Higher Error Scores Research Articles

Artificial Neural Network Models for Determining the Load-Bearing Capacity of Eccentrically Compressed Short Concrete-Filled Steel Tubular Columns

Artificial neural networks (ANN) have a great promise in predicting the load-bearing capacity of building structures. The purpose of this work was to develop ANN models to determine the ultimate load of eccentrically compressed concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) columns of circular cross-sections, which operated on the widest possible range of input parameters. Short columns were considered for which the amount of deflection does not affect the bending moment. A feedforward network was selected as the neural network type. The input parameters of the neural networks were the outer diameter of the columns, the thickness of the pipe wall, the yield strength of steel, the compressive strength of concrete and the relative eccentricity. Artificial neural networks were trained on synthetic data generated based on a theoretical model of the limit equilibrium of CFST columns. Two ANN models were created. When training the first model, the ultimate loads were determined at a given eccentricity of the axial force without taking into account additional random eccentricity. When training the second model, additional random eccentricity was taken into account. The total volume of the training dataset was 179,025 samples. Such a large training dataset size has never been used before. The training dataset covers a wide range of changes in the characteristics of the pipe metal and concrete of the core, pipe diameters and wall thicknesses, as well as eccentricities of the axial force. The trained models are characterized by high mean square error (MSE) scores. The correlation coefficients between the predicted and target values are very close to 1. The ANN models were tested on experimental data for 81 eccentrically compressed samples presented in five different works and 265 centrally compressed samples presented in twenty-six papers.

Effect of automaticity induced by treadmill walking on prefrontal cortex activation and dual-task performance in older adults.

As individuals age, they may experience a decline in gait automaticity, which requires increased attentional resources for the control of gait. This age-related decline in gait automaticity has been shown to contribute to higher prefrontal cortex (PFC) activation and lower dual-task performance during dual-task walking in older adults. This study is to investigate the effect of treadmill walking on PFC activation and dual-task performance in older adults. A total of 20 older adults (mean age, 64.35 ± 2.74 years) and 20 younger adults (mean age, 30.00 ± 3.15 years) performed single- and dual-task walking in overground and treadmill conditions. A wearable functional near-infrared spectroscopy and gait analyzer were used to analyze PFC activation and dual-task performance, respectively. To determine the dual-task (gait and cognitive) performance, the dual-task cost (DTC) was calculated using the following formula: (single-task - dual-task)/single-task × 100. In both groups, dual-task treadmill walking led to reduced PFC activation and reduced DTC compared to dual-task overground walking. Furthermore, despite a higher DTC in gait variability, correct response, total response, response index and a higher error score in older adults than in younger adults during overground walking, there was no difference in treadmill walking. The difference in PFC activation between single- and dual-tasks was also observed only in overground walking. Performing dual-task walking on a treadmill compared to overground walking results in different levels of dual-task performance and PFC activity. Specifically, older adults are able to maintain similar levels of dual-task performance as younger adults while walking on a treadmill, with reduced PFC activation due to the automaticity induced by the treadmill. Therefore, older adults who exhibit low dual-task performance during overground walking may be able to improve their performance while walking on a treadmill with fewer attentional resources.

Neurocognitive Functions in Opioid Dependence: Comparisons Between Opioid Categories

We examined the differences in neurocognitive functions in individuals dependent on heroin ( n = 120), pharmaceutical ( n = 52), and natural opioids ( n = 66) and compared with healthy controls (HC, n = 94). We estimated independent effects of the opioid groups on cognitive tests, adjusted for effect modifiers. Pharmaceutical opioid dependent group performed worse than HC in Wisconsin Card Sorting Test in conceptual level response and trials to complete first category. Pharmaceutical and heroin groups had higher error scores than HC in verbal and visual N-Back Tests (NBTs). There was no significant difference between pharmaceutical and heroin groups, but both had higher error scores than the natural opioid users in NBTs. Time to complete Trail Making- A test was higher in pharmaceutical than in natural opioid group. The natural opioid group required more trials than HC to complete the first category. Pharmaceutical opioid group had worst cognitive impairment. Cognitive functions are relatively spared in natural opioid-dependent group.

Baseline Predictors of Longitudinal Cognitive Outcomes in Persons with Mild Cognitive Impairment

Introduction: The study aimed to explore longitudinal cognitive outcomes and to ascertain predictors of conversion to dementia in a hospital-based mild cognitive impairment (MCI) cohort classified according to the neuropsychological phenotype at baseline. Materials and Methods: Subjects aged >55 years who had a clinical diagnosis of MCI at initial visit between 2010 and 2018, with at least one formal neuropsychological assessment at baseline and follow-up of a minimum of 2 years were included. The prospective study was completed based on evaluation at last follow-up to gauge conversion to dementia, quantification of performance on activities of daily living and when available, longitudinal neuropsychological test scores. Results: Ninety-five patients with MCI met the inclusion criteria with a mean age of 68.4 ± 6.4 years at baseline and a mean duration of follow-up for 6.4 ± 3.2 years. The cumulative conversion rate to dementia was 22.2% (21/95) and the annualized conversion rate was 3.3% per year of follow-up. The majority of subjects who had converted had multidomain MCI (66%). Only white matter changes on MRI brain revealed correlation with baseline neuropsychology tests. The multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed the utility of lower baseline list recognition (adjusted odds ratio: 0.735 [95% confidence interval: 0.589–0.916]; p 0.006), lower immediate logical memory (0.885 [0.790–0.990]; p 0.03), and high perseverative error scores on set shifting (3.116 [1.425–6.817]; p 0.004) as predictors of conversion. A model score of +2.615 could predict conversion with sensitivity of 72% and specificity of 98% over 6.4 years follow-up. Conclusion: There was a higher risk of conversion associated with multidomain MCI. Logistic regression-based estimations of dementia risk utilizing domain-based neuropsychology test scores in MCI have high specificity for diagnosis at baseline.

Neurocognitive Functions in Patients with Comorbid Hepatitis C and Opioid Dependence: A Comparative Study.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is commonly comorbid with opioid dependence (OD). We wanted to compare the neurocognitive functions of OD subjects with or without HCV [HCV (+), HCV (-)] and healthy controls (HC). We recruited 40 adult subjects (age 18-55 years) in each group. HCV(+) group had a detectable viral load. Subjects with HIV or hepatitis B infection, head injury, epilepsy, or comorbid mental illness were excluded. We administered Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM), Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), trail-making tests A and B, and verbal and visual N-back tests (NBT) one week after opioid abstinence. The group differences in cognitive performance were adjusted for age and years of education. Effect size (ES) is expressed as Cohen's D. The HCV(+) and HCV(-) groups did not differ in potential effect modifiers (age and years of education) or confounders (age of opioid initiation, duration of use, dependence severity, tobacco use, and cannabis use) of neuropsychological functioning. HCV(+) showed significantly poorer performance than HCV(-) in SPM (P = 0.006; ES = 0.72). Both HCV(+) and HCV(-) performed worse than controls in IGT(P < 0.001; ES = 0.8) and visual NBT[P < 0.01 and ES > 1 for total errors]; HCV(+) had a larger ES of group difference than HCV(-). HCV(+) had higher error scores in verbal NBT than control. HCV(+) has poorer general intellectual ability and reasoning than HCV(-) persons and controls. Chronic HCV infection causes a higher magnitude of dysfunction in decision-making and visual working memory in opioid-dependent individuals.

Multi-objective design optimization for graphite-based nanomaterials reinforced cementitious composites: A data-driven method with machine learning and NSGA-Ⅱ

Graphite-based nanomaterials (GNs) are promising conductive fillers for producing highly effective electrically conductive cementitious composites (ECCC) and promoting non-destructive structural health monitoring (SHM) methods. Since acceptable mechanical strength and electrical resistivity are both required, the design of GN-reinforced cementitious composites (GNRCC) is a complicated multi-objective optimization problem (MOOP). The present study proposes a comprehensive data-driven method to address this multi-objective design optimization (MODO) issue for GNRCC using machine learning (ML) techniques and non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-Ⅱ). First, prediction models of uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) and electrical resistivity (ER) of GNRCC are established by Bayesian-tuned XGBoost with prepared experimental datasets. The results show that they have excellent performance in predicting both properties with high R2 (0.95 and 0.92, 0.99 and 0.98) and low mean absolute error (MAE) scores (1.24 and 3.44, 0.15 and 0.22). The influence of critical features on GNRCC’s properties are quantified by ML theories. This helps determine the variables to be optimized and define their constraints for the MODO. Finally, the MODO program is developed on the basis of NSGA-Ⅱ. It optimizes GNRCC’s properties of UCS and ER simultaneously with the proposed prediction models as objective functions. It successfully achieves a set of Pareto solutions, which can facilitate appropriate parameters selections for the GNRCC design.

Air Pollution Exposure is Associated with Cognitive Performance: Results from the Einstein Aging Study

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Prior research has established that those exposed to higher levels of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) air pollution have higher levels of accumulated amyloid-beta (Aβ) and tau in frontal cortex at autopsy, higher error rates on cognitive function assessments, and lower scores on memory and both verbal and non-verbal intelligence assessments. METHODS: We explored the relationship between regional PM2.5 measures (from EPA) and baseline cognitive performance of 312 older adults, from the Einstein Aging Study (EAS, NIA P01AG003949) across ambulatory cognitive assessments (completed on study-provided smartphones) and standard in-clinic neuropsychological assessments. Each year, participants completed standard neuropsychological assessments and ambulatory cognitive assessments for 14 days. For each participant, we computed average PM2.5 exposure at various windows (1-15, 30-60, 60-90, 90-120 days prior to baseline). RESULTS:Controlling for age, education, and gender across all models, mean of daily PM exposure was significantly related to performance on ambulatory cognitive assessments of: processing speed (i.e., significantly slower with increased exposure, across all windows), working memory (i.e., higher error score; across all windows), and memory binding (i.e., higher error score; 60-90 and 90-120 day windows). To compare these results, we ran parallel models with (clinic-based) neuropsychological assessments. Mean of PM2.5 at exposure windows tested above, was related to the MoCA and Trails A & B, in expected directions (i.e., higher pollution, worse cognitive performance - more error, slower speed). Models with memory performance as the outcome indicated that distant time horizons (60-90, 90-120 days) were related. These findings taken together suggest that PM exposure affects different cognitive domains at different timescales (i.e., short-term exposure linked with processing speed; long-term exposure with memory). CONCLUSIONS:An important limitation, this methodology cannot address contributions from indoor air quality and mobility - an exposure misclassification likely resulting in significant biases towards the null in the estimation of the effects of air pollution. KEYWORDS: particulate matter, cognition, Alzheimer's Disease and Alzheimer's Disease Related Dementias (AD/ADRD)

Motion tracking in young male football players: a preliminary study of within-session movement reliability

ABSTRACT Purpose We assessed the reliability of fundamental movement skills in young male footballers within one session. Methods: 197 players from 5 English category 3 football academies across U9 – U18 age groups volunteered (mean: age = 12.6 ± 2.8 years; stature = 156 ± 17 cm; weight = 47 ± 15 kg; years from peak height velocity (PHV) = – 1.1 ± 2.3). Motion tracking of squat depth and anterior Y-balance test maximum reach was recorded. Reliability was assessed (trial 1 vs. 2; trial 2 vs. 3) via mean change, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and typical error. Results: The overall mean change was trivial (−1.8–2.9%), while Y-balance left showed a small negative change (trial 2 vs. 3; −3.2%). All ICCs across the tests ranged from moderate to high (0.71–0.79). Typical errors for Y-balance tests ranged from 8.3–10.8% and squats from 19.3–21.8%. Pre-PHV vs. post-PHV players had similar typical errors for Y-balance left and right (9.0 vs. 11.5%; 9.0 vs. 7.1%, respectively), and the squat (21.1 vs. 20%). Conclusions: The high within-player typical error scores obtained over three trials suggest that, contrary to some movement screening guidelines, prior habituation is needed to increase both the stability and reliability of these tests.

Cognitive inhibition impairments in presymptomatic C9orf72 carriers

ObjectiveTo investigate cognitive inhibition in presymptomatic C9orf72 mutation carriers (C9+) and its associated neuroanatomical correlates.MethodsThirty-eight presymptomatic C9orf72 mutation carriers (C9+, mean age 38.2±8.0 years) and 22 C9− controls from the...

Melatonin modulates daytime-dependent synaptic plasticity and learning efficiency.

Mechanisms of hippocampus-related memory formation are time-of-day-dependent. While the circadian system and clock genes are related to timing of hippocampal mnemonic processes (acquisition, consolidation, and retrieval of long-term memory [LTM]) and long-term potentiation (LTP), little is known about temporal gating mechanisms. Here, the role of the neurohormone melatonin as a circadian time cue for hippocampal signaling and memory formation was investigated in C3H/He wildtype (WT) and melatonin receptor-knockout ( ) mice. Immunohistochemical and immunoblot analyses revealed the presence of melatonin receptors on mouse hippocampal neurons. Temporal patterns of time-of-day-dependent clock gene protein levels were profoundly altered in mice compared to WT animals. On the behavioral level, WT mice displayed better spatial learning efficiency during daytime as compared to nighttime. In contrast, high error scores were observed in mice during both, daytime and nighttime acquisition. Day-night difference in LTP, as observed in WT mice, was absent in mice and in WT animals, in which the sympathetic innervation of the pineal gland was surgically removed to erase rhythmic melatonin synthesis. In addition, treatment of melatonin-deficient C57BL/6 mice with melatonin at nighttime significantly improved their working memory performance at daytime. These results illustrate that melatonin shapes time-of-day-dependent learning efficiency in parallel to consolidating expression patterns of clock genes in the mouse hippocampus. Our data suggest that melatonin imprints a time cue on mouse hippocampal signaling and gene expression to foster better learning during daytime.

The relationship between error production when performing motor skills in high and low-stakes situations

ABSTRACTConflicting viewpoints regarding the role of errors produced during practice of motor skills raise questions regarding errors in low-stakes simulation of high-stakes performance contexts. Current knowledge regarding the relationship between errors in practice and later sport performance is based on novice performers and relatively simple, drill-like sport skills. The purpose of this study was to describe the relationship between errors produced during volleyball scrimmage in practice (low-stakes simulation) and in gameplay (high-stakes performance). These contexts represent ecologically valid, complex sport situations. Results indicated that players with high error scores during scrimmage were more likely to produce high error scores in gameplay, even when player skill, position and sex were accounted for.

Abstract PD8-01: Race and age differences in PAM50 biomarker status in the Carolina breast cancer study

Abstract Background: African American breast cancer patients have lower relative frequency of hormone receptor (HR)-positive/HER2-negative disease and higher subtype-specific mortality. However, few population-based studies have RNA-based subtyping data, and racial differences in the biology of HR-positive/HER2-negative tumors are not well understood. Methods: Using data and biospecimens from the Carolina Breast Cancer Study (CBCS) Phase 3 (2008-2013), we classified approximately 1,000 invasive breast cancers according to PAM50 subtype and two risk of recurrence scores (ROR-P and ROR-PT). Relative frequency of Luminal A, Luminal B, Her2-enriched, and Basal-like subtypes and ROR scores (low/medium/high) were compared by race (blacks vs. whites) and age (≤50 years vs. &amp;gt;50 years), overall and among HR-positive/HER2-negative cases. Results: Black women of all ages had significantly higher relative frequency of Basal-like breast cancer (36 and 31% in blacks vs. 18 and 15% in whites; younger and older, respectively) and lower frequency of Luminal A breast cancer (26 and 34% in blacks vs. 43 and 52% in whites; younger and older, respectively). Frequency of Luminal B and HER2-enriched breast cancer did not vary by race or age. Among clinically HR-positive, HER2-negative cases, Luminal A subtype comprised only half of the cases among black women, and was significantly less common than among white women (51% vs 60% in whites, p&amp;lt;0.05). Black women with HR-positive/HER2-negative disease also had significantly higher ROR scores (ROR-P medium or high 82% vs. 66% in whites, p=0.01; ROR-PT medium or high 85% vs. 69% in whites, p&amp;lt;0.01). Conclusions: Multi-gene assays highlight disparities in frequency of aggressive, poorer prognosis tumor subtypes and implicate differences in tumor biology as an important contributor to mortality disparities among HR-positive/HER2-negative patients. Citation Format: Troester MA, Sun X, Allott EH, Kit C-K, Thorne L, Mathews M, Cohen SM, Geradts J, Kirk E, Li Y, Hu Z, Robinson W, Hoadley KA, Reeder-Hayes K, Earp S, Olshan AF, Carey LA, Perou CM. Race and age differences in PAM50 biomarker status in the Carolina breast cancer study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2016 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2016 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(4 Suppl):Abstract nr PD8-01.

Virtual reality training in coronary angiography and its transfer effect to real-life catheterisation lab

The aim of this study was to explore if proficiency-based training in a coronary angiography (CA) simulator can transfer acquired skills from virtual reality (VR) to the real world in order to improve early performance. Sixteen senior cardiology residents were randomised to proficiency-based VR training or control. Two consecutive CAs were performed on patients. Skills metrics and errors were compared between the groups. Thirty-two CAs were performed under the supervision of an experienced interventionalist. VR-trained residents practised for a mean of 10 hours in a CA simulator. In real life, the VR-trained group had shorter fluoroscopy and total procedure times than the controls (median 558 vs. 842 seconds, p=0.003 and 1,356 vs. 1,623 seconds, p=0.032, respectively). The controls had a higher error score (median 27 vs. 15, p=0.002) and a lower performance score (median 47 vs. 68, p=0.006) than the VR-trained residents. Simulator-based training in CA improved skills and decreased errors compared to mentor-based training only. CA training in VR resulted in a superior performance, measured by fluoroscopy and total procedure times, and superior error and performance scores, thereby confirming transfer validity. Our recommendation is to incorporate VR training in the curriculum for the general cardiologist to improve safe learning in CA.

Number line estimation strategies in children with mathematical learning difficulties measured by eye tracking.

IntroductionNumber line estimation is one of the skills related to mathematical performance. Previous research has shown that eye tracking can be used to identify differences in the estimation strategies children with dyscalculia and children with typical mathematical development use on number line estimation tasks. The current study extends these findings to a larger group of children with mathematical learning disabilities (MLD).MethodA group of 9–11-year-old children with MLD (N = 14) was compared to a control group of children without math difficulties (N = 14). Number line estimation was measured using a 0–100 and a 0–1000 number-to-position task. A Tobii T60 eye tracker was used to measure the children’s eye movements during task performance.ResultsThe behavioral data showed that the children with MLD had higher error scores on both number lines than the children in the control group. The eye tracking data showed that the groups also differed in their estimation strategies. The children with MLD showed less adaptation of their estimation strategies to the number to be estimated.ConclusionThis study shows that children with MLD attend to different features of the number line than children without math difficulties. Children with math difficulties are less capable of adapting their estimation strategies to the numbers to be estimated and of effectively using reference points on the number line.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00426-015-0736-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Energy Expenditure in Institutionalized Older Adults: Validation of SenseWear Mini.

Objective methods to quantify physical activity (PA) and predict energy expenditure (EE) are needed in the old and old-old. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the validity of EE estimates by the SenseWear Mini (SWMini) compared with indirect calorimetry during daily life activities in institutionalized older adults. Sixty nursing home residents (mean age = 85.5 ± 5.5 yr) wore the SWMini during rest (sitting quietly) and three activity tasks (walking, sitting/rising/walking, and moving objects). SWMini data were processed using software version 7.0. The criterion EE (kcal·min⁻¹) was estimated by a portable gas analyzer, Oxycon Mobile (OM). The analyses revealed high correlations (rsitting = 0.68, ractivity tasks = 0.88) between EE estimated by OM and SWMini. EE increased between sitting periods and activity tasks for EE estimated by OM (mean difference = 61.5% ± 8.9%), as well as for EE estimated by SWMini (mean difference = 58.2% ± 7.4%) (P < 0.001). However, SWMini significantly underestimated EE, with an overall absolute percent error of 14.1% ± 7.9%. The largest absolute percent differences were observed during sitting periods compared with activity tasks (P < 0.05). Older age significantly reduced accuracy, explaining 12% of the variance in total percent error (β = 0.42, t = 2.84, P < 0.05). The high percent error scores indicate that the SWMini is of limited value for quantifying EE in the old and old-old. The accuracy could be improved by developing accurate age- and activity-specific algorithms. On the other hand, the SWMini can be used as a suitable device for researchers interested in specific levels and patterns of PA and sedentary behavior.

Simulated Driving Assessment (SDA) for teen drivers: results from a validation study

BackgroundDriver error and inadequate skill are common critical reasons for novice teen driver crashes, yet few validated, standardised assessments of teen driving skills exist. The purpose of this study is...

Updates and Evidence Concerning Concussion in the Physically Active Population

Updates and Evidence Concerning Concussion in the Physically Active Population

Tourette's syndrome: performance on tests of behavioural inhibition, working memory and gambling

Tourette's syndrome (TS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with fronto-striatal dysfunction. There is debate as to the extent to which TS is associated with cognitive impairment. Some authors argue that any impairments seen are attributable to comorbid psychiatric symptomatology, whilst others have suggested that uncomplicated TS is associated with mild deficits limited primarily to inhibitory processes. The present study was designed to examine this issue using carefully screened participants with TS and experimental measures thought to involve different areas of the frontal lobes. Adolescents with TS who were screened for comorbid psychiatric disorder were compared with a healthy control group on a set of executive measures. Two tasks involving behavioural inhibition were used: a Sentence Completion task in which sentences had to be completed first with straightforward and then with nonsensical endings, and a Flanker task in which a central stimulus was surrounded by either compatible or incompatible flankers. Working memory was assessed using an N-back task, and reward learning was assessed using a Gambling task. Both accuracy and reaction times were measured for each task. The TS group differed significantly from the control group on both the Sentence Completion task and on the Flanker task. On the Sentence Completion task, they were slower to make both sensible and nonsensical completions, and they had higher error scores on the nonsensical completions. On the Flanker task, the TS participants were less accurate than the control group, since they were poorer on the incompatible but not the compatible trials. A similar interaction with trial type was found for speed, where the TS participants were slowed more by the incompatible versus compatible trials, although overall their performance tended to be faster than the controls. The TS group did not differ significantly from the control group on measures of working memory or reward learning. The findings provide further evidence that uncomplicated TS is not associated with widespread executive impairments. However, it was not clear that any differences between the groups could be attributed solely to selective inhibitory impairment.

Condom use errors and problems among college men.

An essential yet understudied aspect of condom use is whether they are used correctly. The goal of the study was to comprehensively evaluate condom use errors and problems reported by heterosexual college men (N = 158). A cross-sectional survey, involving a 3-month recall period, was conducted. Of the 158 participants, 60% did not discuss condom use with their partner before sex; 42% reported they wanted to use condoms but did not have any available; 43% put condoms on after starting sex; 15% removed condoms before ending sex; 40% did not leave space at the tip; 30% placed the condom upside down on the penis and had to flip it over; and 32% reported losing erections in association with condom use. Nearly one-third reported breakage or slippage during sex. Few participants reported errors related to lubrication, storage, and reusing condoms. Higher error scores were associated with breakage/slippage rather than with consistency of condom use. Condom use errors were common, and error scores were associated with breakage and slippage. Increasing the focus on correcting potential user failures may be an important public health strategy.

Color-vision disturbances in patients with coronary artery disease

In view of the generally impaired vascular condition in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), we were interested in the condition of their color perception. Color vision was examined by the cap-sorting test, Roth 28-hue desaturated. Twenty-four patients (m:f = 23:1; mean age 58 ± 9 years) with an angiographically documented coronary artery disease and 30 generally healthy controls (m:f = 29:1; mean age 54 ± 7) were examined. Visual acuity, visual field, intraocular pressure, and the cup/disc ratio of the patients were within normal range. However, the results of the color vision testing revealed a significantly higher error score in the group of patients with CAD than in the control group (median ± mean absolute deviation: 222 ± 84; p < 0.001). In conclusion, although patients with coronary artery disease appeared ophthalmologically healthy under routine eye examination, their color vision was disturbed. This should be taken into account in color-vision testing to avoid diagnostic inferences between specifically ocular diseases (e.g., glaucoma) and atherosclerosis. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 26, S288–S291, 2001