Higher Education Legislation Research Articles

Empowering Wives: Advancing Education and Opportunities Post-Marriage in India

Empowering Wives: Advancing Education and Opportunities Post-Marriage in India

Higher education legislation and the privatization of education in Brazil

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a trajetória das legislações relativas ao ensino superior no Brasil e suas contribuições para o processo de privatização do ensino, além de descrever os principais grupos empresariais no ramo da educação superior no país. Para isso, realizou-se um estudo exploratório de análise documental das legislações e documentos disponíveis on-line , publicados entre 1961 e 2023. Desde a década de 1960, editou-se um conjunto de 29 atos normativos (leis, projetos de leis, decretos, portarias e medidas provisórias) referentes à educação. Ao longo dos anos, todos os governos brasileiros implementaram atos que favoreceram o processo de privatização e o surgimento de grandes conglomerados econômicos de ensino. A intensa privatização do ensino superior se relaciona intimamente com a trajetória dos instrumentos normativos editados por diferentes governos. As legislações moldaram o sistema educacional do país e permitiram a flexibilização dos processos de criação e expansão de instituições, cursos e vagas. Por conseguinte, surgiram grandes grupos empresariais no ramo da educação, detentores de crescentes capitais financeiros que atuam em todas as áreas de formação e, em alguns casos, até se especializando na educação em saúde.

Trends in Higher Education in EU Countries and non-EU Countries: Comparative Analysis

The article presents the comparative analysis findings related to the current trends in higher education in the ten European Higher Education Area countries. The focus of this study is to identify Ukraine’s transformations and developments in higher education through the lens of similarities and differences in the higher education in the ten countries. Although all these countries belong to the European higher education area (EHEA), the five countries including Austria (AT), the Czech Republic (CZ), Germany (DE), Slovakia (SK), Sweden (SE) are the European Union members while Armenia (AM), Azerbaijan (AZ), Georgia (GE), Moldova (MD), and Ukraine (UA) have a ‘non-EU country’ status. Being a member of the Bologna process since 2005, Ukraine was the only country with legislation in higher education that was not adjusted to current requirements and realities of the deep transformation process in Europe, until 2014. The findings provide insight for how the countries approach Bologna reforms, what aspects they prioritize, what challenges they are facing. Existing reports and studies tackling the issue of trends in higher education are consulted and thoroughly analyzed through the indicators including the number of the students in the ten European Higher Education Area countries, enrollment trends in tertiary education, tertiary education public expenditure in a year as a GDP proportion, academic staff, age groups and gender division, quality assurance, European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System, and student mobility.

ПРИОРИТЕТЫ ИНТЕРНАЦИОНАЛИЗАЦИИ ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ БЕЛАРУСЬ И ЭКСПОРТ БЕЛОРУССКОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ

The research is aimed at identifying the peculiarities of higher education internationalization in the Republic of Belarus. The research objectives included the analysis of legislative and institutional sides of higher education internationalization and the evaluation of geographical priorities of higher education services export by Belarus. The research into higher education internationalization was initiated by Western researchers, including J. Knight, H. de Wit, P.G. Altbach, B. Leask, S. Robson, and others. However, the research into Belarusian higher education internationalization has started very recently and mostly covers the results of European projects in higher education conducted in Belarus. Therefore, the peculiarities and prospects of Belarusian higher education internationalization have not yet been considered sufficiently. Having analyzed the legislation in higher education, the authors concluded that the export of higher education became the priority of internationalization. Most policy documents set the aim of increasing the number of international students by improving the positions of Belarusian universities in international rankings and networking with foreign universities. Therefore, it may be concluded that Belarusian authorities interpret higher education internationalization from a very utilitarian point of view. Thus, it is not mainly aimed at improving the quality of higher education. Having considered the international students statistics the authors identified three geographical directions of Belarusian higher education export, namely Turkmenistan (the country providing almost half of international students in Belarus), China (the country of origin for most students receiving education abroad in the world), and Uzbekistan (the country that has significantly increased the number of students coming to Belarus recently). The geographical structure of Belarusian higher education export turned out to be very unbalanced because of the dominance of Turkmen students. However, Belarusian export of higher education to this country is now endangered by Turkmen educational policy hindering the outflow of school-leavers. Since Belarusian higher education has a very low ranking at Chinese labor market, the export of Belarusian higher education to China may grow but for a little only. Taking into account that the educational cooperation with Uzbekistan has activated recently, the export of Belarusian higher education to Uzbekistan is likely to increase within the following several years. Thus, the authors forecast the changes in geographical priorities of Belarusian higher education export. However, the advantages that made international students choose Belarus, namely stability and security, are endangered by the current political situation in the country. Therefore, the future of Belarusian export of higher education depends significantly on achieving fast political settlement.

Implementation of extension in the technology and production area within professional discipline of engineering in the form of workshop

The implementation of the extension in the engineering course complies with the Brazilian government's directive for the implementation of extension in the Brazilian undergraduate courses. The objective of this article is to describe the implementation of extension activities in the area of technology and production in a module of professional discipline of an engineering course in a Brazilian federal university in the form of workshops in the field of technology and production. We did a participatory action research in which it was tried to meet the new requirements of Higher Education legislation in relation to the 10% extension that should be included in the higher courses. We did this research on a degree in engineering course. The results were auspicious, enabling compliance with the legal requirements and the satisfaction of the local academic community.

Universities need leadership, academics need management: discursive tensions and voids in the deregulation of Swedish higher education legislation

In this article, we discuss how ‘managerialist’ and ‘leaderist’ discourses (O’Reilly and Reed Public Administration 88:960–978, 2010; Organization Studies 32:1079–1101, 2011) are drawn upon in the context of the deregulation of Swedish higher education. As of 2011, there has been new legislation that frames Swedish universities as ‘autonomous’ and transfers most of the regulative responsibilities from the government level to university vice-chancellors. The aim of this article is to inquire into how tensions within and between managerialist and leaderist discourse are handled in the promotion of New Public Management reforms and the consequences thereof in terms of how leadership in the higher education sector is constructed. We analyse how these discourses are employed in the core documents leading up to the 2010 Riksdag decision to enact most of the proposed deregulations, and the subsequent evaluation undertaken by the social democratic government that took over in 2014. Based in this analysis, we suggest that the texts indeed draw upon notions of leadership and leaders as necessary for Swedish universities to survive and thrive in the future, but that the envisaged practise of this ‘strong leadership’ can either be characterised as a discursive void or described in terms of de-personalised, instrumental managerial surveillance and control.

An Analysis of Recent Changes in Higher Education and Research in Albania

Higher education is a public good as well as a public responsibility. It is realized from higher education institutions and is regulated by higher education legislation in the Republic of Albania. From January 2014 in Albania started a reform process in higher education and research. The way how this reform is realized is a particular way because the drafting of it is entrusted to an independent Commission. The Commission consists of academics and experts in higher education. The result of the reform consists in a draft law which abrogates the law no.9741, dated 21.5.2007 “On higher education in the Republic of Albania”. The draft law has already initiated its legislative process. This paper seeks to be one of the first works that examines some of the innovations in this draft law. The draft consists of thirteen chapters. In my opinion two are the most important innovations. The first innovation relates to the proposal of a new way of organizing and functioning of institutions of higher education which clearly separates academic and administrative leadership. The highest academic governing body is the Academic Senate and the highest academic authority remains the Rector of the Institution which is its legal representative for academic affairs. The highest administrative governing body is the Board of Administration, which guarantees the fulfilment of the mission of the institution and its financial and administrative conduct. The draft law creates a new figure who is the administrator of the Institution who is the highest administrative authority responsible for the financial functioning of the institution. The administrator is the legal representative of the institution for financial and administrative matters. This paper will analyze the relationship between academic and administrative structures. A hotly debated innovation of the reform is the creation of another type of institution which is the Independent public institution of higher education known as a public legal person. The special thing about this institution is that it is created as a result of the transformation of the existing institutions of higher education, on their demand, but only when they meet preset criteria set by law. Can be transformed into public legal persons not only public institutions, but also non-public higher education. The new institution is non-profit and regardless of the origin of the foundation, the institution applies the same rules of organization. To the new institution will apply the provisions for public institutions of higher education in all cases when is not otherwise provided. The methodology used will be analytical. DOI: 10.5901/ajis.2015.v4n2s2p46

Will New Higher Education Legislation Be Approved in France?

cally different for the new generation of Japanese academics who will be called upon to lead the Japanese system to world-class status? To what extent will the tenure (or nontenure) revolution be consummated, or successfully resisted by the faculties? And, even if successfully implemented, will a fixed contract system lead to any more mobility and productivity than a tenure system? This is a dubious outcome if we take the results of the Harvard Project on Faculty Appointments seriously (see, for example, Richard Chait’s book, The Questions of Tenure). More generally, will these American forms actually transform Japanese academic culture or merely superimpose themselves as an external shell on a functionally autonomous system? Can competition be infused into an inherently noncompetitive and bureaucratic culture? These are very uncertain times for Japanese academics. The older generation approaches the implementation of these reforms with considerable trepidation—probably the first such period in a half century. And the younger generation remains silent, working harder than ever and wondering about paradise lost.

Managers’ Perceptions of Regulatory Legislation of Private Higher Education in South Africa

Higher education in general is regulated through government regulations and policies. This paper reports on part of an investigation done for a master's dissertation. The broad research aim of the study was to provide research-based documented evidence of the impact of the higher education regulatory context on the management of a private higher education institution in South Africa. This paper is limited to the findings of the study, though it focused on how the management team of a private higher education institution perceived the impact of regulatory legislation on private higher education. To study the phenomenon, a qualitative research methodology was used and data were collected through interviews with management team members. Official documents on higher education legislation also served as data sources. A case study using an accredited and registered private higher education institution was undertaken.

Albanian “Bologna” How close/far is Albanian Higher Education to European standards?

Bologna process brought many important changes in the Albanian higher education system. The main objective of the Bologna system of higher education is to achieve European standards in access as well as the quality of the studies. Higher education system in Albania appears to be reformed on the basis of published and already accepted standards in member countries of the European Higher Education Area, making it comparable and compatible with other European systems of higher education. Significant results so far speak for its positive influence and it has open new perspectives towards a European quality education of the Albanian students. However, there are still challenges and difficulties.The purpose of this paper is to present a comprehensive analysis of the European higher education legislation; the study of some essential elements of this system as the financing system of universities, ECTS, and recognition/non-recognition of Albanian degrees in European countries, in order to define how close/far is Albanian Higher Education System to the European standards. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2013.v4n10p666

Evolutions of Relations Between Turkish Universities and the Government

This thesis points out that the relations’ evolutions between Turkish universities and the government has gone through four periods from the Ottoman Empire (1290-1922) to now, including the initiation period, the overall taking over period, and the overall control period from the government to the universities, as well as the development period of universities under centralization. This thesis discusses at length that universities were mainly controlled by three national regulations in the development period of universities under centralization, including the legislation, the management system and the expenditure; however, the universities’ own appeals for profound knowledge also bring the university system that conducts under centralization ceaseless impacts and adjustments, for example, the Turkish Higher Learning Commission and Higher Education Legislation are voices from Turkish universities for university’s autonomy under the background of centralization.

The benefits of a quality management system in a university merger – a case study of the merger of two Finnish universities

At the turn of the century the higher education legislation and structure was reorganized in Finland. The number of universities was reduced by merging seven existing universities into three new universities. One of these new universities is the University of Eastern Finland, which was formed from the Universities of Joensuu and Kuopio. The merger process started in 2007 and during this time the quality management techniques have been utilized in the development of the administration system for the new university, one aim being to meet the standards of FINHEEC auditing. This article describes utilizing the existing quality know-how and the FINHEEC quality criteria to build a quality management system and how to utilize the auditing and other assessing techniques in reorganizing the management system of a new university.

Neoliberalizing Higher Education in Greece: New Laws, Old Free-Market Tricks

Amid a financial crisis that has shifted politics in Greece to conservative market-driven ideologies and policies, specific major changes are proposed by the Greek Ministry of Education for primary, secondary and higher education. With the gradual disappearance of public space and of the welfare state, under the pressure and the auspices of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), education becomes one more space quickly geared up towards privatization, marketization of learning and educational goals while the character of free public education is radically redefined. This article addresses the changes in higher education legislation and policy in Greece and analyzes the discursive constructions that legitimize such a change.

CONTEMPORARY MILITARY CHALLENGES IN ENGLISH – A PROBLEM OR AN OPPORTUNITY

CONTEMPORARY MILITARY CHALLENGES IN ENGLISH – A PROBLEM OR AN OPPORTUNITY

The evolution of higher education rules: evidence for an ecology of law

Politicians have displayed a keen interest in the build-up of regulations and bureaucracies for quite some time now. A case in point is the Netherlands. The second Balkenende cabinet, though, vowed to downsize the number of rules as one of its main policy initiatives. Evaluating the success of such a policy requires the measurement of changes in rule volumes. Doing so is no easy task. Using higher education legislation as a case study, this article attempts to chart and explain developments in regulation volumes for the period 1986—2004. For the time being, there appears to be no evidence that rule levels are on the decline — in fact, the reverse is the case. We also provide evidence for a so-called ecology of law, suggesting that the rules-breed-rules mechanism is difficult to put to a halt.

A Tale of Two Cultures in Higher Education Policies: The Rule of Law or an Excess of Legalism?

The article maintains that two administrative cultures exist in Europe—one focused on applying the letter of the law, the other aiming to carry out the intent of the law. The former culture also tends to produce a large volume of detailed legal regulations, whereas the latter relies on considerably less detailed regulations and leaves more scope for decision and adaptation to those administering the law. The article aims to examine how these two legal and administrative cultures apply to higher education legislation and policies with special emphasis on the recognition of qualifications. The author argues that rigid laws rigidly interpreted do not contribute to protecting the citizens they were meant to serve. The success of the European Higher Education Area will, in part, depend on the extent to which all parts of Europe will succeed in moving from a culture of legalism to a true culture of law.

Governance, leadership and institutional change in South African higher education: Grappling with instability

This paper explores the emerging approaches to the governance and management of institutional change at South African higher education institutions. The discussion firstly locates these approaches within the broader context of the new governance framework that is contained in the new higher education legislation, and in particular the emerging forms of institutional governance that this has spawned. The paper then describes and discusses the challenges facing institutional leaders in shaping higher education organisational change in the light of the transformation challenges that arise from the implementation of the new legislation.

Mergers and Linkages in British Higher Education

AbstractIn its pursuit of the cost‐effective expansion of higher education (HE), the British Conservative government has strongly encouraged competition and has opened the HE sector to the influence of market forces. This policy has certainly helped to drive down unit costs but it also has an inherent destructive potential which requires to be mitigated by a whole spectrum of collaborative structures. To study the interplay between competition and co‐operation in British higher education, it is useful to focus on the relationships between higher education institutions (HEIs) as manifested in mergers (both actual, proposed and ‘failed’) and the various forms of inter‐institutional linkage which are leading to a re‐alignment of HEIs in the post‐binary era. A number of forms of linkage, stopping short of merger, are defined and illustrated: for example, affiliation, validation, accreditation, franchising and access arrangements, and the important function of consortia is underlined. However, because they exist within a matrix which is basically competitive, such forms of co‐operation are subject to stress and disruption.The British higher education system manifests an unusual degree of flexibility which has enabled it to adapt organically to new policies and challenges. It is more permeable than that of most other European countries, but this permeability is gradually being endangered by increasing UK reliance on formal legislation in HE. Experience abroad, notably in Australia, indicates that wholesale dissolution of boundaries, combined with fierce forms of competition, can in the end lead to serious deterioration in educational standards. A balance between competition and co‐operation must be sought, but can never be ‘established’ once and for all because external circumstances require it to be constantly re‐adjusted.The research on which this paper is based was carried out with funds from the Economic and Social Research Council and from the Faculty of Education Research Committee of the University of Ulster.

Neo-Functionalism in Recent Dutch Higher Education Legislation

Neo-Functionalism in Recent Dutch Higher Education Legislation

State Law and Postsecondary Coordination: The Birth of the Ohio Board of Regents

Higher education legislation, particularly at the state level, greatly affects the governance of institutions in ways often unanticipated by legislators. Nearly all states have legislated a coordinating or governing board for higher education, to centralize the planning and financing of public institutions in the state. Ohio’s Board of Regents, established in 1963, is used as a legislative case study of such a coordinating agency, and its ten year history is explained by the agenda-building perspective. This model charts issue creation, conflict expansion, and formal agenda entrance, while powerfully explaining the state and federal forces that necessitated such an agency.