High Factor Loadings Research Articles

Development and Validation of Determinants of Marriage Delay Scale for women

Abstract The study was designed to develop and validate the Determinants of Marriage Delay Scale for Women in Pakistan. In light of the Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis, four determinants identified were Family Responsibilities and Financial Dependency, Socioeconomic and Physical Conditions, Cultural Expectations, and Personal and Psychological Concerns. The instrument revealed a highly reliable and content valid scale with high factor loadings, showing appropriate representation on each component. The scale thus integrates qualitative and quantitative approaches to provide a comprehensive and culturally sensitive tool for understanding complex influences on delays in the timing of marriage among women. This study explored not only how family-related factors, but also economic, cultural, and personal factors interactively shape the timing of marriage and offered a base for further research and policy interventions. The scale addresses such determinants and supports the formulation of specific strategies that can help women make appropriate decisions about marriage, which would meet both self and societal expectations. Keywords: Determinants, Marriage Delay, Women, Scale Development, EFA, CFA

Psychometric Testing of the Cross-Culturally Adapted Thai Version of the Caregiver Self-Efficacy in Contributing to Patient Self-Care Scale in Caregivers of Patients With Chronic Illnesses.

To evaluate the psychometric properties of the Caregiver Self-Efficacy in Contributing to Patient Self-Care Scale (CSE-CSC). The CSE-CSC scale was developed congruently with the Caregiver Contribution to Self-Care of Patient with Chronic Illness Inventory (CC-SC-CII) to assess caregiver self-efficacy (CSE), the motivation factor of caregiving. Its applicability in Asian populations, including Thailand, was limited. Psychometric tests were guided by COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) principles. This included translating the English version into Thai, following the principles of good practice for the translation and cultural adaptation process for patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures. Nine nursing experts evaluated the content validity. The analysis included caregivers of patients with chronic conditions from 16 primary care centres in Thailand. We tested the structural validity using exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and concurrent validity for CC-SC-CII-v2. We tested the scale's reliability with methods for multidimensional and unidimensional constructs, the intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and measurement error variance. Kappa coefficient (k = 1.00) indicated the scale's excellent content validity. The final analysis included a total of 407 samples. The EFA with the first split-half subsample (n = 194) extracted a two-dimensional structure. One reflected CSE in Maintenance and Monitoring behaviour and another captured CSE in Management behaviour. CFA with the second split-half subsample (n = 213) and the overall sample (n = 407) supported the scale's bidimensional model with high factor loadings. Each dimension and the overall CSE-CSC scale positively correlated with each scale and the overall CC-SC-CII-v2. McDonald's ω and Cronbach's α (both ranged from 0.91-0.94) indicated excellent internal reliability. Test-retest reliability showed ICCs between 0.95 and 0.96. Measurement error yielded satisfactory results. Testing of the Thai CSE-CSC scale supported validity and reliability, indicating that the scale can apply to Thai caregivers. This scale can be used in clinical practice and research to evaluate CSE in contribution to patient self-care.

Arabic translation and validation of the clinician administered Staden schizophrenia anxiety rating scale (S-SARS)

BackgroundResearch on anxiety in patients with schizophrenia of Arab origin is surprisingly scarce, particularly given that expressions of both psychotic disorders and anxiety disorders can be largely shaped by cultural factors. This study proposes to complement previous research by exploring the psychometric characteristics of an Arabic translation of the Staden Schizophrenia Anxiety Rating Scale (S-SARS) in chronic, remitted patients diagnosed with schizophrenia. As the Arabic version of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-Item Scale (GAD-7) has not been previously validated in Arabic in patients with schizophrenia, this study had as a secondary aim to investigate the psychometric properties of this scale before its use. MethodThis cross-sectional study was performed over a period of three months (August–October 2023). A total of 177 chronic inpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia (63.3 % males) who were remitted and clinically stable participated in the study. ResultsConfirmatory factor analyses showed that all 10 items loaded onto a single factor and had high factor loading values between .53 and .81. The reliability of the S-SARS in its Arabic version was excellent as attested by a McDonald's omega and a Cronbach's alpha coefficients of .90 and .89, respectively. The score of Arabic S-SARS correlated positively with the GAD-7 scores (r = .55; p < .001), thus supporting good convergent validity. As for discriminant validity, findings showed positive correlations between S-SARS and depression scores as assessed using the Calgary Depressive Symptoms Scale. In addition, the Arabic S-SARS correlated negatively with general functioning, further supporting the good validity and clinical relevance of the scale. Finally, measurement invariance was established in the sex subsamples (males vs. females) at the scalar, metric and configural levels, with females showing more anxiety than males. ConclusionFindings suggest that the Arabic S-SARS holds good psychometric properties, and is suitable for use among Arabic-speaking people diagnosed with schizophrenia in both research and clinical practice. The Arabic version of S-SARS will hopefully be widely applied to provide useful and timely clinical information for monitoring and adequately treating patients with schizophrenia, in order to improve the course and prognosis of the disease.

Disentangling Anemia in Frailty: Exploring the role of Inflammation.

In older patients, frailty and anemia frequently coexist. However, only few studies have been conducted in older patients with multimorbidity and several overlapping causes of anemia, such as inflammation, inadequate nutrition or certain pathologies. This analysis aims to decipher potential factors associated with anemia in older hospital patients with frailty. Patients (n=208, age: 62-98 years) were categorized as pre-frail (n=68) and frail (n=140) using the Fried frailty phenotype. We quantified serum concentrations of markers of iron-metabolism (iron, ferritin, transferrin, soluble transferrin receptor, hepcidin), inflammation (interleukin (IL) 6, IL-10 C-reactive protein) and haematology (hemoglobin). Principal component analysis was conducted to evaluate biomarker patterns and associations with frailty were assessed with logistic regression analysis. Anemia prevalence was higher in patients with frailty (84.3% versus 70.6%, p=0.021). Three principal components (PC1-3) were identified. PC1 was characterized by high factor loadings representing inflammation and factor scores differed between patients with pre-frailty and frailty [-0.04 (IQR:1.45) versus -0.51 (IQR:0.87), p<0.001]. PC2 represents macrocytic anemia and thus vitamin B12 or folate deficiency, whereas PC3 indicates hematological pathologies. Only PC1 was associated with frailty status when controlled for age, sex, number of drugs and comorbidities (OR: 2.018, 95%CI: 1.316; 3.094, p=0.001). PC2 and PC3 were not associated with frailty. Our results suggest that anemia in patients with frailty is driven by inflammation rather than being disease-related or solely the result of micronutrient deficiencies.

Measuring the rejection of meat alternatives: Development and validation of a new scale

Despite the potential benefits of meat alternatives for the environment and animal welfare, public skepticism remains. This study presents the development and validation of the Meat Alternatives Rejection (MAR) scale. After a pilot study (N = 510) refined the scale from fourteen to ten items, it was validated in a Swiss online survey (N = 1951) through four steps. First, exploratory factor analysis confirmed a one-factor structure with high factor loadings (0.63 to 0.80) and strong internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.90). Second, convergent validity was supported by Pearson correlations with related variables, along with Average Variance Extracted (AVE = 0.525) and Composite Reliability (CR = 0.917). Third, discriminant validity was explored using a Heterotrait-Monotrait (HTMT) ratio of 0.634, indicating that the MAR scale measures a distinct construct. Lastly, MAR’s predictive validity was tested using two regression models: Model 1 (logistic regression) predicted the likelihood of being a meat alternative consumer versus nonconsumer, and Model 2 (two-step linear regression) predicted support for meat alternative marketing restrictions. In both models, the inclusion of MAR significantly improved the explained variance (Model 1:W=83.82,p < 0.001; Model 2:F(1, 1945) = 598.1,p < 0.001), with MAR outperforming other predictors (age, gender, education, meat attachment, and eco-knowledge). Overall, MAR is a robust and reliable tool for measuring consumers’ rejection of meat alternatives, demonstrating factorial, convergent, discriminant, and predictive validity. This new scale can help advance our understanding of the psychological mechanisms underlying the shift toward a more plant-based diet.

Assessing Misophonia in Young Adults: The Prevalence and Psychometric Validation of the MisoQuest Questionnaire.

Background/Objectives: Misophonia, characterized by strong emotional reactions to specific sounds, poses significant challenges, particularly in academic settings. This study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the MisoQuest in a sample of high school and university students. The primary objective was to assess its reliability and structural validity to enhance understanding of misophonia in young adults. Methods: A total of 549 students (Mean age = 23.2 years, SD = 9.3; 285 females, 260 males, 4 individuals who did not disclose their gender) participated. Both exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were employed to evaluate the MisoQuest. Fit indices for unifactorial and trifactorial models were compared. Internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach's alpha. Results: The EFA suggested a dominant single-factor structure with high factor loadings (ranging from 0.60 to 0.79). However, the CFA revealed excellent fit for both unifactorial (CFI and TLI = 1.00, RMSEA close to zero) and trifactorial models (CFI and TLI = 1.00, RMSEA = 0.037). The MisoQuest demonstrated high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.93). Additionally, 4.5% of participants were identified as positive for misophonia based on a predefined cutoff score of 61. Conclusions: The Brazilian version of the MisoQuest is a reliable and valid tool for assessing misophonia. These findings suggest that the instrument may capture multiple dimensions of the disorder. Given the observed prevalence of misophonia and its impact on students, early identification and tailored interventions are crucial for providing adequate support. Further research is needed to refine the tool and expand its clinical utility.

Factors affecting implementation of computer vision-based technologies adopted for monitoring buildings construction projects

Construction monitoring in dynamic construction site environments poses significant challenges for construction management. To overcome these challenges, the implementation of computer vision (CV) technologies for construction project monitoring has gained traction. This study focuses on investigating the factors influence the successful implementation of CV technologies in monitoring construction activities within building projects. A comprehensive methodology was employed, including a systematic review of CV technologies implemented in construction and qualitative surveys conducted with construction experts. Additionally, a quantitative questionnaire was developed, and the collected data was analysed using structural equation modelling. The findings reveal the presence of 10 factors categorized into four constructs. Notably, all 10 factors demonstrate high value factor loadings and statistical significance, and among the four constructs (device, jobsite, environment, human), device (0.82) has the highest impact on the implementation of CV-based technologies on the construction site, followed by jobsite condition (0.62), human (0.61), and environment (0.51) came in the last place. By addressing these influential factors and mitigating their effects, construction stakeholders can enhance the implementation of CV technologies for monitoring construction sites. This study contributes valuable insights that inform the implementation and optimization of CV technologies in construction projects, ultimately advancing the field of construction management.

Validation of the dispositional adult hyperfocus questionnaire (AHQ-D)

Hyperfocus (HF), or intense, deep concentration on a task, has gained significant research attention in recent years, particularly in regard to clinical populations such as Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The present work aims to provide validation of the 12-item dispositional adult hyperfocus questionnaire (AHQ-D) as a quantitative metric of HF in adults. We preregistered the study design and hypotheses. We administered the AHQ-D and several additional questionnaires to 347 adults (mean ± SD age: 33 ± 11 years; 47% female). Exploratory factor analysis revealed high factor loadings (0.57–0.81) on a single HF factor; item response theory analysis suggested that the questionnaire items had high discrimination and covered a wide range of responses; and we report strong internal consistency metrics (Cronbach’s alpha 0.93, mean split-half reliability 0.93). Replicating our previous work, HF was positively correlated with Conners’ Adult ADHD Rating Scale (CAARS) scores (r(345) = 0.53), suggesting that HF may be related to ADHD traits (though in this sample we did not specifically recruit individuals with ADHD). The AHQ-D demonstrated the hypothesized convergent validity; HF on the AHQ-D was positively correlated with HF measured using a different HF scale (r(344) = 0.69), as well as flow (r(345) = 0.12) and mind wandering (r(345) = 0.39) scores. AHQ-D HF scores showed a weak negative correlation with grit (r(345) = − 0.29). Though there was a weak negative correlation between HF and social desirability response tendency (r(345) = − 0.24), suggesting that those who care more about what others think may report less HF, there was no relationship between HF and extrasensory perception beliefs (r(345) = 0.01), suggesting that participants were not simply biased in their response tendencies. Taken together, we demonstrate strong scale metrics for the AHQ-D, the expected convergent validity, and a general lack of response bias, in addition to replicating our previous association of HF with ADHD traits. We suggest that the AHQ-D can be confidently used in future work as a valid way to measure HF in adults.

Psychometric testing of the cross-culturally adapted Thai version of the Self-Care Self-Efficacy Scale version 3.0 in individuals with chronic illnesses

ObjectiveTo assess the psychometric properties of the Thai version of the Self-Care Self-Efficacy Scale version 3.0 (SCSES-v3.0) in individuals with chronic illnesses. Although originally developed and tested in a Western context, its applicability in Asian populations, including Thailand, remains inadequately explored. MethodsPsychometric tests were guided by COSMIN principles. This included the translation of the English version into Thai based on the ISPOR framework. Nine nursing experts evaluated the content validity. Data were obtained from a multicenter cross-sectional study conducted between July and November 2022. This study included individuals with chronic conditions from 16 primary care centers in Thailand. We tested the structural validity using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and concurrent validity in relation to the Self-Care of Chronic Illness Inventory version 4.c (SC-CII-v4.c). We tested the scale’s reliability with McDonald’s ω, Cronbach’s α, and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). ResultsThe Thai SCSES-v3.0 demonstrated excellent content validity (k = 1.00). The final analysis included a total of 385 participants. The EFA with the first split-half subsample (n = 193) extracted a two-factor structure. One reflected SCSES for maintenance and monitoring behaviors and another captured SCSES for management behaviors (item 6–10). CFA with the second split-half subsample (n = 192) and the overall sample (n = 385) supported the scale’s two-factor model with high factor loadings. Each dimension and the overall SCSES-v3.0 positively correlated with each scale and the overall SC-CII-v4.c. McDonald’s ω and Cronbach’s α (both ranged 0.91–0.94) and ICC (ranged 0.95–0.96), indicated excellent internal reliability and test-retest reliability, respectively. ConclusionsThe identification of a valid and reliable two-factor model for the Thai SCSES-v3.0 renders it a valuable tool for clinicians and investigators, facilitating the assessment of self-efficacy in self-care across diverse contexts.

An investigation into the effect of Coronavirus‐2019 (SARS‐CoV‐2) on active transportation as an opportunity to develop a sustainable tourist destination in the postpandemic era with an emphasis on the local community (Case study: Dorood City, Lorestan Province, Iran)

The aim of this study is structural modeling of the impact of the coronavirus pandemic on active post‐pandemic transport in Dorood City, Iran, emphasising both tourism and development of a long‐term tourist market through the promotion of low‐carbon travel markets.The research tool was a researcher‐made questionnaire randomly distributed among citizens of Dorood City. The impact of various factors, including economic, social, medical, and accessibility, on active transportation during the pandemic and its impact on transportation in the post‐COVID‐19 era has been investigated.The social factor has the highest factor load with a weight of 0.94. In contrast, with the lowest factor load i.e., 0.60, the economic factor proved to have the least impact on the choice of active transportation. It was found that the variable of active transport use in the post‐pandemic era with a factor load of 0.66 is the most influential factor, while the social consequences of the pandemic in the post‐pandemic era with a factor load of 0.49 turned out to be the most significant. The least effective ariable was found to occur in the post‐pandemic era.Active transport links during the pandemic in Dorood City with a regression coefficient of 0.77 had a statistically significant impact on the use of this type of transport in the post‐pandemic period. This data can be incorporated in the transport development plan with an emphasis on active transfer as an effective option for the development of sustainable tourism.

Assessment of groundwater fluoride and human health effects in a hard rock province of south India: Implications from Pollution Index Model (PIM) and GeographicalInformationSystem (GIS) techniques.

This research examines whetherthe groundwater in the Sivakasi Region of South India is suitable for consumption, and assesses the possible health hazards for various age demographics including infants, children, teenagers, and adults. A totalof 77 groundwater samples were gathered, covering a total area of 580km2 and analyzed for major and minor ions. The hydrogen ion concentration (pH) of the samples indicates neutral to marginally alkaline. The total dissolved solids (TDS) fluctuate from 255 to 2701mg/l and electrical conductivity varies from 364 to 3540µS/cm. A wide range of fluoride concentration was detected (0.1 to 3.2mg/l) with nearly 38% groundwater samples surpassing the proposed limit (1.5 mg/l) suggestedby the World Health Organization in 2017. Gibbs plot analysis suggested that most of thesamples were influenced by geogenic factors, primarily rock weathering in this region. Correlation analysis showed that most of the samples were impacted by both natural and human sources. The pollution index of groundwater (PIG) fluctuated from 0.67 to 2.60 with approximately 30% and 53% of samples falling into insignificant and low pollution categories, respectively. Furthermore, 10% and 5% of total samples were characterized as moderate and high pollution levels, and 2% asvery high pollution category. Spatial analysis using GIS revealed that 440.63km2 were within safe fluoride levels according to theWHO standards, while 139.32km2 were identified as risk zone. The principal component analysis (PCA1) showedstrong positive loadings on EC (0.994), TDS (0.905), Mg2+ (0.910), Cl- (0.903) and HCO3- (0.923) indicating rock water interaction. PCA2 accounts the high positive factor loading on HCO3- (0.864) indicating ion exchange and mineral leaching. The PCA1 and PCA2 indicated that variables such as mineral leaching and rock water interaction are themajor mechanisms contributing to the chemical signatures in groundwater, which may support for theelevated fluoride levels in certain areas. Risk assessments, including Hazard Quotient results showed that 71%, 61% 38%, and 34% of groundwater samples exceededthe permissible THI limit (THI > 1) for infants, children, teenagers, and adults, respectively. The study recommends implementing measures such as denitrification, defluorination, rainwater harvesting, and improved sanitation infrastructure to enhance the health conditions in the study region. Additionally, it suggests introducing educational programs in rural areas to create awarenessabout the health dangers due to consumptionof water with high fluoride levels.

A highly effective and simplified DPWM algorithm for NPC inverters for high power factor load applications

A highly effective and simplified DPWM algorithm for NPC inverters for high power factor load applications

Metalinguistic Effects on English Spelling: A Structural Equation Model for Early Literacy Instruction

English word spelling attempts originate from spellers’ linguistic and metalinguistic processing. Our study examines the concerted impact of English metalinguistic skills- morphological, phonological, and orthographic processing- on English-as-a-foreign language spelling of a group of young English learners. Structural equation modeling confirmed a three-factor confirmatory factor model, validating phonological awareness on spelling with highest factor loading with degrees of morphology and orthography contribution to spelling. The qualitative spelling analyses also validated phonologically-oriented spelling errors as the most pervasive followed by unique contribution of orthography and morphology. Results, converging with existing literature, emphasize the metalinguistic skills impacts on early EFL literacy development.

The Childbearing sense of coherence scale (CSOC-scale): development and validation

Backgroundthe salutogenic theory is essential to explain an individual’s ability to maintain health during the perinatal period. While previous studies mainly focused on the perspectives from a family-level orientation and a global orientation, the purpose of the present study was to develop and validate a scale, the childbearing sense of coherence scale (CSOC-scale) from the individual’s perceptions of the stresses, resources, and meaningfulness of childbearing.MethodsA total of 3 separate studies contributed to the development of the CSOC-scale between July 2022 and February 2023. In study 1, the initial item pool based on the conceptual framework of the childbearing sense of coherence and the salutogenic theory was developed. Delphi expert consultation was conducted to revise and improve items. Studies 2 and 3 were cross-sectional studies. In study 2, item analysis and explore factor analysis (EFA) (N = 351 for women, N = 256 for men) were used to screen items. In study 3, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and reliability analysis (N = 366 for women, N = 308 for men) were used to test the fit indices and reliability of the final scale.Resultsfinal analysis suggested the CSOC-scale includes three factors, consisting of 13 items. Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated good model fit (χ2 = 157.448, df = 62, χ2/ df = 2.539, RMSEA = 0.065, CFI = 0.974, TLI = 0.968, SRMR = 0.029 for women; χ2 = 181.363, df = 62, χ2/ df = 2.925, RMSEA = 0.079, CFI = 0.968, TLI = 0.960, SRMR = 0.033 for men) and high factor loadings (from 0.751 to 0.929 for women; from 0.746 to 0.947 for men). Internal consistency (Cronbach’s α ranging from 0.895 to 0.933 for women and 0.881 to 0.945 for men in three dimensions; Cronbach’s α was 0.919 for women and 0.821 for men in the entire instrument) and split-half reliability (Spearman-Brown coefficients ranging from 0.876 to 0.921 for women and 0.841 to 0.937 for men in three dimensions; Spearman-Brown coefficient was 0.744 for women and 0.785 for men in the entire instrument) were excellent.Conclusionsthe CSOC-scale has robust psychometric properties. It is reliable and valid in evaluating the childbearing sense of coherence in women and men during pregnancy. Utilisation of this scale can help healthcare professionals understand the health maintenance competencies of couples during the transition of parenthood and provide health promotion services from a salutogenic perspective.

Psychometric validation of a patient-reported experience measure for older adults attending the emergency department: the PREM-ED 65 study

IntroductionOptimising emergency department (ED) patient experience is vital to ensure care quality. However, there are few validated instruments to measure the experiences of specific patient groups, including older adults. We...

Development and validation of a scale to measure hypertensive Chinese individual’s behavior toward salt reduction consumption

ObjectiveThis study aimed to develop and validate the Salt Reduction Behavior Scale (SRBS) to measure the behavior of hypertensive Chinese individuals in adhering to salt reduction practices.MethodsThe SRBS was constructed based on the Health Belief Model, consisting of five constructs: knowledge, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, and cues to action. Data were collected from 2,082 hypertensive patients in Beijing, China, who completed a questionnaire administered through an online platform. Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) test was used to assess the adequacy of the sample and the Bartlett’s test of sphericity to examine the factorability of the dataset. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was used to assess the structural validity and reliability of the SRBS.ResultsThe KMO analysis yielded a notably elevated value of 0.95, indicating that the data was highly suitable for Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). Bartlett’s test of sphericity yielded a statistically significant test statistic (P < 0.001). The 32-item SRB questionnaire demonstrated strong internal consistency with a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.923. A second-order Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) revealed that, after removing the unrelated construct of barriers, SRB could be represented by four sub-constructs: knowledge, severity, benefits, and action. The final version of the SRBS consists of 21 items. These items displayed high factor loadings, indicating a strong relationship between the items and their respective sub-constructs. The discriminant validity analysis revealed that the SRBS sub-constructs were distinct from each other. The SRBS scores were positively correlated with self-reported salt reduction practices. This demonstrates that individuals with higher SRBS scores were more likely to engage in actual salt reduction behaviors, indicating concurrent validity.ConclusionThe results illustrate that the Salt Reduction Behavior Scale is a robust and comprehensive instrument for assessing salt reduction behavior among hypertensive Chinese individuals. The scale’s specific sub-constructs provide a detailed understanding of their knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to salt consumption. Healthcare professionals and policymakers can utilize this tool to tailor interventions and educational programs to encourage healthier dietary habits, thereby reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases in China.

Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis of digital entrepreneur skills

Research in the field of entrepreneurship has become an intriguing area for further investigation. In an era where digital advancements are ubiquitous, previous researchers have identified a gap: the lack of a specific instrument to identify digital entrepreneur skills. Therefore, this study aims to determine the constructs of students’ digital entrepreneur skills. The analysis techniques include confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), exploratory factor analysis (EFA), Pearson correlation, Kendall’s, Spearman’s, and Cronbach’s alpha. The study was conducted over five phases with 235 participants from university students in Indonesia who run or own a business. The results revealed strong instrument validity with robustness ranging from significant Pearson, Kendall’s, and Spearman’s analyses (&amp;amp;lt;0.05) and Cronbach’s alpha (&amp;amp;gt;0.60). The exploratory factor analysis indicated a Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin value of 0.954 (&amp;amp;gt;0.05) and Bartlett’s test (0.000 &amp;amp;lt; 0.05), with all items having values of anti-image (&amp;amp;gt;0.50), communalities (&amp;amp;gt; 0.50), and factor loadings (&amp;amp;gt; 0.40), uncovering three components. Lastly, the CFA demonstrated an overall good fit model, with high first-order factor loadings (&amp;amp;gt;0.60) and a second-order construct digital entrepreneur skills comprising three components: interpersonal digital skills with a factor loading of 0.890, idea and technology management skills (0.920), and adaptation and innovation skills (1.020). The study highlights the critical need for students to develop digital entrepreneurial skills encompassing interpersonal digital skills, ideation, and technology management, as well as adaptation and innovation abilities to thrive in the digital economy and enhance their personal and professional growth. AcknowledgmentI want to thank all those who have helped make this research a success, especially for Sebelas Maret University as a place of affiliation and all respondents willing to participate in my study.

Investigation of odor pollution by utilizing selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) and principal component analysis (PCA).

Odor pollution, also referred to as odor nuisance, is a growing environmental concern that is significantly associated with mental health. Once emitted into the air, the concentration of odorous substances varies considerably with wind conditions, leading to difficulties in timely sampling. In the present study, we employed selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) to measure 22 odor-producing molecules continuously in an urban-rural complex city. In addition, we applied statistical analyses, principal component analysis (PCA), and a conditional probability function (CPF) to the datasets obtained from SIFT-MS to identify the odor characteristics at two study sites. At site A, odorants related to livestock farming and industry showed high factor loadings on principal components (PCs) from the PCA. In contrast, we estimated that the odorous gaseous chemicals affecting site B were closely related to sewage treatment and municipal solid waste disposal. Similar CPF patterns of grouped substances from the PCA supported the association between potential odor sources and specific odorants at site B, which helped estimate possible source locations. Consequently, our findings indicate that continuous monitoring of odorous substances using SIFT-MS can be an effective way to provide sufficient information on odor-producing molecules, leading to the clear identification of odor characteristics despite the high variability of odorous substances.

Development and testing of a four-item version of the physical resilience instrument for older adults (PRIFOR-4)

The 16-item Physical Resilience Instrument for Older Adults (PRIFOR) has good clinimetric properties; however, a shortened PRIFOR would greatly enhance physical resilience measurements in clinical settings. The current analysis aimed to reduce the number of PRIFOR while maintaining its clinimetric properties, emphasizing on its factor structure and convergent validity. A longitudinal study was conducted among 863 patients aged 65 years or older. Four PRIFOR items with high factor loadings were selected to generate the short version of PRIFOR (PRIFOR-4). The PRIFOR-4 was found to have a unidimensional structure (comparative fit index = 0.999; Tucker-Lewis index = 0.998 in the confirmatory factor analysis results) with good convergent validity with various external measures (absolute r = 0.109–0.597; p-values<0.01). Because the PRIFOR-4 contains only four items, the completion time for the respondents reduced three fourths from the original PRIFOR, which may have a marked reduction in the response burden. The PRIFOR-4 is thus an easy-to-use measurement that saves time for healthcare professionals in clinical practice.

Development of a scale for the impact of emotion management on young athletes’ training efficiency

In this study, we developed a scale to evaluate emotion management and its benefits for young athletes in China, and to analyze the impact of emotion management on their training efficiency. Following an extensive literature review, we used AMOS structural equation model software to develop a scale for evaluating the effects and benefits of emotion management on young athletes' training efficiency. Results showed that young athletes' emotion management training and its benefits can be divided into five dimensions: benefit evaluation, emotional cognition, emotion influence, emotion control, and emotion regulation. The internal consistency reliability of the formal scale was 0.895, and the internal consistency reliability of each subscale was between 0.734 and 0.901. The split-half reliability was 0.769, and the split-half reliability of each subscale was between 0.623 and 0.864. The KMO value was 0.904, P = 0.00 (p < 0.05), and the cumulative interpretation rate was 61.782 % of the total variance. The lowest factor load of a scale item was 0.436, and the highest factor load was 0.846. The common degree of all items was between 0.402 and 0.762, indicating that the scale has good validity. A SEM model verified that the scale has good construct validity. Significant correlational differences were observed among the levels. The results of the SEM structural equation model analysis showed that the model's NC = 2.660 (1 < NC < 3 indicates that the model has a simple fit), PGFI = 0.722, PNFI = 0.699, IFI = 0.851, PRA = 0.927, RMR = 0.006, and RMSEA = 0.07, thus, these indexes reached the standard of excellent model fitting. The strongest correlation was found between emotional cognition and benefit evaluation (R = 0.690), and the weakest correlation was found between emotion influence and benefit evaluation (R = 0.079). These findings provide a basis for measuring the effect of emotion management on training efficiency in the training process of young athletes and offer a theoretical reference for their emotional development while in training.