High Demand For Food Research Articles

Comprehensive Review of Microbial Inoculants: Agricultural Applications, Technology Trends in Patents, and Regulatory Frameworks

Agriculture is essential for nutrition and the global economy, becoming increasingly important due to population growth and higher food demand. This situation boosts interest in creating bioproducts that enhance productivity sustainably while reducing environmental issues and strain on natural resources. Bioinoculants are important innovations that use beneficial microorganisms to boost crop growth and resilience. They enhance the interaction between soil and plants by solubilizing essential nutrients and producing phytohormones. This not only boosts agricultural productivity but also promotes environmentally sustainable practices by decreasing reliance on chemical fertilizers. Considering the relevance of this subject to advances in agro-industrial biotechnology, this review analyzes recent studies and patent advances on the production and use of bioinoculants, as well as their integration into agricultural practices and plant development. It also explores the dynamics of production and downstream processes on an industrial scale, regulations in different countries, and growing market demands, which is an important feature of this review. Furthermore, future perspectives for the application of bioinoculants in agro-industrial biotechnology are discussed, emphasizing the critical role that these biological agents play in advancing agricultural sustainability.

Photocatalytic Degradation of Mancozeb Pesticide Residue using Nanoceria Doped Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles under Natural Solar Irradiation

Introduction: Excessive applications of agrochemicals to meet the high food demand from ever-increasing populations are becoming a major issue for both health practitioners and environmental managers. Chemicals such as ethylene bis-dithiocarbamate pesticide mancozeb (MCZ) are known to have deleterious effects on the ecosystem. AIM: This study, aimed at assessing the suitability of cerium-doped zinc oxide (Ce-ZnO) for efficient degradation of MCZ fungicide. Method: The photocatalysts were synthesized using the coprecipitation method with zinc nitrate hexahydrate, cerium nitrate hexahydrate, and sodium hydroxide. The synthesized nanocomposites were further characterized by Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDAX). The average crystallite size of the as-synthesized particles was found to be 31.42 nm, with very sharp PXRD peaks revealing the pure crystal nature of the particles. The photocatalytic degradation activity was evaluated following a series of experiments under natural environmental conditions. The optimal conditions for the degradation of MCZ fungicide using Ce-ZnO were found to be 10 ppm initial concentration of MCZ, 20 mg dose of the Ce- ZnO photocatalyst, 180 minutes irradiation time, and 10-11 atmospheric UV index. Result: At the optimum conditions, the degradation efficiency was found to be about 90% after 180 minutes. The reported photocatalytic degradation of MCZ using Ce-ZnO fits a pseudo-firstorder kinetic model with an R2 value of 0. 9677. Similarly, the reusability of the as-synthesized photocatalyst was evaluated and found to be active for five rounds with little change in the activity. Conclusion: Thus, the degradation method in the current study can be suitable for the degradation and removal of MCZ in agricultural runoff in the field.

Potential of ecological water treatment elements to reduce pollution of river water used for urban agriculture in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Cities in developing countries, such as Addis Ababa, face enormous challenges as a result of high demand for food and clean water, as well as the generation of large amounts of urban waste that is discharged into natural water bodies, contaminating rivers, lakes, and other freshwater bodies used in urban agriculture. Farmers in Addis Ababa and nearby areas use polluted irrigation water diverted from the highly contaminated Little and Great Akaki rivers. The study aimed to assess how well a floating treatment wetland with vetiver grass could reduce irrigation water pollution at the Mekanisa-Gofa-Lafto Cooperative (MGLC) farm in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Additionally, the study sought to provide design recommendations that could be implemented at the farmer level. The irrigation water underwent a 7-day treatment using a Vetiver grass floating treatment wetland. A field test was also conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the floating treatment wetland in reducing pollutants at the study site. The results showed that the floating treatment wetland was able to reduce the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) (73.68%), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) (73.92%), Acidity/Basicity (pH) (0.39%), Chloride (Cl−) (43.12%), Total Hardness (66.56%) and Total Suspended Solid (TSS) (96.21%) values, approaching the recommended irrigation water quality guideline values within 3 days. In contrast, there was an increase in Electro Conductivity (EC) (22.2%) and Sodium (Na) (15.2%) concentrations, which exceeded the recommended values, due to evapotranspiration or the entry of the surrounding soil into the irrigation water of the study site.

A multitrophic culture system for the production of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens)

Goals number 2, 11 and 12 of the 17 sustainable development goals, enacted by the United Nations as part of the 2030 Agenda for sustainable development, aim to end hunger as a priority, create sustainable cities and above all encourage responsible consumption and production. With increasing world population and higher demand for food, we need to find ways of producing cheap sources of protein and lipid that may in turn be used as animal or aquaculture feed. A multitrophic system involving mealworm larvae (MWL, Tenebrio molitor) and black soldier fly larvae (BSFL, Hermetia illucens) was developed to transform fruit and vegetable kitchen waste into usable biomass. MWL, fed mainly on kitchen waste, reached an average prepupal length of 2.4 cm, fresh weight of 0.12 g and dry matter protein and lipid contents of 44.2% and 16.5% respectively, with an average specific growth rate (SGR) of 2.2%/day and a feed conversion ratio (FCR) of 7.9. Conversely, BSFL fed on a variety of feeds, including MWL frass, kitchen waste and oats, had an average prepupal length of 1.3 cm, fresh weight of 0.16 g and dry matter protein and lipid contents of 41.4% and 26.3% respectively, with an average SGR and FCR of 4.3%/day and 8.9 respectively. The BSFL fed MWL frass obtained some of highest SGR and lowest FCR values, with one group achieving 7.5%/day and 2.9 respectively. This investigation has demonstrated the feasibility of a multi-trophic production system using kitchen waste to feed MWL whose frass was in turn used to feed BSFL thereby producing protein- and lipid-rich biomass that can serve as animal or aquaculture feed.

MOLECULAR APPROACH AND PRELIMINARY SCREENING OF CULTURABLE FREE-LIVING RHIZOBIUM AS PLANT GROWTH ENHANCER

The population increase and changes in consumption are the main challenges in agriculture production related to the increase in basic needs, especially food. The high demand for food leads to fertilizer application to effectively speed up and manage plant growth. The search for alternative biofertilizers from unique microorganisms is needed to tackle this issue. Rhizobium is known as a plant growth enhancer. In this study, they were isolated from Aek Natonang, famous as “the lake above the lake”, located on Samosir Island, North Sumatra, at more than 1400 m. These geographical conditions offer various potential unique microorganisms. The collected free-living Rhizobium from the sample was identified by morphological characteristics and molecular approach through 16S rDNA sequence. They were assessed for their abilities as plant growth promoters. Based on the morphological characterization, they showed a creamy yellow colony, excessive mucus production, Gram-staining negative, and catalase positive. Through the molecular approach, they have 98-100% similarity with Rhizobium sp.. A combination of morphological and molecular approaches strengthens the identification results. Six Rhizobium sp. produced IAA, siderophore, ACC Deaminase, and ammonia. They could also solubilize phosphate tolerated to high pH and salt concentrations. All the collected Rhizobium were qualitatively potential to enhance the plant growth. They performed diverse abilities in vitro, and Rhizobium radiobacter strain DT 14.16 displayed the best features. Hence, they can be a candidate for biofertilizer. However, none of the collected Rhizobium could suppress the growth of Ralstonia solanacearum. Using quality indigenous bacteria such as Rhizobium, is an environmentally friendly technology to increase agricultural productivity and hopefully provide better yield.

Sowing Date as a Factor Affecting Soybean Yield—A Case Study in Poland

Soybean is the crop of the future, especially for countries with a high demand for food and feed protein. Therefore, soybean cultivation is moving north to countries at higher latitudes, where temperatures, photoperiodism, and rainfall distribution are not always able to meet soybean requirements. The aim of this study was to evaluate three sowing dates as a factor influencing soybean cultivars yield and seed chemical composition in agroclimatic conditions of south-western Poland. In the years 2016–2019, a field experiment was conducted in Lower Silesia region, near Wroclaw, with three sowing dates: early (mid-April), 10-day delayed (at the turn of April and May), and 20-day delayed (first half of May), and two soybean cultivars: Merlin and Lissabon. In this location, soybean sowing is recommended in mid-April, possibly at the turn of April and May. The cultivars tested differed in yield and yield component values in the years of research, but generally, the Lissabon was better suited to local conditions. Results were discussed with findings of other domestic research, to investigate the problem of the soybean sowing date in Poland. The recommended sowing date for soybean was found to vary from region to region. These differences are due to the length of the growing season in each location and the varied adaptation of cultivars to the local climatic conditions.

Production of vegetables with biofertilizers based on native microorganisms: A case study in Tixtla, Guerrero, Mexico

In agriculture, the use of fertilizers has increased due to the high demand for food by humanity, causing negative impacts because of high production costs and soil contamination. We evaluated five biofertilizers based on native microorganisms promoters of plant growth (NMPPG) as an alternative to the fertilizers used by small vegetable producers. The evaluation was carried out with three types of vegetables (lettuce, celery and epazote) in the Juan Berbera Catalán Irrigation Unit made up by producers from the community of Tixtla, Guerrero. The results show that Rhizobium sp. R01 (Tx3), Azotobacter sp. C3 (Tx1) and Bacillus licheniformis M2-7 (Tx5) used as biofertilizers promote germination and considerably increase fresh weight in these crops, and Azospirillum sp. M9 (Tx2) and Trichoderma sp. ABC1 (Tx4) present significant differences with the negative and chemical control. The yield of lettuce, celery and epazote was favored using biofertilizers, which can be considered a good alternative to apply to these crops, likewise, the price of biofertilizers (5 liters per Tx) compared to the fertilizer DAP-18-46-00 (50 kg) used by the same producers is $1,200.00 vs. $2,000.00 MXN per hectare produced respectively. In conclusion, the biofertilizers used herein represent a feasible alternative for farmers without disregarding the need for technical specialists and producers to identify optimal conditions that support the sustained application and management of biofertilizers.

PESTI GUARD: FARMER-FRIENDLY PESTICIDE ROBOT

Agriculture is the primary source of revenue for India's population, which accounts for nearly 60% of the country's total. Farmers work in their fields to cultivate various crops based on the environment and resources available. Farmers must use large quantities of pesticides to increase food production in order to meet such high food demand for such a large population. Traditional manual pesticide spraying operations is full of direct exposure to the pesticide liquid work environment, great harm to human body and when this pesticide may come into contact with the farmer during spraying, which may trigger skin cancer and asthma illnesses. Increased pesticide spraying can impact consumer health as it enters the food chain. The widespread use of pesticides in agriculture presents significant health risks to both farmers and consumers. The pesticide spraying robot is equipped with state-of-the-art sensors to record real-time temperature and humidity levels, providing crucial environmental data for optimized pesticide application. Farmers can remotely control the robot using a user-friendly interface, instructing it to perform specific spraying tasks while maintaining a safe distance from potentially hazardous chemicals. To address this challenge, this paper proposes a Pesticide Spraying Robot designed to minimize human contact during operation while prioritizing human health through advanced environmental monitoring and remote-control capabilities.

Mitigating greenhouse gas emissions from sheep production system in China: An integrated approach of data envelopment analysis and life cycle assessment

Over the past decades, the global population has significantly increased, resulting in high demand for food. China, the largest sheep-producing country, has experienced 20 rapid expansions in its sheep industry, which has caused environmental consequences. This study proposes an integrated approach that combines data envelopment analysis (DEA) and life cycle assessment (LCA) to assess the ecological consequences of the sheep production system. Therefore, this work aims to evaluate the energy consumption of the existing production system and identify optimization opportunities to reduce its environmental impacts. Our results demonstrate that sheep production can decrease total energy consumption by 9.82% using optimization. Food production was reported as a critical factor in environmental impact, responsible for 69%. However, the optimized approach led to a decrease of 4,677.64 MJ in energy consumption in sheep production compared to the initial state. The findings of this study showcase the possibility of decreasing energy usage and lessening greenhouse gas (GHG) discharges in sheep farming by implementing optimization strategies.

Biotechnological tools for genetic improvement of Trichoderma

Trichoderma is a cosmopolitan fungus widely distributed around the world. The different uses of this beneficial fungus are varied in several industries, like agriculture, textile, and paper, including the pharmaceutical industry. The genus Trichoderma has other mechanisms of action, including the production of different enzymes and secreted secondary metabolites used in various industries. The genomes of different Trichoderma species have been sequenced to identify the mechanisms for producing several compounds. The advancement of multiple technologies has allowed the development of transformation tools for the genetic improvement of Trichoderma, thus increasing biomass, primary and secondary metabolites, and enzymes. Therefore, genetic modification aims to increase compound production in several Trichoderma strains. Characterization of Trichoderma through gene expression analysis is essential for biotechnology applications. It helps counteract one of the most challenging problems for agriculture today, including climate change and the appearance of pathogens that attack crops with high commercial and food demand. In conclusion, this review analyzes various strategies to improve Trichoderma strains genetically and their multiple applications in the agricultural, textile, paper, and pharmaceutical industries. As a recommendation for future studies with potential impact, the optimization of specific genetic modifications in Trichoderma strains is recommended to improve their adaptability and effectiveness in combating emerging challenges in agriculture, especially those linked to climate change. Investigating possible synergies between genetically modified Trichoderma strains and environmentally sustainable agricultural practices could contribute to developing solutions for crop protection and yield improvement.

PENGARUH PERCEIVED QUALITY DAN PRICE DISCOUNT TERHADAP LOYALITAS PELANGGAN PADA APLIKASI GRABFOOD

The high demand for food and beverage consumption by the public has become a business opportunity which PT Grab Indonesia has realized by opening the Grabfood service feature, which is an online food and beverage delivery service feature. Grabfood's rapid development cannot be separated from PT Grab Indonesia's ability to attract customers, such as providing a perceived quality experience for customers and providing price discounts to create customer loyalty. This study aims to determine how the effect of perceived quality and price discount on Grabfood customer loyalty in Medan City on the Grab application. The research method used in this research is quantitative. The population in this study were Grabfood customers, the sample was determined to be 100 respondents with a sampling technique using purposive sampling. The results of this study indicate that perceived quality and price discount have a significant effect on customer loyalty. The results of this study indicate that perceived quality (X1) and price discount (X2) have a significant effect on customer loyalty (Y). Based on the results of the determination test, it is obtained that the Adjusted R Square value is 0.296 (29.6%) the perceived quality and price discount variables simultaneously have an influence of 29.6% on the dependent variable customer loyalty. while the rest is influenced by other variables not examined in this study.

Density-dependent development of the yellow mealworm Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Abstract The increasing global population has led to high food demand and the interest for alternative resources is highly topical. The interest in utilizing insects as a source of food and feed has been rapidly increasing, as the on-growing population has made the need for protein even more demanding. Insect rearing is economically viable, since they can be fed with organic waste and agricultural by-products. The inclusion of bioactive compounds and active ingredients in insect diets has been identified as a potential key factor for enhancing their growth and performance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a diet enriched with functional ingredients of medicinal and aromatic plants and agricultural by-products of the Greek flora on the growth, survival and development of larvae of the yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), in the context of larval density-induced stress. Wheat bran enriched with 5%, 10% or 20% of a prepared mixture containing post-distillation residues of medicinal and aromatic plants of the Greek flora (oregano, thyme, sage and rosemary, linseed oil, rock-samphire, industrial cannabis, and olive paste by-product) was evaluated as insect feeding substrate, whereas wheat bran alone (0% enrichment) served as control. Groups of 25, 50, 75 and 100 first instar larvae were separately collected, weighed, and put in cylindrical plastic cups to test if larval density had any effect on survival and development. According to our results, the final larval weight of T. molitor is significantly affected by the density of larvae but not by the rearing substrate. The highest individual weight among all tested substrates was achieved at the density of 25 larvae. Individual weights were highest when larvae were reared on 5% mixture. The weight of those reared on the control substrate was slightly lower, followed by the 10% and 20% mixtures. Larvae fed with 10% enriched substrate showed the highest survival rate, followed closely by those fed with the control and 5% substrates. Our results clearly demonstrate that larval survival is not density dependent, but density is important in the case of individual larval weight.

Design factors promoting the benefits of an edible campus in China

Currently, most university campuses in China are plagued by issues such as high food demand, imbalanced diets, serious food waste and poor environmental quality. Research has shown that the multiple benefits of an edible campus, which may also be referred to as a school garden or farm catering to various educational levels, can help alleviate the aforementioned problems. However, there is limited research on how to promote the benefits of an edible campus through design. Therefore, taking the South Campus of Hebei University of Technology in China as an example, this paper aims to explore the correlation between design and benefits of an edible campus. The design factors and benefit factors related to an edible campus are extracted through literature search. The design preferences and benefit predictions are obtained through 261 questionnaire surveys and interviews with 30 participants. During the statistical analysis phase, principal component analysis and multiple regression analysis are applied to analyze the correlation between design factors and benefit factors. The results indicate: (1) The design factors of an edible campus can be categorized into seven categories: spatial location, spatial carrier, size, space function, facility configuration, planting and crop varieties, and technology application. (2) The benefits of an edible campus include environmental education, physical and mental health, social interaction, ecological protection, and economic output. (3) There are significant differences in design factors that positively or negatively correlate with different benefits. Among them, the strongest positive correlation exists between planting function and the five benefits, followed by central landscape and container planting. Furthermore, the causes behind the correlation between design factors and benefit factors are analyzed, and design strategies for an edible campus under different benefit orientations are proposed. The findings of this study can contribute to the sustainable development of university campuses in China.

Spatiotemporal dynamics of land use and cropping systems in the young meghna estuarine floodplain

To explore long-term changes in land use and land cover (LULC), cropping systems, and driving forces of LULC change, a study was carried out in Subarnachar upazila under the Young Meghna Estuarine Floodplain in Bangladesh. For studying LULC change and cropping systems, images from Landsat (TM) of 1989, Landsat (ETM+) of 2000 and 2010, and Landsat (Oli) of 2019 were used. A focus group discussion (FGD) was conducted to gather information on actors driving LULC changes. In the study area, five LULC categories—cropland, accreted land, settlements, mangrove forests, and water bodies were found. It reveals that cropland increased by 0.20% annually, while water bodies, accreted land, and mangrove forest decreased by 0.29, 0.17, and 0.23%, respectively. Settlements grew relatively at a faster rate (0.49%). The major land conversions between 1989 and 2019 were cropland to settlement (10.2%), mangrove forest to settlement area (3.2%), and mangrove forest to cropland area (4.0%). Other transformations included the shifting of accreted land to cropland and water bodies to settlements. From 1989 to 2019, double cropland increased by 0.71% annually due to the conversion of single to double cropland. Increased population pressure, especially for those displaced by the threat of river erosion, was a major factor in the conversion of cropland and mangroves into settlements. Due to the high demand for food in the study area, mangrove forests were converted to cropland and single cropland to double cropland more rapidly. These findings will assist farmers, stakeholders, and planners in developing and implementing optimal land use planning and sustainable agricultural production strategies in the region.
 Ann. Bangladesh Agric. (2023) 27 (1) : 1-15

Early Mapping Method for Different Planting Types of Rice Based on Planet and Sentinel-2 Satellite Images

In Northeast China, transplanted rice cultivation has been adopted to extend the rice growing season and boost yields, responding to the limitations of the cumulative temperature zone and high food demand. However, direct-seeded rice offers advantages in water conservation and labour efficiency. The precise and timely monitoring of the distribution of different rice planting types is key to ensuring food security and promoting sustainable regional development. This study explores the feasibility of mapping various rice planting types using only early-stage satellite data from the rice growing season. We focused on Daxing Farm in Fujin City, Jiamusi City, Heilongjiang Province, for cropland plot extraction using Planet satellite imagery. Utilizing Sentinel-2 satellite imagery, we analysed the differences in rice’s modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI) during specific phenological periods. A multitemporal Gaussian mixture model (GMM) was developed, integrated with the maximum expectation algorithm, to produce binarized classification outcomes. These results were employed to detect surface changes and map the corresponding rice cultivation types. The probability of various rice cultivation types within arable plots was quantified, yielding a plot-level rice-cultivation-type mapping product. The mapping achieved an overall accuracy of 91.46% in classifying rice planting types, with a Kappa coefficient of 0.89. The area extraction based on arable land parcels showed a higher R2 by 0.1109 compared to pixel-based area extraction and a lower RMSE by 0.468, indicating more accurate results aligned with real statistics and surveys, thus validating our study’s method. This approach, not requiring labelled samples or many predefined parameters, offers a new method for rapid and feasible mapping, especially suitable for direct-seeded rice areas in Northeast China. It fills the gap in mapping rice distribution for different planting types, supporting water management in rice fields and policies for planting-method changes.

Rice Production Risk in Main Producing Countries 1961-2021

Rice is an important food commodity to meet the high demand for food, especially in Asia. Most of the central producing countries of this commodity are located in Asia, and they play a significant role in supporting the availability of food for the people amidst the significant risks and uncertainties in carrying out rice farming, including the consequences of climate change and pests and diseases. This study aims to (1) find out the trend of rice production and production risks in the central producing countries over 61 years and (2) find out the risks of rice production in each of the central producing countries. This research was conducted using descriptive analysis using secondary data from 1961-2021, which was processed into tables and graphs. Meanwhile, the calculation of production risk is carried out using the coefficient of variation method. The results show that rice production in the central producing countries has a positive trend, where production increases from year to year. This is followed by a decrease in the risk of rice production every year. Vietnam is a country with the most significant rice production risk, while Cina and Brazil are countries with the lowest production risk. The application of programs proclaimed by the government, which are also adapted to the characteristics of farmers and actual conditions in the field, is expectee to minimize production risks so that optimal production can be achieved.

Deep learning-based image classification of turtles imported into Korea

Although turtles play a key role in maintaining healthy and balanced environments, these are endangered due to global trade to meet the high demand for food, medicine, and pets in Asia. In addition, imported non-native turtles have been controlled as alien invasive species in various countries, including Korea. Therefore, a rapid and accurate classification of imported turtles is needed to conserve and detect those in native ecosystems. In this study, eight Single Shot MultiBox Detector (SSD) models using different backbone networks were used to classify 36 imported turtles in Korea. The images of these species were collected from Google and were identified using morphological features. Then, these were divided into 70% for training, 15% for validation, and 15% for test sets. In addition, data augmentation was applied to the training set to prevent overfitting. Among the eight models, the Resnet18 model showed the highest mean Average Precision (mAP) at 88.1% and the fastest inference time at 0.024 s. The average correct classification rate of 36 turtles in this model was 82.8%. The results of this study could help in management of the turtle trade, specifically in improving detection of alien invasive species in the wild.

Conservation Agriculture for Sustainable Crop Productivity and Economic Return for the Smallholders of Bangladesh: A Systematic Review

Agricultural farming is a complicated system that involves continuous interactions among its multiple components over a period of time. The series of activities involved in farming practices have enormous contributions to ensure food security for the humanity. With the passage of time, agriculture sector faces diversified challenges like high food demand of rapidly growing population, scarcity of available resources and adverse effect of climate change. In developing countries like Bangladesh, food sufficiency is mostly achieved through intensive farming which has detrimental effects on natural resources, surrounding environment, and the whole ecosystem. The review attempts to discover the potentials of conservation agriculture practices for sustainable crop productivity and economic profitability of smallholder farmers in Bangladesh. This study revealed that conservation farm management practice is a cost-effective modernized technique that has the ability to accelerate crop productivity and farmers income through minimum utilization of agricultural inputs. Although the concept of conservation agriculture is widely practiced in other parts of the world, Bangladesh is experiencing a slow rate of adoption during the last few years. The policy implication of the study suggests that the government should take coordinated and combined initiatives involving both public and private sector organizations to incorporate this concept into the mainstream agricultural system of Bangladesh.

Opportunities for Entrepreneurship in Waste Management: Need for Collaborative Approach under NEP

Due to the high demand for food and meat for the world's growing population, the agricultural sector is expanding every year. It is estimated India generates around 500 Mt of crop residue annually. Timely and effective treatment is of utmost importance to utilize organic matter in agricultural waste and avoid environmental pollution. This not only reduces the environmental effects but provides entrepreneurships opportunities to the students. The New Education Policy (NEP) emprises on skilling and entrepreneurships developments Agriculture waste management can be one of the area for skilling to covert waste into wealth. This review of the developments in this area revealed that agriculture waste can be utilised for mushroom cultivation, pig farming vermicomposting and many more. Indian council of Agriculture Research(ICAR) initiations have developed waste management technologies that includes bio char from agricultural waste material, soil less planting media using sugar industry residue, foliar spray from fish waste etc .There is need to establish collaboration for joint research, compilation of the technology to reach large number of stake holders. There is need to design one year course under degree programme that enable students to specialise and get diploma or certificate to become entrepreneur. The paper discusses opportunities for collaboration and strategies for effective implementation of Agriculture waste management through entrepreneurship development

Advancing dysphagia-oriented multi-ingredient meal development: Optimising hydrocolloid incorporation in 3D printed nutritious meals

Dysphagia (DP) is a growing health concern in today's ageing population, leading to high demand for DP-oriented food. 3D printing is a promising novel technology for developing new attractive and appetising products. Therefore, we aimed to develop a 3D-printed shaped meal, to serve as a nutritious DP-oriented food. The texture was modified with the addition of different thickeners: 2.0% (w/w) k-carrageenan gum (KC) and 1.0 or 1.5% (w/w) guar gum (GG), xanthan gum (XG), locust bean gum (LBG), and gum arabic (GA). Upon characterising and mapping the rheological behaviour involved in extrusion-based 3D printing, the higher concentrations of GG, XG, LBG and GA were found to significantly increase the yield stress and apparent viscosities of the ink formulations. In addition, the colour attributes were examined, while a low population of total viable bacteria (TVC) was observed. The DP-oriented formulations had high fibre content, regulating bowel function and glucose metabolism in the elderly. According to the International dysphagia diet standardisation initiative (IDDSI), KC/XG1 and KC/LBG1 were classified as level 5 indicative of minced and moist dysphagia diet, while KC/GA1, KC/GA1.5, KC/XG1.5, and KC/GG1.5 were classified as level 4, that can be bitten or chewed if the tongue control is reduced. All ink formulations demonstrated high printing precision with excellent self-supporting capability and smooth surface texture that were easy to extrude and print complex samples. This study provides valuable insights into addressing dysphagia by developing a nutritious meal using 3D printing.