High Fat Intake Research Articles

Pre-germinated brown rice alleviates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease induced by high fructose and high fat intake in rat.

In past researches, we had been proved the action mechanism of pre-germinated brown rice (PGBR) to treat metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus. This study was to investigate the protective effect of PGBR in high fructose and high fat-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in rodents. WKY rats were divided into: Control group was fed normal drinking water and diet; FLD group was fed 10% high-fructose-water (HFW) and high-fat-diet (HFD); PGBR group was given HFW, and HFD mixed PGBR. After four weeks, the body, hepatic and cardiac weight gains of FLD group had significant increases than that of Control group. The enhanced blood pressure and heart rate, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperuricemia, and higher liver function index (GPT levels) were observed; meanwhile, the IL-6 and TNF-α levels of serum, and TG level of liver were also elevated in FLD group. The related protein expressions of lipid synthesis, inflammation, cardiac fibrosis, and hypertrophy were deteriorated by HFW/HFD. However, in treatment group, PGBR decreased all above influenced parameters, additionally GOT; and related protein expressions. PGBR treated HFW/HFD-induced NAFLD and cardiac complications might be via improving lipid homeostasis, and inhibiting inflammation. Together, PGBR could be used as a healthy food for controlling NAFLD and its’ cardiac dysfunction.

The Association Between Dietary Energy Density and Musculoskeletal Pain in Adult Men and Women.

Musculoskeletal pains (MPs), defined as persistent or recurrent pain, is a complex health problem. High overall calorie and fat intake have been related to obesity and MPs. Dietary energy density (DED), defined as energy content of food and beverages (in kcal) per unit total weight, has been associated with chronic muscle, cartilage, bone damage and pain. Thus, the purpose of this study is to investigate the association between DED and MPs in adult men and women. A total of 175 men and women (> 18 years) with MP participated in the study. A validated short form physical activity (PA) questionnaire, demographic, and McGill Pain Questionnaire were used. Anthropometric measurements were evaluated via standard protocols. Furthermore, a seven-day 24-hour recall of diet was used to determine the dietary intake. Total DED was calculated and divided into quartiles. Linear regression was used to discern the association between DED and MPs in adults. Participants assigned in the highest category of DED were characterized by lower intake of potassium, magnesium, vitamin C, folate, and fiber. However, results showed displayed higher intake of sodium, vitamin E, vitamin B3, fat, protein, cholesterol, saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (p < 0.001). Finally, after adjustment for confounders such as age, gender, PA, body mass index, waist circumference, education, job, marital status, history of some chronic diseases and vitamin C supplementation, a significant positive association was detected between DED and pain intensity. There was no significant association between DED and pain frequency in all models.

Differential Effect of Fat Intake on Blood Pressure in Healthy Japanese Women with and without the Variant of Fat Mass and Obesity-Associated Gene.

A high-fat diet is believed to be a risk factor for hypertension through inducing obesity. It has been reported that variants of the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) and beta-3 adrenergic receptor (B3AR) genes are associated with obesity and blood pressure. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary fat on blood pressure with or without the variant of the FTO and B3AR genes. A total of 227 healthy Japanese women aged 18 to 64 years were recruited for measurement of nutrient intake and blood pressure. The single nucleotide polymorphism rs9939609 of the FTO gene and rs4994 of the B3AR gene were genotyped. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was applied to investigate the relationship between fat intake and blood pressure. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis was performed to determine whether the genotype interacts with fat intake to affect blood pressure. No significant correlations were found between fat intake and either systolic or diastolic blood pressure. A significant negative correlation was found between fat intake and both blood pressures in the FTO-gene-variant group, but not in the normal-FTO-gene group. In hierarchical multiple regression analysis, the interaction of fat intake and the gene variant showed significance, and the change in coefficient of determination (R 2) was significantly increased with increases of the interaction variable. These results indicate that the effect of fat intake on blood pressure may be modified by the variant of the FTO gene such that a high-fat diet intake may be associated with a decrease of systolic and diastolic blood pressure in healthy Japanese women with the FTO variant. Our results did not support the hypothesis that a high-fat diet increases blood pressure.

The association between dairy intake and migraine odds among pediatrics and adolescents: A case-control study.

ObjectiveMigraine is recognized as a disease with unknown etiology and various pathophysiologic pathways which are not fully understood. Due to the relation between dairy intake and various chronic conditions in children and also the paucity of data on the probable role of dairy intake on pediatrics’ odds of having migraine, this study was designed. Materials & Methods:The present study was a population-based case-control design that was accomplished in a tertiary headache clinic.290 child (aged from7 to 14 years old) was included in this study. A definite diagnosis of migraine was performed by a neurologist; concerning the 2018 international classification of headache disorder 3 (ICHD3) criteria. Also, demographic and anthropometric characteristics were obtained. In addition, the usual dietary intake of participants was evaluated using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ).ResultsThose children in the case group significantly had higher age and BMI means (P.value:0.000). In the second regression model, odds of migraine were 48% (OR: 0.52; 95%CI:0.27-1.00) diminished in the second tertile and 53% (OR:0.47;95%CI:0.24-0.92) in the third tertile of low-fat dairy intake (P-trend:0.03). In the fully adjusted model, the achieved migraine ORs were as followings:0.48 (95% CI:0.240.95) in the second tertile and 0.46 (95% CI:0.21-0.96) in the third tertile (P-trend:0.04), respectively. Children with more high-fat dairy intake also consumed higher amounts of energy, pastries, simple sugar, unhealthy snacks, and hydrogenated oil (P<0.05).Conclusion:This study results proposed that a greater amount of low-fat dairy intake may attenuate the odds of having migraine attacks in pediatrics and adolescents who might be at risk of headache, which can be attributed to the micronutrient and also to the bioactive content of these dietary components.

Effect of the interaction between physical activity and estimated macronutrient intake on HbA1c: population-based cross-sectional and longitudinal studies

IntroductionHealthy diet and physical activity (PA) are essential for preventing type 2 diabetes, particularly, a combination of diet and PA. However, reports on interaction between PA and diet, especially from...

Beta-Sitosterol Facilitates GLUT4 Vesicle Fusion on the Plasma Membrane via the Activation of Rab/IRAP/Munc 18 Signaling Pathways in Diabetic Gastrocnemius Muscle of Adult Male Rats.

Nutritional overload in the form of high-fat and nonglycolysis sugar intake contributes towards the accelerated creation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia. Glucose absorption and its subsequent oxidation processes in fat and muscle tissues alter as a consequence of these modifications. Insulin resistance (IR) caused glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) translocation to encounter a challenge that manifested itself as changes in glycolytic pathways and insulin signaling. We previously found that beta (β)-sitosterol reduces IR in fat tissue via IRS-1/PI3K/Akt facilitated signaling due to its hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic activity. The intention of this research was to see whether the phytosterol β-sitosterol can aid in the translocation of GLUT4 in rats fed on high-fat diet (HFD) and sucrose by promoting Rab/IRAP/Munc 18 signaling molecules. The rats were labeled into four groups, namely control rats, HFD and sucrose-induced diabetic control rats, HFD and sucrose-induced diabetic rats given oral dose of 20 mg/kg body wt./day of β-sitosterol treatment for 30 days, and HFD and sucrose-induced diabetic animals given oral administration of 50 mg/kg body wt./day metformin for 30 days. Diabetic rats administered with β-sitosterol and normalized the titers of blood glucose, serum insulin, serum testosterone, and the status of insulin tolerance and oral glucose tolerance. In comparison with the control group, β-sitosterol effectively regulated both glycolytic and gluconeogenesis enzymes. Furthermore, qRT-PCR analysis of the mRNA levels of key regulatory genes such as SNAP23, VAMP-2, syntaxin-4, IRAP, vimentin, and SPARC revealed that β-sitosterol significantly regulated the mRNA levels of the above genes in diabetic gastrocnemius muscle. Protein expression analysis of Rab10, IRAP, vimentin, and GLUT4 demonstrated that β-sitosterol had a positive effect on these proteins, resulting in effective GLUT4 translocation in skeletal muscle. According to the findings, β-sitosterol reduced HFD and sucrose-induced IR and augmented GLUT4 translocation in gastrocnemius muscle through insulin signaling modulation via Rab/IRAP/Munc 18 and glucose metabolic enzymes. The present work is the first of its kind to show that β-sitosterol facilitates GLUT4 vesicle fusion on the plasma membrane via Rab/IRAP/Munc 18 signaling molecules in gastrocnemius muscle.

Dietary Habits and Obesity in Patients with Psychotic Disorders in Rural Areas in Northwestern Greece

People suffering from psychotic disorders display high rates of physical morbidity and mortality in comparison to the general population. The present study explores the relation between the dietary habits, the prevalence of obesity and the occurrence of physical morbidity in patients who suffer from psychotic disorders in rural regions of northwest Greece. Two scales were applied to evaluate the quality of life (Quality of Life Questionnaire II, Moorehead–Ardelt) and the dietary habits (Dietary Instrument for Nutrition Education (DINE) Questionnaire) of these patients. The study sample used in this study consisted of 55 patients who suffered from a psychotic disorder. Most (75%) were male, with a mean age of 51.5 years and an average duration of disease of 25.1 years. Of these, 38.2% (21 patients) were obese with a BMI &lt; 30 Kg/m2, 32.7% (16 patients) were overweight and 29.1% had a normal body weight. The majority of the sample, 80%, was treated with second-generation medications. With regards to their dietary habits, 94.5% (52/55) of the sample showed a low intake of fiber content, 67.3% (37/55) showed a high intake of saturated fats and 100% (55/55) a low intake of unsaturated fats. The rates of physical morbidity in the present sample were 21.8% with at least one disease and 14.5% with two diseases, whereas 5.5% met the criteria for metabolic syndrome (MS). The average BMI of the women was statistically significantly higher compared to the men. The majority of the sample (69.1%) exhibited acceptable levels of quality of life. No co-relations of quality of life with BMI were found. In addition, no co-relations of BMI with dietary habits were revealed.

Multi-Trajectories of Macronutrient Intake and Their Associations with Obesity among Chinese Adults from 1991 to 2018: A Prospective Study.

Studies on macronutrient intake and obesity have been inconclusive. This study examined the associations between multi-trajectories of macronutrients and the risk of obesity in China. We used data from 7914 adults who participated in the China Health and Nutrition Survey at least three times from 1991 to 2018. We collected detailed dietary data by conducting three 24 h dietary recalls and weighing foods and condiments in household inventories. We identified multi-trajectories using group-based multi-trajectory models and examined their associations with the risk of obesity with multiple Cox regression models. We found four multi-trajectories in rural areas: balanced macronutrient intake (BM), moderate protein, increasing low fat, and decreasing high carbohydrate (MP&ILF&DHC); decreasing moderate protein, decreasing high fat, and increasing moderate carbohydrate (DMP&DHF&IMC); increasing moderate protein, increasing high fat, and decreasing low carbohydrate (IMP&IHF&DLC)—35.1%, 21.3%, 20.1%, and 23.5% of our rural participant population, respectively. Compared with the BM trajectory, the hazard ratios of obesity in the DMP&DHF&IMC and the IMP&IHF&DLC groups were 0.50 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.27–0.95) and 0.48 (95% CI: 0.28–0.83), respectively, in rural participants. Relatively low carbohydrate and high fat intakes with complementary dynamic trends are associated with a lower risk of obesity in rural Chinese adults.

Local accumbens in vivo imaging during deep brain stimulation reveals a strategy-dependent amelioration of hedonic feeding

Impulsive overeating is a common, disabling feature of eating disorders. Both continuous deep brain stimulation (DBS) and responsive DBS, which limits current delivery to pathological brain states, have emerged as potential therapies. We used invivo fiber photometry in wild-type, Drd1-cre, and A2a-cre mice to 1) assay subtype-specific medium spiny neuron (MSN) activity of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) during hedonic feeding of high-fat food, and 2) examine DBS strategy-specific effects on NAc activity. D1, but not D2, NAc GCaMP activity increased immediately prior to high-fat food approach. Responsive DBS triggered a GCaMP surge throughout the stimulation period and durably reduced high-fat intake. However, with continuous DBS, this surge decayed, and high-fat intake reemerged. Our results argue for a stimulation strategy-dependent modulation of D1 MSNs with a more sustained decrease in consumption with responsive DBS. This study illustrates the important role invivo imaging can play in understanding effects of such novel therapies.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Diet Review.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal disease related to upper and lower motor neurons degeneration. Although the environmental and genetic causes of this disease are still unclear, some factors involved in ALS onset such as oxidative stress may be influenced by diet. A higher risk of ALS has been correlated with a high fat and glutamate intake and β-methylamino-L-alanine. On the contrary, a diet based on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds, such as curcumin, creatine, coenzyme Q10, vitamin E, vitamin A, vitamin C, and phytochemicals could reduce the risk of ALS. However, data are controversial as there is a discrepancy among different studies due to a limited number of samples and the many variables that are involved. In addition, an improper diet could lead to an altered microbiota and consequently to an altered metabolism that could predispose to the ALS onset. In this review we summarized some research that involve aspects related to ALS such as the epidemiology, the diet, the eating behaviour, the microbiota, and the metabolic diseases. Further research is needed to better comprehend the role of diet and the metabolic diseases in the mechanisms leading to ALS onset and progression.

Highly processed food intake and immediate and future emotions in everyday life

Increased consumption of highly processed foods may result in lower diet quality, and low diet quality is associated with elevated risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and cancer. One mechanism driving highly processed food intake is the expectation that eating these foods will improve emotional experiences, particularly in individuals with elevated “highly processed food addiction” symptoms. However, experimental findings about the emotional experiences following highly processed food intake are mixed. Furthermore, prior studies have generally failed to capture the potentially prolonged emotional effects of eating highly processed foods and not tested for individual differences. The present study was a preregistered archival data analysis of an ambulatory electronic diary study that captured real-life emotions following highly processed food intake. Multilevel modeling was used to predict the effects of highly processed food intake on subsequent positive and negative emotions immediately, 1 h, and 3 h after consumption. Intake of sweet high-fat foods, fast foods, and non-alcoholic sugary drinks was associated with greater positive emotions immediately after eating, and sweet high-fat food intake remained associated with greater positive emotions 1 h later. Sweet high-fat food and non-alcoholic sugary drink intake were associated with fewer negative emotions 1 h after consumption, and the negative association between non-alcoholic sugary drink intake and negative emotions was stronger for those with elevated highly processed food addiction symptoms. Overall, results suggest that highly processed food intake results in small alterations in positive and negative emotions immediately and up to 1 h after intake; however, these do not persist through 3 h after intake. The ability of highly processed foods to briefly alter emotions may be key to their reinforcing nature.

Comparison of Efficacy of the Pap and H &amp; E in Identifying the Various Changes in Liver Samples of High Fat Diet Induced Rat - In vitro Study

Introduction: High fat induced (HFI) liver is associated with a high calorie intake and many other diet-induced complications, such as metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. HFI is the most common chronic liver disease that develops due to high fat intake. A wide range of liver injuries is associated with HFI, ranging from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis. The signs and symptoms of metabolic syndrome may be induced in rats by feeding them a diet rich in carbohydrates and fat. The aim of the study is Comparison of efficacy of the PAP (Papanicolaou) stain and H&amp;E (Hematoxylin and eosin) stain in identifying the various changes in liver samples of high fat diet induced rat.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: Liver samples of Normal control group animal and High fat diet induced animal were sectioned, weighed fixed 10% neutral buffer formalin and mounted in DPX compound. Four micrometer sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and PAP stains for the histological examination of micro-vesicular and macro-vesicular steatosis in the liver tissue. The grading of steatosis was given from 0-3 based on the lipid accumulation (steatosis): grade 0 - absence; grade 1 - mild Steatosis (&lt;30% hepatocyte); grade 2- moderate steatosis (30%-70% hepatocyte); grade3- severe steatosis (&gt;70%hepatocytes). Efficacy of grade of PAP stain and H&amp;E stain were accessed and statistically evaluated by considering seven parameters and overall staining characters where compared.&#x0D; Results: Our present study evaluated high fat induced hepatic steatosis of H&amp;E and PAP stain and also evaluated efficacy of both the stain. In our study, Pie chart showing the percentage distribution of Number of micro-vesicles about 70% represents greater than 30, 10% represents 30-70, 20% represents less than 70 (Fig. 1). In our study 20% represents the greater than 30, 30% represents the 30-70, 50% represents Less than 70 (Fig. 2). 30% represents mild steatosis, 20% represents moderate steatosis, 50% represents Severe Steatosis (Fig. 3). &#x0D; Conclusion: We demonstrated the comparative efficiency of the PAP and H&amp;E high fat diet induced rat liver by in vivo and conclude that both H&amp;E and PAP stain has equal efficacy and clarity in observing the various minute parameters.

Intake of Vitamin D in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis in the Valencian Region and Its Possible Relationship with the Pathogenesis of the Disease.

(1) Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by pronounced inflammation. Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is an accurate marker for the state of inflammation, due to the high levels of this cytokine linked to the pathogenesis of the disease. These IL-6 levels could be lowered with an adequate dietary intake of vitamin D. The objective of the study was to determine the level of vitamin D ingested in a sample of patients with MS in the Valencian region (Spain), to establish the vitamin sources, and the possible link between the intake of vitamin D and the pathogenesis of the disease through a relationship with the level of IL-6. (2) Materials and Methods: A descriptive pilot study was carried out with 39 patients with MS in the Valencian region. The dietary-nutritional anamnesis was gained through the food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and a food diary. Diet and eating habits were analyzed through the Easy Diet (version: 2.0.1)—Consultation Management Program® software, and IL-6 levels in blood by ELISA technique. (3) Results: The results show a low intake of vitamin D, which is significantly and negatively related to the intake of proteins of vegetable origin, which are consumed in less quantity than proteins of animal origin, and significantly and negatively related with the high blood levels of IL-6, possibly as a consequence of the high intake of fats, mainly unsaturated. (4) Conclusions: MS patients in the Valencian region ingest little vitamin D related to low intake of vegetable protein, which would explain the high levels of IL-6 linked to the high intake of mainly saturated fats.

Reducing Disease Activity of Inflammatory Bowel Disease by Consumption of Plant-Based Foods and Nutrients

Inflammatory bowel disease is a chronic and recurring inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract encompassing ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Although the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease remains to be fully elucidated, environmental factors such as diet are believed to play a pivotal role in the onset and management of inflammatory bowel disease. Diet is thought to play an essential role in intestinal inflammation due to its regulatory effects on the microbiota, gut immune system, and epithelial barrier function. Although the evidence remains insufficient to draw firm conclusions on the role of specific dietary components in gastrointestinal diseases, studies have suggested that a Western diet with high intakes of total fats, omega-6 fatty acids, and meat have been associated with intestinal inflammation and relapse of inflammatory bowel disease. In contrast to a Western diet, plant-based diets often result in a reduced intake of total fats and meats and an increased intake of plant fibers which may contribute to reduced intestinal inflammation. This review critically examines the influence of plant-based dietary components on the clinical disease course of inflammatory bowel disease. Furthermore, this review discusses the benefits and possible limitations of plant-derived dietary components in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease while addressing the principal type of disease and the anatomic site of inflammation within the gastrointestinal tract. Finally, this review points out important directions for future research on the role of diet in inflammatory bowel disease. A better understanding of the role of diet and intestinal inflammation may pave the way for novel dietary interventions and specific foods- or food supplements, which can support the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.

Weight control behaviors associated with early menopause among Korean women

ABSTRACT This study investigated weight control behaviors associated with early menopause among Korean women, utilizing cross-sectional Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) data obtained from 2014 to 2018 to analyze 3,591 women aged 20–64 years with complete responses to questions dealing with natural menopause status and age. The data were analyzed using multivariate ordinal logistic regression. After adjusting for confounding variables affecting weight control behaviors and the timing of menopause, not having lost weight (odds ratio [OR] = 0.69, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.50–0.97, p = .033) and less use of reducing and controlling food for weight control (OR = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.55–0.81, p < .001) were shown to be associated with earlier menopause. In a further analysis, higher fat intake and lower monounsaturated fatty acid intake were associated with earlier menopause (OR = 1.06, 95% CI = 1.02–1.11, p = .007; OR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.89–0.99, p = .014, respectively). This study findings are applicable in policies or interventions aiming to prevent cardiovascular risks among those with different timing of menopause and possibly delay early menopause.

Acidocétose sévère après un régime cétogène chez une jeune femme allaitante non-diabétique

Ketogenic diet, used in therapeutics in refractory epilepsies, is in general a low-calorie diet, with low-carbohydrate, high-fat and adequate protein intake, inducing ketosis. It use has spread to the general population because it helps achieve rapid weight loss. Ketosis induced by this diet may in some cases progress to ketoacidosis, for example during acute illness or in specific settings where energy expenditure is increased such as breastfeeding or high intensity physical activity. We report the case of a 36-years-old lactating woman without diabetes who developed at six weeks postpartum severe metabolic acidosis. This patient, while breastfeeding exclusively, had resumed intensive physical activity and had been on a ketogenic diet for ten days. A filling with salty then glucose serum and a diversified progressive replenishment allowed a rapid normalization of acid-base balance and digestive symptomatology. The diagnosis of lactation ketoacidosis should be suspected in cases of severe metabolic acidosis in young women without diabetes who are breastfeeding and who have used a ketogenic diet in order to quickly lose their pregnancy pounds.

Abstract 9343: Dietary Fat Intake and the Risk of Stroke: Results from Two Prospective Cohort Studies

Background: The association between specific types of fat intake and the risk of stroke remains inconclusive. Prospective data examining the relation of fat from different food sources to stroke risk are sparse. We aimed to investigate the association between total fat, various types of fat, and fat from different sources and the risk of stroke. Methods: We followed 73,867 women (Nurses’ Health Study, 1984-2016) and 43,269 men (Health Professionals Follow-up Study, 1986-2016) free of cardiovascular disease and cancer at baseline. Dietary fat intake was collected by food-frequency questionnaires and categorized by sources and types. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the association between fat intake and stroke risk. Results: During 3,168,151 person-years of follow-up, we documented 6,189 incident stroke events (including 2,967 ischemic and 814 hemorrhagic). A high intake of vegetable fat (HR comparing extreme quintiles=0.88; 95% CI: 0.81, 0.96; P-trend&lt;0.001) or polyunsaturated fat (HR=0.88; 95% CI: 0.80, 0.96; P-trend=0.002) was associated with lower total stroke risk, whereas high non-dairy animal fat was associated with an increased risk (HR=1.16; 95% CI: 1.05, 1.29; P-trend&lt;0.001). We observed similar associations for the ischemic stroke, but only the positive association of non-dairy animal fat was observed for the hemorrhagic stroke. For food groups contributing to fat intake, vegetable oil (HR per 1 serving/day=0.91; 95% CI: 0.84, 0.98) was associated with lower total stroke risk, while total red meat (HR=1.08; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.13) and processed red meat (HR=1.12; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.23) were associated with a higher risk. The association for vegetable oil was attenuated after adjusting for vegetable fat or polyunsaturated fat, while adjusting for non-dairy animal fat rendered total red meat and processed red meat nonsignificant. Conclusions: A higher intake of vegetable fat, polyunsaturated fat, and vegetable oil was associated with a reduced risk of stroke, but a high intake of non-dairy animal fat, total red meat, and processed red meat was associated with increased stroke risk. These findings indicate the importance of considering the fat sources when examining the association between fat and stroke.

Features of nutrition in women with arterial hypertension and abdominal obesity

Background. Currently, there is a significant increase in the percentage of women with arterial hypertension (AH) and abdominal obesity (AO), which is largely due to violations of the healthy eating norms. Therefore, the problem of studying the nutritional characteristics of women with AH in combination with AO requires further research. The study was aimed to investigate the nutritional characteristics of female patients (residents of Ukraine) with arterial hypertension and abdominal obesity. Materials and methods. We examined 75 female patients (residents of Ukraine) with AH stage II, 2–3 degrees, aged from 40 to 59 years (40 women with AO (I–II degrees) and 35 women with normal body weight (NBW). All patients underwent a routine examination. The peculiarities of the nutrition of the patients were analyzed using the questionnaire “Diary of daily nutrition”. The data obtained were analyzed using the SPSS 19 computer program for Windows XP. Results. In the group of women with AH and AO, in the vast majority of individuals (73–100 %), the diet did not meet the recommendations of a healthy diet. In the group of women with AH and NBW, the dietary pattern did not meet the recommendations of a healthy diet only in one-third of the individuals. The daily diet of women with AH and AO differed from that of women with AH and NBW by a significantly higher energy value of food, a higher frequency of meals in the evening, a higher intake of fats (including saturated fatty acids and trans-unsaturated fatty acids), carbohydrates (especially monosaccharides), and less dietary fiber intake. In both groups of women, the habit of adding salt to food was revealed, but only in the third of the individuals. Conclusions. Significant violations of the healthy eating norms were found in women with AH, which were much more pronounced in women with AO that must be taken into account when developing optimal schemes for correcting the diet in these patients.

The Association of Dietary Energy Density and Body Composition Components in a Sample of Iranian Adults.

Background: We aimed to investigate the association between the energy density (ED) of diet and body composition components in Iranian adults.Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study on 267 adults in Tehran. We obtained ED (kcal/g) using the two most common methods: ED1, ED from foods only with the exclusion of all beverages and ED2, from foods and all beverages. Body composition was measured using a multifrequency bio-impedance analysis. To find a strong association, we used both the linear and binary regression analysis in the three adjusted models.Results: The mean of ED1 and ED2 was 1.34 ± 0.23 and 0.89 ± 0.20 kcal/g, respectively. Increasing the ED of diet in both methods was associated with a high intake of dietary fat, of saturated fatty acid (SFA), of monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), of oleic and linoleic acids, accompanied by a low intake of fruits, vegetables, and some vitamins and minerals. There was a significant positive relationship between fat-free mass index (FFMI) and ED1 (β = 4.44, p = 0.02). However, we found no significant association between the consumption of ED1 and fat mass index (FMI) (0.28; 95% CI 0.08, 0.98; p = 0.07), and abdominal obesity (0.91; 95% CI 0.43, 1.94; p = 0.82). Also, ED2 had no association with FMI (0.86; 95% CI 0.26, 2.80; p = 0.81) and abdominal obesity (0.78; 95% CI 0.35, 1.72; p = 0.54). No significant associations were found between ED and other anthropometric indices and body composition components after considering the confounders.Conclusion: This study supports the positive association between ED and poor dietary quality. However, our findings did not show significant associations of dietary energy density (DED) with anthropometric indices and body composition components. Further well-designed studies are required to investigate the exact link between DED and body composition.

Molecular Mechanisms of Muscle Fatigue.

Muscle fatigue (MF) declines the capacity of muscles to complete a task over time at a constant load. MF is usually short-lasting, reversible, and is experienced as a feeling of tiredness or lack of energy. The leading causes of short-lasting fatigue are related to overtraining, undertraining/deconditioning, or physical injury. Conversely, MF can be persistent and more serious when associated with pathological states or following chronic exposure to certain medication or toxic composites. In conjunction with chronic fatigue, the muscle feels floppy, and the force generated by muscles is always low, causing the individual to feel frail constantly. The leading cause underpinning the development of chronic fatigue is related to muscle wasting mediated by aging, immobilization, insulin resistance (through high-fat dietary intake or pharmacologically mediated Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR) agonism), diseases associated with systemic inflammation (arthritis, sepsis, infections, trauma, cardiovascular and respiratory disorders (heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD))), chronic kidney failure, muscle dystrophies, muscle myopathies, multiple sclerosis, and, more recently, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The primary outcome of displaying chronic muscle fatigue is a poor quality of life. This type of fatigue represents a significant daily challenge for those affected and for the national health authorities through the financial burden attached to patient support. Although the origin of chronic fatigue is multifactorial, the MF in illness conditions is intrinsically linked to the occurrence of muscle loss. The sequence of events leading to chronic fatigue can be schematically denoted as: trigger (genetic or pathological) -> molecular outcome within the muscle cell -> muscle wasting -> loss of muscle function -> occurrence of chronic muscle fatigue. The present review will only highlight and discuss current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms that contribute to the upregulation of muscle wasting, thereby helping us understand how we could prevent or treat this debilitating condition.