Evaluation II (APACHE II), Injury Severity Score (ISS) and Probability of Survival Score (Ps19)), number of surgeries and mechanism of injury using logistic regression. Results A total of 414 patients were included with a median age of 54 years (IQR 34–72). Overall mortality was 18.6%. The most common mechanism of injury was traffic collision (46%). Non-survivors were older, had higher ISS scores with lower GCS on admission and lower probability of survival scores. Factors independently predictive of mortality were age 70-80 (OR 3.267, p = 0.029), age >80 (OR 27.043, p < 0.001) and GCS < 15 (OR 8.728, p < 0.001). Ps19 was the best predictor of mortality (p <0.001 for each score category), with an AUROC of 0.90. Conclusions The significant mortality predictors were age, fall from <2 metres, injury of head or limbs, GCS <15 and Ps19. Contrary to previous studies, CCI and APACHE II did not significantly predict mortality. Although Ps19 was found to be the best current prognostic score, trauma prognostication would benefit from a single validated scoring system incorporating both physiological variables and injury patterns.

Predictors of mortality for blunt trauma patients in intensive care: A retrospective cohort study

Background: Major trauma places substantial demand on critical care services, is a leading cause of death in under 40-year-olds and causes significant morbidity and mortality across all age groups. Various factors influence patient outcome and predefining these could allow prognostication. The aim of this study was to identify predictors of mortality from major trauma in intensive care. Methods: This was a retrospective study of adult trauma patients admitted to general intensive care between January 2018 and December 2019. We assessed the impact on mortality of patient demographics, patterns of injury, injury scores (Glasgow Coma Score (GCS), Charlson’s comorbidity index (CCI), Acute Physiology and Health Evaluation II (APACHE II), Injury Severity Score (ISS) and Probability of Survival Score (Ps19)), number of surgeries and mechanism of injury using logistic regression. Results: A total of 414 patients were included with a median age of 54 years (IQR 34–72). Overall mortality was 18.6%. The most common mechanism of injury was traffic collision (46%). Non-survivors were older, had higher ISS scores with lower GCS on admission and probability of survival scores. Factors independently predictive of mortality were increasing age (OR 1.06, p <0.001) and GCS <15 on admission (OR 7.21, p <0.001). Ps19 was the best predictor of mortality (p <0.001 for each score category), with an AUROC of 0.90. Conclusions: The significant mortality predictors were age, fall from <2 metres, injury of head or limbs, GCS <15 and Ps19. Contrary to previous studies CCI and APACHE II did not significantly predict mortality. Although Ps19 was found to be the best current prognostic score, trauma prognostication would benefit from a single validated scoring system incorporating both physiological variables and injury patterns.

Predictors of mortality for blunt trauma patients in intensive care: A retrospective cohort study

Background: Major trauma places substantial demand on critical care services, is a leading cause of death in under 40-year-olds and causes significant morbidity and mortality across all age groups. Various factors influence patient outcome and predefining these could allow prognostication. The aim of this study was to identify predictors of mortality from major trauma in intensive care. Methods: This was a retrospective study of adult trauma patients admitted to general intensive care between January 2018 and December 2019. We assessed the impact on mortality of patient demographics, patterns of injury, injury scores (Glasgow Coma Score (GCS), Charlson’s comorbidity index (CCI), Acute Physiology and Health Evaluation II (APACHE II), Injury Severity Score (ISS) and Probability of Survival Score (Ps19)), number of surgeries and mechanism of injury using logistic regression. Results: A total of 414 patients were included with a median age of 54 years (IQR 34–72). Overall mortality was 18.6%. The most common mechanism of injury was traffic collision (46%). Non-survivors were older, had higher ISS scores with lower GCS on admission and probability of survival scores. Factors independently predictive of mortality were increasing age (OR 1.06, p <0.001) and GCS <15 on admission (OR 7.21, p <0.001). Ps19 was the best predictor of mortality (p <0.001 for each score category), with an AUROC of 0.90. Conclusions: The significant mortality predictors were age, fall from <2 metres, injury of head or limbs, GCS <15 and Ps19. Contrary to previous studies CCI and APACHE II did not significantly predict mortality. Although Ps19 was found to be the best current prognostic score, trauma prognostication would benefit from a single validated scoring system incorporating both physiological variables and injury patterns.

Predictors of mortality for blunt trauma patients in intensive care: A retrospective cohort study

Background: Major trauma places substantial demand on critical care services, is a leading cause of death in under 40-year-olds and causes significant morbidity and mortality across all age groups. Various factors influence patient outcome and predefining these could allow prognostication. The aim of this study was to identify predictors of mortality from major trauma in intensive care. Methods: This was a retrospective study of adult trauma patients admitted to general intensive care between January 2018 and December 2019. We assessed the impact on mortality of patient demographics, patterns of injury, injury scores (Glasgow Coma Score (GCS), Charlson’s comorbidity index (CCI), Acute Physiology and Health Evaluation II (APACHE II), Injury Severity Score (ISS) and Probability of Survival Score (Ps19)), number of surgeries and mechanism of injury using logistic regression. Results: A total of 414 patients were included with a median age of 54 years (IQR 34–72). Overall mortality was 18.6%. The most common mechanism of injury was traffic collision (46%). Non-survivors were older, had higher ISS scores with lower GCS on admission and probability of survival scores. Factors independently predictive of mortality were increasing age (OR 1.06, p <0.001) and GCS <15 on admission (OR 7.21, p <0.001). Ps19 was the best predictor of mortality (p <0.001 for each score category), with an AUROC of 0.90. Conclusions: The significant mortality predictors were age, fall from <2 metres, injury of head or limbs, GCS <15 and Ps19. Contrary to previous studies CCI and APACHE II did not significantly predict mortality. Although Ps19 was found to be the best current prognostic score, trauma prognostication would benefit from a single validated scoring system incorporating both physiological variables and injury patterns.

Analysis of Extracranial Cerebrovascular Injuries: Clinical Predictors of Management and Outcomes

Optimal management of traumatic extracranial cerebrovascular injuries (ECVIs) remains undefined. We sought to evaluate the factors that influence management and neurologic outcomes (stroke and brain death) following traumatic ECVI. A retrospective review of a single level 1 trauma center's prospectively maintained data registry of patients older than 18years of age with a diagnosis of ECVI was performed from 2013 to 2019. Injuries limited to the external carotid artery were excluded. Patient demographics, type of injury, timing of presentation, Biffl Classification of Cerebrovascular Injury Grade, Injury Severity Score (ISS), and Abbreviated Injury Scale were documented. Ultimate treatments (medical management and procedural interventions) and brain-related outcomes (stroke and brain death) were recorded. ECVIs were identified in 96 patients. The primary mechanism of injury was blunt trauma (89.5% vs. 10.5%, blunt versus penetrating), with 70 cases (66%) of vertebral artery injury and 37 cases of carotid artery injury. Treatments included vascular intervention (6.5%) and medical management (93.5%). Overall outcomes included ipsilateral ischemic stroke (29%) and brain death (6.5%). In the carotid group, vascular intervention was associated with higher Biffl grades (mean Biffl 3.17 vs. 2.23; P=0.087) and decreased incidence of brain death (0% vs. 19%, P=0.006), with no difference seen in ISS scores. Brain death was associated with higher ISS scores (40.29 vs. 24.17, P=0.01), lower glascow coma score on arrival (3.57 vs. 10.63, P<0.001), and increased rates of ischemic stroke (71% vs. 30%, P=0.025). In the vertebral group, neither Biffl grade nor ISS were associated with treatment or outcomes. Regarding the timing of stroke in ECVI, there was no significant difference in the time from presentation to cerebral infarction between the carotid and vertebral artery groups (24.7hr vs. 21.20hr, P=0.739). After this window, 98% of the ECVI cases demonstrated no further aneurysmal degeneration or new neurological deficits beyond the early time period (mean follow-up 9.7months). Blunt cerebrovascular injuries should be viewed distinctly in the carotid and vertebral territories. In cases of injury to the carotid artery, Biffl grade and ISS score are associated with surgical intervention and neurologic events, respectively; vertebral artery injuries did not share this association. Neurologic deficits were detected in a similar time frame between the carotid artery and the vertebral artery injury groups and both groups had rare late neurologic events.

Clinical characteristics and long-term outcomes following pancreatic injury – An international multicenter cohort study

BackgroundTrauma to the pancreas is rare but associated with significant morbidity. Currently available management guidelines are based on low-quality evidence and data on long-term outcomes is lacking. This study aimed to evaluate clinical characteristics and patient-reported long-term outcomes for pancreatic injury. MethodsA retrospective cohort study evaluating treatment for pancreatic injury in 11 centers across 5 European nations over >10 years was performed. Data relating to pancreatic injury and treatment were collected from hospital records. Patients reported quality of life (QoL), changes to employment and new or ongoing therapy due to index injury. ResultsIn all, 165 patients were included. The majority were male (70.9%), median age was 27 years (range: 6–93) and mechanism of injury predominantly blunt (87.9%). A quarter of cases were treated conservatively; higher injury severity score (ISS) and American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) pancreatic injury scores increased the likelihood for surgical, endoscopic and/or radiologic intervention. Isolated, blunt pancreatic injury was associated with younger age and pancreatic duct involvement; this cohort appeared to benefit from non-operative management. In the long term (median follow-up 93; range 8–214 months), exocrine and endocrine pancreatic insufficiency were reported by 9.3% of respondents. Long-term analgesic use also affected 9.3% of respondents, with many reported quality of life problems (QoL) potentially attributable to side-effects of opiate therapy. Overall, impaired QoL correlated with higher ISS scores, surgical therapy and opioid analgesia on discharge. ConclusionsPancreatic trauma is rare but can lead to substantial short- and long-term morbidity. Near complete recovery of QoL indicators and pancreatic function can occur despite significant injury, especially in isolated, blunt pancreatic injury managed conservatively and when early weaning off opiate analgesia is achieved.

Complications Associated with Administration of Post-operative Weight-Based Enoxaparin in Orthopaedic Trauma Patients.

BackgroundIn orthopedic-specific patients, limited evidence exists in regard to prophylactic weight-based enoxaparin dosing in the obese population. We examined the clinical outcomes of administering weight-based enoxaparin to obese orthopedic trauma patients.MethodsThis retrospective study involved 679 patients who underwent orthopedic trauma surgery and were admitted from 1/2016 to 6/2020 at a single institution. Of those patients, 156 patients met our inclusion criteria. Inclusion criteria included BMI>35 kg/m2 and received weight-based enoxaparin post-operatively (defined as any singular dose >40 mg at any time). Blood transfusion, documented hematoma, deep vein thrombosis (DVT), and return visits to the OR after the administration of weight-based enoxaparin were the primary endpoints assessed. Age, BMI, weight, injury severity score (ISS), sex, post-operative time to the first dose of enoxaparin, the total daily dose of enoxaparin, operating room (OR) blood loss, OR time, patient co-morbidities, and pre/post-operative hemoglobin were evaluated for a potential relationship with the primary endpoints.ResultsOne hundred and eighty-five surgeries were performed on a total of 156 patients. Thirty-six of the 185 (19%) surgeries required post-operative blood transfusion after weight-based enoxaparin was given. Higher ISS score, lower pre-operative hemoglobin, and lower post-operative hemoglobin were significant predictors of blood transfusion. Only increased post-operative time to the first dose of enoxaparin was significantly associated with DVT formation. Thirteen of the 156 patients (8.3%) had a post-operative hematoma after administration of enoxaparin, and four of the 13 patients required return to the OR for bleeding complications. ISS was the only significant predictor of post-operative hematoma formation.ConclusionPatients with a higher injury severity score are at an increased risk of adverse bleeding and may benefit from lower doses of enoxaparin administered earlier post-operatively.

The Effect of Fat Distribution on the Inflammatory Response of Multiple Trauma Patients-A Retrospective Study.

Objectives In recent years; increasing evidence pointed out the clinical importance of adipose tissue (AT) distribution in various patient populations. In particular, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), when compared to subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), was found to play a pivotal role in the development of inflammatory reaction. The aim of the present study was to examine whether body fat distribution has an impact on the development of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) in patients with polytrauma. Methods In our retrospective study; we filtered our institution records of the German Trauma Registry (Trauma Register DGU) from November 2018 to April 2021 and included 132 adult polytrauma patients with injury severity score (ISS) >16. Subsequently; we measured the visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue area based on whole-body CT scan and calculated the ratio of VAT to SAT (VSr). Thereafter, the patient population was evenly divided into three groups; respectively VSr value less than 0.4 for the first group (low ratio), 0.4–0.84 for the second group (intermediate ratio), and greater than 0.84 for the third group (high ratio). Considering the other influencing factors; the groups were further divided into subgroups in the respective analysis according to gender (male/female), BMI (<25 or ≥25), and ISS (<26 or ≥26). Result VSr was an independent factor from body mass index (BMI) (r2 = 0.003; p = 0.553). VSr in male patients was significantly higher (p < 0.001). Patients with low VSr had higher ISS scores (p = 0.028). Polytrauma patients with higher VSr tended to have lower SIRS scores and significant differences of SIRS score were found on multiple days during the whole hospitalization period. In the low VAT/SAT group, male patients, and patients with BMI greater than 25, both exhibited higher SIRS scores during hospital stay (day 16: p = 0.01; day 22: p = 0.048 and p = 0.011; respectively). During hospitalization, patients with higher ISS score (≥26) in the low VSr group was found to have higher SIRS score (day 16; p = 0.007). Over the hospital stay; serum markers of CRP; CK; and leukocyte in patients with low VSr were higher than those in patients in the intermediate and high VSr groups; with significant difference discovered on multiple days (day 16: 0.014; day 22: p = 0.048). Conclusion Lower VSr is associated with increased inflammatory response and worse clinical outcome in patients with polytrauma. Furthermore; VSr is an independent factor providing additional information to BMI.

Analysis of Traumatic Axillo-Subclavian Vessel Injuries: Endovascular Management is a Viable Option to Open Surgical Reconstruction

In traumatic axillo-subclavian vessel injuries, endovascular repair has been increasingly described, despite ongoing questions regarding infection risk and long-term durability. We sought to compare the clinical and safety outcomes between endovascular and surgical treatment of traumatic axillo-subclavian vessel injuries. A search query of the prospectively maintained PROOVIT registry for patients older than 18 years of age with a diagnosis of axillary or subclavian vessel injury between 2014-2019 was performed at a Level 1 Trauma Center. Patient demographics, severity of injury, Mangled Extremity Severity Score (MESS), Injury Severity Score (ISS), procedural interventions, complications, and patency outcomes were collected and analyzed. Twenty-three patients with traumatic axillo-subclavian vessel injuries were included. There were similar rates of penetrating and blunt injuries (48% vs. 52%, respectively). Eighteen patients (78%) underwent intervention: 11 underwent endovascular stenting or diagnostic angiography; 7 underwent open surgical repair. There was similar severity of arterial injuries between the endovascular and open surgical groups: transection (30% vs. 40%, respectively), occlusion (30% vs. 40%, respectively). The open surgical group had worse initial clinical comorbidities: higher ISS scores (17.0 vs 13.5, p=0.034), higher median MESS scores (6 vs. 3.5, P=0.001). The technical success for the endovascular group was 100%. The endovascular group had a lower estimated procedural blood loss (27.5 mL vs. 624 mL, P=0.03). The endovascular arterial group trended toward a shorter length of hospital stay (5.6 days vs. 27.6 days, P=0.09) and slightly reduced procedural time (191.0 min vs. 223.5 min, P=0.165). Regarding imaging follow up (average of 60 days post-discharge), 7 patients (54%) underwent surveillance imaging (5 with duplex ultrasound, 2 with computed tomography angiography CTA) that demonstrated 100% patency. Regardless of ISS or MESS scores, at long term clinical follow up (average of 214 days), there were no limb losses, graft infections or vascular complications in either the endovascular or open surgical group. Endovascular treatment is a viable option for axillo-subclavian vessel injuries. Preliminary results demonstrate that endovascular treatment, when compared to open surgical repair, can have similar rates of technical success and long-term outcomes in patency, infection and vascular complications.

Bomb blast: imaging findings, treatment and clinical course of extremity traumas.

BackgroundTo describe the severity and types of blast-related extremity injuries and the presence of accompanying vascular injuries (VI) and amputation, and to identify the associated factors affecting the treatment management and clinical course.MethodsThe study included 101 patients with extremity injuries caused by a bomb explosion. The radiographs and computed tomography angiographies of the patients were evaluated in terms of injury patterns, presence of penetrating fragments and fractures, and localization (upper or lower extremity) and type (open or closed) of injury. The Gustilo-Anderson classification was used for open fractures. According to their severity, open fractures classified as types 1 and 2 were included in Group 1 and those classified as type 3A, 3B and 3C in Group 2.ResultsAs a result of blast exposure, 101 (57.7%) patients had extremity injuries, of which 76 (75.2%) presented with at least one fracture. Of the total of 103 fractures, nine (8.8%) were closed and 94 (91.2%) were open. Thirty-eight (40.4%) of the open fractures were located in the upper extremities, and 56 (59.6%) in the lower extremities and pelvis. Open fractures were most frequently localized in the femur (n = 20; 21.2%), followed by the tibia (n = 18; 19.1%). The majority of patients with open fractures were in Group 1 (71.4%). The duration of hospital stay was longer in Group 2 (12.1 ± 5.8 vs. 6.3 ± 6.7 days, p < 0.0001, respectively). Mortality among patients in Group 2 (45.0%) was significantly higher than in Group 1 (8.0%) (p < 0.0001). Similarly, the injury severity score (ISS) was higher in Group 2 (median 20 vs. 9, p < 0.0001). VI was present in 13 (12.9%) of all patients, and amputation in seven (7.9%).ConclusionThe presence of severe open fractures, VI, and high ISS score can be considered as important factors that increase morbidity and mortality. In extremity traumas, through the secondary blast mechanism, contaminated-fragmented tissue injuries occur. Therefore, we believe that it will be beneficial to apply damage control surgery in places with low socioeconomic level and poor hygienic conditions.

Post-traumatic hydrocephalus following decompressive hemicraniectomy: Incidence and risk factors in a prospective cohort of severe TBI patients

BackgroundIn severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients undergoing decompressive hemicraniectomy (DHC), the rate of post-traumatic hydrocephalus (PTH) is high at 12–36%. Early diagnosis and shunt placement can improve outcomes. Herein, we examined the incidence of and predictors of PTH after craniectomy. MethodsA retrospective analysis of prospectively collected database of severe TBI patients at a single U.S. Level 1 trauma center from May 2000 to July 2014 was performed. Demographics, Injury Severity Score (ISS), Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), bleeding pattern and time-to-cranioplasty were analyzed. Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) scores at 6 and 12-months were studied. Statistical significance was assessed at p < 0.05. ResultsA total of 402 patients were enrolled and 105 patients had DHC. Twenty-two (21.0%) of 105 required ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS), compared to 18 (6%) of 297 patients without DHC. There was increased odds ratio for shunting after DHC at 3.62 (95%CI:1.62–8.07; p < 0.01). Mean age at time of DHC was 43.8 ± 17.7 years old, and 81.9% were male. Subdural hematoma (SDH) was most common at 57.1%. Median time from admission to cranioplasty was 63 days. Patients who experienced PTH after DHC were younger (35.5 ± 17.7 versus 46.0 ± 17.7 years, p < 0.01) and had higher ISS scores (35 versus 26, p = 0.04) compared to patients without shunt after DHC. ConclusionsAfter severe TBI requiring hemicraniectomy, shunt-dependent hydrocephalus was 21%. Younger patients and higher ISS score were associated with PTH. Shunt-dependent patients achieved similar 6- and 12-month outcomes as those without PTH. Early diagnosis and shunt placement can enhance long-term neurological recovery.

Trends and predictors of mortality in unstable pelvic ring fracture: a 10-year experience with a multidisciplinary institutional protocol

BackgroundPelvic ring fracture is often combined with other injuries and such patients are considered at high risk of mortality and complications. There is controversy regarding the gold standard protocol for the initial treatment of pelvic fracture. The aim of this study was to assess which risk factors could affect the outcome and to analyze survival using our multidisciplinary institutional protocol for traumatic pelvic ring fracture.Material and methodsThis retrospective study reviewed patients who sustained an unstable pelvic ring fracture with Injury Severity Score (ISS) ≥ 5. All patients were admitted to the emergency department and registered in the Trauma Registry System of a level I trauma center from January 1, 2008, to December 31, 2017. The annular mortality rate after the application of our institutional protocol was analyzed. Patients with different systems of injury and treatments were compared, and regression analysis was performed to adjust for factors that could affect the rate of mortality and complications.ResultsDuring the 10-year study period, there were 825 unstable pelvic ring injuries, with a mean ISS higher than that of other non-pelvic trauma cases. The annual mortality rate declined from 7.8 to 2.4% and the mean length of stay was 18.1 days. A multivariable analysis showed that unstable initial vital signs, such as systolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg (odds ratio [OR] 2.53; confidence interval [CI] 1.11–5.73), Glasgow Coma Scale < 9 (OR 3.87; CI 1.57–9.58), 24 > ISS > 15 (OR 4.84; CI 0.85–27.65), pulse rate < 50 (OR 11.54; CI 1.21–109.6), and diabetes mellitus (OR 3.18; CI 1.10–9.21) were associated with higher mortality. No other specific system in the high Abbreviated Injury Scale increased the rates of mortality or complications.ConclusionPoor initial vital signs and Glasgow Coma Scale score, higher ISS score, and comorbidity of diabetes mellitus affect the mortality rate of patients with unstable pelvic ring fractures. No single system of injury was found to increase mortality in these patients. The mortality rate was reduced through institutional efforts toward the application of guidelines for the initial management of pelvic fracture.

The Demographics of Non-motor Vehicle Associated Railway Injuries Seen at Trauma Centers in the United States 2007 - 2014.

IntroductionThe majority of railway injury studies are limited by small sample size, restricted to a small geographical distribution, or located outside the United States (US). The aim of our study was to assess the demographic patterns associated with non-motor vehicle railway injuries in the US using a national trauma center database.Materials and MethodsData from the National Trauma Data Bank data from 2007 - 2014 were used; 3,506 patients were identified. For all statistical analyses, a p-value < 0.05 was considered significant.ResultsThe patients were 81% male with an average age of 38.6 + 17.1 years and an Injury Severity Score (ISS) of 16.8 + 13.8. Males compared to females were younger (37.7 vs 42.5 years, p = 0.000002), had greater length of stays (12.7 vs 9.8 days, p = 0.000006), and higher ISS scores (17.1 vs 15.4, p = 0.0007). The geographic distribution within the US was most common in the South (32.0%) and least in the Northeast (18.9%). The racial composition was 67.5% White, 19.1% Black, 11.5% Hispanic/Latino, and 1.9% others. The most common mechanisms of injury were hitting/colliding with rolling stock (38.6%), followed by a fall in or from a train (19.5%), and collision with an object (13.5%). The majority of patients were pedestrians or passengers (68.5%); employees accounted for 12.5%. Although the majority were pedestrian/passengers for all regions, the Midwest had a greater proportion of employees (22.0%) compared to the other regions (7.8% to 12.2%) (p < 10-6), and thus injuries were more commonly work-related (24.6% vs 6.7% - 13.7%, p < 10-6). Work-related injuries were less severe (ISS 11.2 vs 17.3 - p < 10-6) and more commonly occurred due to a fall (32.8% vs 17.9%, p < 10-6). Alcohol and/or drug involvement was present in 40.7% and was less in those with work-related injuries (2.2%). Overall mortality was 6.4% and was less in those having a work-related injury (2.0 vs 6.6% p = 0.000004). ConclusionFor non-motor vehicle USA railway injuries, the average age was 38.5 years; 80.6% were male. The injuries were least common in the Northeast and most common in the South. Racial distribution mirrored that of the US population. Alcohol involvement was present in 29%, lower than in previous studies. Mortality was 6.4%, also lower than previously reported.

Evaluation of Injury Severity and Resource Utilization in Pediatric Firearm and Sharp Force Injuries

Pediatric firearm injuries are a serious and growing public health problem, constituting the second leading cause of death in children and adolescents in the United States. Firearm injuries have a high case fatality, but knowledge is limited to date regarding their injury severity and health care utilization burden compared with those of other penetrating injuries, especially among children with critical injury. To describe and compare the resource utilization, injury severity, and short-term clinical outcomes associated with pediatric firearm injuries and other penetrating trauma. This retrospective cohort study used data from the National Trauma Data Bank, an encounter-level registry of trauma data in the United States, from January 1, 2007, to December 31, 2016. Encounters for firearm injury (n = 25 155) or cut or pierce injury (21 270) in children 17 years or younger were analyzed. Statistical analysis was conducted from July 15, 2018, to June 5, 2019. Firearm injury compared with cut or pierce injury encounters. Intensive care unit (ICU) admission, hospital and ICU length of stay (LOS), and Injury Severity Score (ISS). A total of 25 155 firearm injury encounters and 21 270 cut or pierce injury encounters were analyzed. Most firearm and cut or pierce injuries occurred among boys (21 573 [85.8%] and 15 864 [74.6%]) and adolescents aged 15 to 17 years (18 807 [74.8%] and 10 895 [51.2%]). A greater proportion of those with firearm injuries were African American children compared with those with cut or pierce injuries (15 019 [61.3%] vs 6397 [31.2%]). A greater proportion of those with firearm injuries compared with cut or pierce injuries were admitted to the ICU (7682 [30.5%] vs 2712 [12.8%]). Compared with cut or pierce injuries, firearm injuries were associated with a higher mean (SD) ISS (4.6 [6.8] vs 10.9 [12.7] points), longer mean (SD) hospital LOS (2.8 [4.1] vs 5.0 [8.4] days), and longer mean (SD) ICU LOS (3.1 [4.5] vs 5.1 [7.7] days). Firearm injuries accounted for 126 027 hospital days and 39 255 ICU days, whereas cut or pierce injuries accounted for 58 705 hospital days and 8353 ICU days. After adjustments for age, sex, year, and hospital, those with firearm injuries were more likely to require ICU admission (relative risk [RR], 2.3; 95% CI, 2.1-2.5; P < .001) and to have higher ISS scores (6.7 points higher for all injuries; 95% CI, 6.1-7.2) compared with those with cut or pierce injuries, even among critical injuries. Multinomial logistic regression demonstrated higher risk of prolonged hospital LOS (RR ratio, 4.11; 95% CI, 3.46-4.89; P < .001) and ICU LOS (RR ratio, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.9-2.3) for firearm injuries compared with cut or pierce injuries. This study found that pediatric firearm injuries were associated with greater severity and health care utilization compared with penetrating trauma from other mechanisms, suggesting that the mechanism of injury is an important consideration in penetrating sharp force trauma in children and adolescents. Public health measures, legislative efforts, and safe storage practices are among the interventions needed to reduce pediatric firearm injuries.

Abdominal and Pelvic Vascular Injury: A National Trauma Data Bank Study

The aim of this study was to characterize the outcomes of traumatic abdominal and pelvic vascular injuries. Using the 2012 National Trauma Data Bank, we identified 5858 patients with major abdominal and/or pelvic vascular injury. Patients were stratified by age group, gender, race, Injury Severity Score (ISS), and mechanism of injury. We evaluated the percentage of patients with blunt and penetrating trauma by demographic and correlated the mechanism of injury to the ISS score, emergency room disposition, and hospital disposition. We performed a logistic regression analysis to calculate predictors of death. In the final cohort, 1458 patients (25%) with abdominal/pelvic vascular injury died of trauma. In total, 3368 patients (57%) had a blunt mechanism of injury, whereas 2353 (40%) were victims of a penetrating trauma. Patients with penetrating injuries were 1.72 times more likely to die from their injuries than those with blunt traumas. Patients with higher ISS scores (>16) were more likely to die from their injuries than patients with lower ISS scores. Men were more likely to experience a penetrating vascular injury than women (48% vs 17%). Similarly, 77 per cent of black patients had a penetrating mechanism of injury compared with 20 per cent of white patients. There were 1910 patients with penetrating injuries (81%) that went immediately from the emergency room to the OR, compared with 1287 patients with blunt injuries (38%). Of the patients with blunt injuries, 695 (21%) died, whereas 727 (31%) patients with penetrating injuries died. Abdominal and pelvic traumatic vascular injuries carry a high mortality rate. Penetrating mechanism of injury, ISS score, and race are independent predictors of mortality.

Demographic Profile of Liver Injury Managed at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Central Nepal -A Retrospective Study

Background &amp; Objectives:The liver is one of the commonly injured solid organ following abdominal trauma. The aim of this study was to determine the outcome of liver injuries managed operatively or non-operatively and predict factors affecting morbidity and mortality.Materials &amp; Methods:This was a retrospective study of 40 liver injuries managed in the department of Surgical Gastroenterology at College of Medical Sciences over a period of 2 years. The liver injury was classified in accordance with the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma liver injury scoring scale. Patients were divided into two groups those managed operatively or non-operatively and were compared in terms of demographic profile and outcome.Results:Forty patients were analyzed. The mean age of the patients was 29.95years. Male predominance was seen with 72.5% of the cases. Road traffic accidents were the commonest mode of injury seen in 72.5% cases. The mean Revised Trauma Score (RTS) and Injury severity score (ISS) were 7.11and 22.58. The mean systolic BP, hospital stay and ICU stay were 93.80 mm of mercury, 11.55 days and 3.55 days respectively. Twenty six patients (65%) were initially managed non-operatively and 14 patients were managed operatively. Five patients had to be converted to operative management for hemodynamic instability. Mortality was 7.6% in patient undergoing non-operative management and 21.43% in patients managed operatively. Low systolic BP at presentation, low RTS score, high ISS score, high AST, ALT and prothrombin time were significantly associated with operative management and mortality.Conclusion:Patients with hemodynamic instability, low RTS score, high ISS score, high liver enzymes have high likelihood of operative management.

Road traffic accidents in children: the 'what', 'how' and 'why'.

Road traffic accidents (RTAs) in Singapore involving children were evaluated, with particular focus on the epidemiology, surrounding circumstances and outcomes of these accidents. Key factors associated with worse prognosis were identified. We proposed some measures that may be implemented to reduce the frequency and severity of such accidents. This was a retrospective study of RTAs involving children aged 0-16 years who presented to the Children's Emergency at KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, from January 2011 to June 2014. Data was obtained from the National Trauma Registry and analysed in tiers based on the Injury Severity Score (ISS). A total of 1,243 accidents were reviewed. RTA victims included motor vehicle passengers (60.4%), pedestrians (28.5%), cyclists (9.9%) and motorcycle pillion riders (1.2%). The disposition of emergency department (ED) patients was consistent with RTA severity. For serious RTAs, pedestrians accounted for 63.6% and 57.7% of Tier 1 (ISS > 15) and Tier 2 (ISS 9-15) presentations, respectively. Overall use of restraints was worryingly low (36.7%). Not restraining increased the risk of serious RTAs by 8.4 times. Young age, high ISS and low Glasgow Coma Scale score predicted a longer duration of intensive care unit stay. The importance of restraints for motor vehicle passengers or helmets for motorcycle pillion riders and cyclists in reducing morbidity requires emphasis. Suggestions for future prevention and intervention include road safety education, regulation of protective restraints, use of speed enforcement devices and creation of transport policies that minimise kerbside parking.

The relationship between physical and psychological complaints and quality of life in severely injured patients

PurposeThe purpose of this study was two-fold. The first goal was to investigate which variables were associated with the remaining physical limitations of severely injured patients after the initial rehabilitation phase. Second, we investigated whether physical limitations were attributable to the association between psychological complaints and quality of life in this patient group. MethodsPatients who were 18 years or older and who had an injury severity score (ISS)>15 completed a set of questionnaires at one time-point after their rehabilitation phase (15–53 months after their trauma). The Short Musculoskeletal Function Assessment (SMFA) questionnaire was used to determine physical limitations. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Dutch Impact of Event Scale and the Cognitive Failure Questionnaire were used to determine psychological complaints, and the World Health Organization Quality of Life assessment instrument-BREF was used to measure general Quality of Life (QOL).Differences in physical limitations were investigated for several trauma- and patient-related variables using non-parametric independent-sample Mann-Whitney U tests. Multiple linear regression was performed to investigate whether the decreased QOL of severely injured patients with psychological complaints could be explained by their physical limitations. ResultsOlder patients, patients with physical complaints before the injury, patients with higher ISS scores, and patients who had an injury of the spine or of the lower extremities reported significantly more physical problems. Additionally, patients with a low education level, patients who were living alone, and those who were unemployed reported significantly more long-term physical problems.Severely injured patients without psychological complaints reported significantly less physical limitations than those with psychological complaints. The SMFA factor of Lower extremity dysfunction was a confounder of the association between psychological complaints and QOL in all QOL domains. ConclusionsLong-term physical limitations were mainly reported by patients with psychological complaints. The decreased QOL of severely injured patients with psychological complaints can partially be explained by physical limitations, particularly those involving lower extremity function. Experienced physical limitations were significantly different for some trauma and patient characteristics. These characteristics may be used to select patients for whom a rehabilitation programme would be useful.

Blood transfusion and coagulopathy in geriatric trauma patients

BackgroundTrauma resuscitation has undergone a paradigm shift with new emphasis on the early use of blood products and increased proportions of plasma and platelets. However, it is unclear how this strategy is applied or how effective it is in the elderly population. The study aim is to identify differences in transfusion practices and the coagulopathy of trauma in the elderly.MethodsData was prospectively collected on all consecutive patients that met trauma activation criteria at a Level I trauma centre. Data fields included patient demographics, co-morbidities, injury and resuscitation data, laboratory values, thromboelastography (TEG) results, and outcome measures. Elderly patients were defined as those 55 and older. Propensity-score matched analysis was completed for patients receiving blood product transfusion. Patients were matched by gender, mechanism, injury severity score (ISS), head injury, and time from injury.ResultsTotal of 628 patients were included, of which 142 (23%) were elderly. Elderly patients were more likely to be female (41% vs. 24%), suffer blunt mechanism of trauma (96% vs. 80%), have higher ISS scores (mean 25.4 vs. 21.6) and mortality (19% vs. 8%). Elderly patients were significantly more likely to receive a blood transfusion (42% vs. 30%), specifically for red cells and plasma. Propensity-matched analysis resulted in no difference in red cell transfusion or mortality. Despite the broad similarities between the matched cohorts, trauma coagulopathy as measured by TEG was less commonly observed in the elderly.DiscussionOur results suggest that elderly trauma patients are more likely to receive blood products when admitted to a trauma centre, though this may be attributed to under-triage. The results also suggest an altered coagulopathic response to traumatic injury which is partially influenced by increased anticoagulant and antiplatelet medication use in the geriatric population.ConclusionIt is not clear whether the acute coagulopathy of trauma is equivalent in geriatric patients, and further study is therefore warranted.

Elevated admission international normalized ratio strongly predicts mortality in victims of abusive head trauma.

Victims of abusive head trauma have poor outcomes compared with other injured children. There is often a delay in diagnosis because these young patients are unable to communicate with health care providers. These critically injured patients would benefit from early identification and therapy. We performed a retrospective review of our single hospital trauma registry from 2005 to 2014. All Level 1 pediatric (age 0-17 years) trauma patients who sustained abusive head trauma were included. Exclusion criteria included no admission coagulation studies, prehospital product transfusion, preexisting coagulation disorder, or death upon arrival. Primary outcome was mortality; secondary outcomes were early blood transfusion and neurosurgical intervention. Univariate analysis included Fisher's exact and Wilcoxon rank-sum testing; we then performed logistic regression modeling and calculated adjusted odds ratios (AORs) to control for known predictors of poor outcome including hypotension, hypothermia, acidosis, Injury Severity Score (ISS), and head Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) score. In 101 total subjects, 35% (n = 35) had international normalized ratio (INR) of 1.3 or greater at admission. On univariate analysis, patients with coagulation dysregulation were more likely to have hypothermia, hypotension, acidosis, high ISS, and low Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score (all p < 0.05). There was no difference in age, anemia, and incidence of polytrauma. Overall mortality was 24.8% (n = 25), which varied significantly based at admission INR (60% INR ≥ 1.3 vs. 6% INR > 1.3, p < 0.001). Patients with elevated INR were also more likely to have early packed red blood cell transfusion (p = 0.003) and neurosurgical intervention (p = 0.011). In logistic regression analysis, admission INR was the strongest independent predictor of mortality, with increased odds of 3.65 (p = 0.045). AOR after controlling specifically for hypotension, hypothermia, and acidosis was 6.25 (p = 0.006), and after controlling for head AIS score and admission GCS score, the AOR was 5.27 (p = 0.007). Admission INR of 1.3 or greater strongly predicts mortality in abusive head trauma. These patients should be targeted for early aggressive interventions and monitoring with the goal of improving patient outcomes. Further study is warranted to investigate potential therapeutic targets in trauma-induced coagulation dysregulation. Prognostic and epidemiologic study, level III.