Higher Head Circumference Research Articles

Smell and taste of milk during tube feeding of preterm infants: neurodevelopmental follow-up of the randomized TASTE trial, study protocol

BackgroundThe Taste And Smell To Enhance nutrition (TASTE) trial investigated the effects of smell and taste of milk with tube feeding compared to routine care on the growth of preterm infants. There was no difference between groups in growth (weight, head circumference, length) z-scores at discharge from the hospital. Infants in the intervention group had higher head circumference and length z-scores at 36 weeks postmenstrual age, both secondary outcomes. The objective of this follow-up study is to assess 2-year neurodevelopmental and growth outcomes after exposure of preterm infants to the smell and taste of milk with tube feeding compared to routine care.MethodsThis is a neurodevelopmental follow-up study of a two-center, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Infants born before 29 weeks postmenstrual age and/or with a birth weight of less than 1250 g were randomized to smell and taste of milk with each tube feed or routine care. The current follow-up assessed the 2-year neurodevelopmental and growth outcomes of participants of the TASTE trial discharged from the hospital (n = 334). The primary outcome is survival free of any major neurodevelopmental impairment comprising any moderate/severe cerebral palsy (Gross Motor Function Classification System score II–V), Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third/Fourth Edition (Bayley-III/Bayley-4) motor, cognitive, or language scores < -2SD, blindness, or deafness at 2 years of age. Other outcomes include death, breastfeeding within the first year, and respiratory support, oral feeding, and anthropometric parameters at 2 years of age. The Human Research Ethics Committees of Mater Misericordiae Limited and the Royal Women’s Hospital approved the TASTE trial including the neurodevelopmental follow-up described in this protocol.DiscussionFor patients and their families, the neurodevelopmental outcomes of preterm infants are of utmost importance. Consequently, they should be investigated following any interventional study performed during the newborn period. Furthermore, improved weight gain and head growth in the hospital are associated with better long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes. Smelling and tasting of milk is an uncomplicated and cost-effective intervention that may improve the growth and neurodevelopmental outcomes of preterm infants. Potential limitations affecting this follow-up study, caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, are anticipated and discussed in this protocol.Trial registrationName of the registry: Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry; Registration number: ACTRN12617000583347; Registration date: 26 April 2017.

Association of Traffic-Related Air Pollution with Newborn’s Anthropometric Indexes at Birth

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The evidence suggested many adverse health effects due to exposure to traffic-related air pollution (TRAP). However, the evidence on neonatal anthropometric measurements (NAPM) in low and middle-income countries is very scarce yet. Therefore, we investigate the association of prenatal exposure to indicators of traffic and ambient particulate matter (PM) with NAPM. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was based on hospital medical records of 4053 mother-neonate pairs (2016-2018). PMs were estimated at residential addresses based on validated spatiotemporal models. Moreover, total street length in 100, 300 and 500m buffers around the home, residential distance to the ring road, major roads, heavy-traffic lights, gas station, motorway junction, bank, square, bus terminal, public parking and industrial land-use were calculated as indicators of traffic. The head circumference (HC), birth weight (BW) and birth length (BL) of neonates were collected as NAPM. Multivariate regression models were applied to evaluate the relationship between PMs and indicators of traffic with NAPM, controlled for relevant covariates. RESULTS: The adjusted models revealed that higher exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 was significantly related with lower BW and BL. Similarity results were observed for total street length in a 100 m buffer around maternal home with BW and BL. Moreover, higher distance to heavy traffic lights was significantly associated with higher BW and BL. An IQR increase in PM10 was significantly related to lower HC (95% CI: -0.11, -0.01, P-value = 0.03). An increase in distance from residential address to heavy traffic lights, ring roads, bus terminal, and transportation land-use was associated with higher HC. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study on the association of prenatal exposure to ambient PMs and different indicators of traffic with NAPM. Overall, our findings suggested that higher prenatal exposure to TRAP was related with lower BW, BL and HC. Keywords: Infant, Maternal, Neonates

Early pregnancy exposure to metal mixture and birth outcomes - A prospective study in Project Viva.

Prenatal exposure to metals has been individually associated with birth outcomes. However, little is known about the effect of metal mixture, particularly at low exposure levels. To estimate individual and joint effects of metal mixture components on birth outcomes. We used data from 1,391 mother-infant pairs in Project Viva (1999-2002). We measured 11 metals in maternal 1st trimester erythrocyte; abstracted birth weight from medical records; calculated gestational age from last menstrual period or ultrasound; and obtained birth length (n=729) and head circumference (n=791) from research measurements. We estimated individual and joint effects of metals using multivariable linear and Bayesian kernel machine regressions. In both single metal and metal mixture analyses, exposure to higher concentrations of arsenic was associated with lower birth weight in males, zinc with higher head circumference in females, and manganese with higher birth length in sex-combined analysis. We also observed sex-specific metal interactions with birth outcomes. Arsenic and manganese showed a synergistic association with birth weight in males, in whom an interquartile range (IQR) increase in arsenic was associated with 25.3g (95% CI: -79.9, 29.3), 47.9g (95% CI: -98.0, 2.1), and 72.2g (95% CI: -129.8, -14.7) lower birth weight when manganese concentrations were at 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles, respectively. Lead and zinc showed an antagonistic association with head circumference in males, where an IQR increase in lead was associated with 0.18cm (95% CI: -0.35, -0.02), 0.10cm (95% CI: -0.25, 0.04), 0.03cm (95% CI: -0.2, 0.14) smaller head circumference when zinc concentrations were at 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles, respectively. Exposure to higher concentrations of arsenic was also associated with lower gestational age in males when concentrations of manganese and lead were higher. Maternal erythrocyte concentrations of arsenic, manganese, lead, and zinc were individually and interactively associated with birth outcomes. The associations varied by infant sex and exposure level of other mixture components.

Association of traffic-related air pollution with Newborn's anthropometric indexes at birth

An emerging body of evidence has associated exposure to traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) during pregnancy with birth outcomes. However, the evidence on the association of TRAP exposure and neonatal anthropometric measurements (NAPM) in low and middle-income countries is very scarce yet. Therefore, we investigate the association of prenatal exposure to indicators of traffic and ambient particulate matter (PM) with NAPM. This cross-sectional study was based on hospital medical records of 4053 mother-neonate pairs between May 16, 2016, and December 5, 2018. PMs were estimated at residential addresses based on validated spatiotemporal models. Moreover, total street length in 100, 300 and 500m buffers around the home, residential distance to the ring road, major roads, heavy-traffic lights, gas station, motorway junction, bank, square, bus terminal, public parking and industrial land-use were calculated as indicators of traffic. The head circumference (HC), birth weight (BW) and birth length (BL) of neonates were collected as NAPM. Multivariate regression models were applied to evaluate the relationship between PMs and indicators of traffic with NAPM, controlled for relevant covariates. The median (IQR) of BW, BL, and HC of newborns were 3250 (592) gr, 51.0 (3.5) cm, 35 (2) cm, respectively. The adjusted models revealed that higher exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 was significantly related with lower BW and BL. Similar results were observed for total street length in a 100 m buffer around maternal home with BW and BL. Moreover, higher distance to heavy traffic lights was significantly associated with higher BW and BL. An IQR increase in PM10 was significantly related to lower HC (95% CI: 0.11, −0.01, P-value = 0.03). An increase in distance from residential address to heavy traffic lights, ring roads, bus terminal, and transportation land-use was associated with higher HC. Overall, our findings suggested that higher prenatal exposure to TRAP was related with lower BW, BL and HC.

The impact of early life factors on cognitive function in old age: The Hordaland Health Study (HUSK).

BackgroundPrevious studies have shown that adverse conditions during fetal and early life are associated with lower performance on neurocognitive tests in childhood, adolescence and adult life. There is, however, a paucity in studies investigating these associations into old age. The aim was to investigate the impact of early life factors on cognitive function in old age by taking advantage of the potential for a linkage between a community survey and historical birth records.MethodsA historical cohort study employing a linkage between a community survey of people aged 72–74 years with the participants’ birth records (n=346). Early life factors included anthropometric measures taken at birth, birth complications, parental socioeconomic status, and maternal health status. The main outcome was a z-scored composite cognitive score, based on test scores from Kendrick Object Learning Test, Trail Making Test A, a modified version of the Digit Symbol Test, Block Design, a modified version of Mini-Mental State Examination and an abridged version of the Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT). The separate cognitive tests were also individually analysed in relation to measures identified at birth.ResultsHigher parental socioeconomic status (SES; based on father’s occupation) was associated with a higher value on the composite cognitive score (by 0.25 SD, p=0.0146) and higher Digit Symbol and Trail Making Test A performance. Higher head circumference at birth was associated with higher COWAT and Trail Making Test A performance. Both higher parental SES and head circumference at birth predicted cognitive function in old age independently of each other. There were no other consistent associations.ConclusionsIn general we found little evidence for a substantial role of early life factors on late-life cognitive function. However, there was some evidence for an association with parental SES status and head circumference on certain cognitive domains.

A New Phenotypical Variant of Intrauterine Growth Restriction?

A link between intrauterine growth restriction and major adult-onset diseases has been reported. In this study we observed a series of hitherto-unrecognized clinical features in a population of children with intrauterine growth restriction. A total of 77 Italian children (aged 9.45 +/- 2.08 years) with antenatally diagnosed intrauterine growth restriction and small-for-gestational-age birth, along with their parents, were examined. The children with intrauterine growth restriction and were small for gestational age were subdivided into 2 groups ("variant" versus control subjects) according to evidence of auricle morphology deviation from normal. The following variables were determined: (1) external ear auricle geometry; (2) function of the posterior communicating arteries of the circle of Willis, as assessed by transcranial Doppler ultrasonography; (3) articular mobility, as assessed by Beighton's 9-point scale; (4) skin softness; and (5) distortion product-evoked otoacoustic emissions. Intrauterine growth restriction-variant children (n = 27) showed a significant female predominance, a lower proportion of maternal pregnancy-induced hypertension/preeclampsia, and a higher head circumference as compared with intrauterine growth restriction control subjects. Mothers of small-for-gestational-age-variant children showed significantly different auricular geometry parameters as compared with the intrauterine growth restriction controls mothers. An excess of bilaterally nonfunctioning posterior communicating arteries was observed both in the children with the intrauterine growth restriction-variant phenotype and their mothers as compared with the control groups. Significantly increased proportions of joint hypermobility and skin softness were observed in the intrauterine growth restriction-variant children as compared with controls subjects. Children with the intrauterine growth restriction-variant phenotype and their mothers showed bilateral distortion product-evoked otoacoustic emissions notches versus none in the control subjects, with an associated reduction of the area under the curve in both the intrauterine growth restriction-variant children and their mothers. No significant differences between the variant and control groups regarding the fathers were observed. We propose that the observed phenotypical constellation may represent an unrecognized variant of intrauterine growth restriction.

Sex-specific differences of craniofacial traits in Croatia: The impact of environment in a small geographic area

Background: Craniometric variation in humans reflects different genetic and environmental influences. Long-term climatic adaptation is less likely to show an impact on size and shape variation in a small local area than at the global level.Aim: The aim of this work was to assess the contribution of the particular environmental factors to body height and craniofacial variability in a small geographic area of Croatia.Subjects and methods: A total of 632 subjects, aged 18–21, participated in the survey. Body height, head length, head breadth, head height, head circumference, cephalic index, morphological face height, face breadth, and facial index were analysed regarding geographic, climatic and dietary conditions in different regions of the country, and correlated with the specific climatic variables (cumulative multiyear sunshine duration, cumulative multiyear average precipitation, multiyear average air temperatures) and calcium concentrations in drinking water. Significant differences between groups classified according to geographic, climatic or dietary affiliation, and the impact of the environmental predictors on the variation in the investigated traits were assessed using multiple forward stepwise regression analyses.Results: Higher body height measures in both sexes were significantly correlated with Mediterranean diet type. Mediterranean diet type also contributed to higher head length and head circumference measures in females. Cephalic index values correlated to geographic regions in both sexes, showing an increase from southern to eastern Croatia. In the same direction, head length significantly decreased in males and head breadth increased in females. Mediterranean climate was associated with higher and narrower faces in females. The analysis of the particular climatic variables did not reveal a significant influence on body height in either sex. Concurrently, climatic features influenced all craniofacial traits in females and only head length and facial index in males. Mediterranean climate, characterized by higher average sunshine duration, higher average precipitation and higher average air temperatures, was associated with longer, higher and narrower skulls, higher head circumference, lower cephalic index, and higher and narrower faces (lower facial index). Calcium concentrations in drinking water did not correlate significantly with any dependent variable.Conclusion: A significant effect of environmental factors on body height and craniofacial variability was found in Croatian young adult population. This effect was more pronounced in females, revealing sex-specific craniofacial differentiation. However, the impact of environment was low and may explain only 1.0–7.32% variation of the investigated traits.

A Cumulative Risk Factor Model for Early Identification of Academic Difficulties in Premature and Low Birth Weight Infants

Premature and low birth weight children have a high prevalence of academic difficulties. This study examines a model comprised of cumulative risk factors that allows early identification of these difficulties. This is a secondary analysis of data from a large cohort of premature (<37 weeks gestation) and LBW (<2500 g) children. The study subjects were 8 years of age and 494 had data available for reading achievement and 469 for mathematics. Potential predictor variables were categorized into 4 domains: sociodemographic, neonatal, maternal mental health and early childhood (ages 3 and 5). Regression analysis was used to create a model to predict reading and mathematics scores. Variables from all domains were significant in the model, predicting low achievement scores in reading (R (2) of 0.49, model p-value < .0001) and mathematics (R (2) of 0.44, model p-value < .0001). Significant risk factors for lower reading scores, were: lower maternal education and income, and Black or Hispanic race (sociodemographic); lower birth weight and male gender (neonatal); lower maternal responsivity (maternal mental health); lower intelligence, visual-motor skill and higher behavioral disturbance scores (early childhood). Lower mathematics scores were predicted by lower maternal education, income and age and Black or Hispanic race (sociodemographic); lower birth weight and higher head circumference (neonatal); lower maternal responsivity (maternal mental health); lower intelligence, visual-motor skill and higher behavioral disturbance scores (early childhood). Sequential early childhood risk factors in premature and LBW children lead to a cumulative risk for academic difficulties and can be used for early identification.

Growth velocity of preterm appropriate for gestational age newborns

To assess the growth velocity of preterm appropriate for gestational age newborns through growth curves. A longitudinal and prospective study was carried out at two state-operated maternity hospitals in Belo Horizonte. Two hundred and sixty appropriate for gestational age preterm infants with birth weight < 2,500 g were evaluated weekly for body weight, head circumference and length. Growth velocity curves were constructed based on the derivative of the mathematical equation of the Count's model applied to somatic growth. Two analyses were made in the present study: absolute velocity, i.e., weight gain (g/day), and head circumference and length gains (cm/week); and relative velocity, i.e., weight gain(g/kg/day), and head circumference and length gains (cm/m/week). The curves of weight gain (g/day) were proportional to birth weight (the lowest and the highest birth weight neonates gained 15.9 and 30.1 g/day, respectively). The curves of weight gain (g/kg/day) were inversely proportional to birth weight with increasingly higher rates of weight gain between the first and fourth weeks (during the third week, the lowest and the highest weight newborns gained 18 and 11.5 g/kg/day, respectively). Later there was a drop, and by the 12th week the rates were similar for all groups (7.5 to 10.2 g/kg/day). The curves of relative velocity (cm/m/week) for head circumference and length were inversely proportional to birth weight; the lower weight preterm newborns had, the higher head circumference and length growing rates were, compared with those with more weight. The relative velocity is the best parameter to describe the growth dynamics of preterm infants, especially of those with lower birth weight. Lower birth weight infants gained more weight, head circumference and length.

Velocidade de crescimento de recém-nascidos pré-termo adequados para a idade gestacional

OBJECTIVE: To assess the growth velocity of preterm appropriate-for-gestational-age newborns through growth curves. METHOD: A longitudinal and prospective study was carried out at two state-operated maternity hospitals in Belo Horizonte. Two hundred and sixty appropriate for gestational age preterm infants with birth weight < 2,500 g were evaluated weekly for body weight, head circumference and length. Growth velocity curves were constructed based on the derivative of the mathematical equation of the Count's model applied to somatic growth. Two analyses were made in the present study: absolute velocity, i.e., weight gain (g/day), and head circumference and length gains (cm/week); and relative velocity, i.e., weight gain(g/kg/day), and head circumference and length gains (cm/m/week). RESULTS: The curves of weight gain (g/day) were proportional to birth weight (the lowest and the highest birth weight neonates gained 15.9 and 30.1 g/day, respectively). The curves of weight gain (g/kg/day) were inversely proportional to birth weight with increasingly higher rates of weight gain between the first and fourth weeks (during the third week, the lowest and the highest weight newborns gained 18 and 11.5 g/kg/day, respectively). Later there was a drop, and by the 12th week the rates were similar for all groups (7.5 to 10.2 g/kg/day). The curves of relative velocity (cm/m/week) for head circumference and length were inversely proportional to birth weight; the lower weight preterm newborns had, the higher head circumference and length growing rates were, compared with those with more weight. CONCLUSION: The relative velocity is the best parameter to describe the growth dynamics of preterm infants, especially of those with lower birth weight. Lower birth weight infants gained more weight, head circumference and length.