High Doses Of Pesticides Research Articles

High Doses of Pesticides Induce mtDNA Damage in Intact Mitochondria of Potato In Vitro and Do Not Impact on mtDNA Integrity of Mitochondria of Shoots and Tubers under In Vivo Exposure.

It is well known that pesticides are toxic for mitochondria of animals. The effect of pesticides on plant mitochondria has not been widely studied. The goal of this research is to study the impact of metribuzin and imidacloprid on the amount of damage in the mtDNA of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in various conditions. We developed a set of primers to estimate mtDNA damage for the fragments in three chromosomes of potato mitogenome. We showed that both metribuzin and imidacloprid considerably damage mtDNA in vitro. Imidacloprid reduces the rate of seed germination, but does not impact the rate of the growth and number of mtDNA damage in the potato shoots. Field experiments show that pesticide exposure does not induce change in aconitate hydratase activity, and can cause a decrease in the rate of H2O2 production. We can assume that the mechanism of pesticide-induced mtDNA damage in vitro is not associated with H2O2 production, and pesticides as electrophilic substances directly interact with mtDNA. The effect of pesticides on the integrity of mtDNA in green parts of plants and in crop tubers is insignificant. In general, plant mtDNA is resistant to pesticide exposure in vivo, probably due to the presence of non-coupled respiratory systems in plant mitochondria.

The Impact of Dust and Salt Aerosols of the Aral Sea on the Tissues of Rat Testes in the Experiment

BACKGROUND: The Aral Sea crisis is recognized as one of the global environmental problems of our time. The extreme environmental situation in the region is caused by massive chemical pollution of the territory for several decades by high doses of pesticides, herbicides, dumping of industrial waste into the rivers that feed the Aral Sea. As a result of the Aral Sea desiccation, aridization of the territory, climate change, and salinization of soil and water occurred. This led to increased mineralization of precipitation, climate change, the spread and deposition of dust on an area of about 25 million hectares. One of the factors in reducing fertile activity in humans is a decrease in spermatogenesis activity. Based on identified trends, WHO is forced to review the main indicators of spermograms in the direction of their reduction.
 AIM: To study the effect of dust and salt aerosols of the Aral Sea on reproductive function, rat testes were studied after 7 and 24 days of inhalation administration.
 MATERIAL AND METHODS: Some morphometric parameters of the testes were evaluated: The diameter of the convoluted seminiferous tubules and the thickness of the germinal epithelium. The obtained comparative morphological and histological characteristics of the testes of the control and experimental groups indicate the negative effect of the components of dust and salt aerosols of the Aral Sea on the reproductive function of male rats.
 RESULTS: The thickness of the epithelial spermatogenic layer in the second group of rats is on average 64.52 μm, which is significantly less compared to the control group (81.3 μm). The thickness of the epithelial spermatogenous layer in the third group is on average within 73.36 μm, which is significantly less than in the control group (81.3 μm), but more than in the group exposed to dust and salt aerosols for 7 days (64, 52 μm).
 CONCLUSION: The study revealed that the impact of dust and salt aerosols of the Aral Sea leads to a change in the morphological and histological characteristics of the testes of animals. In experimental groups, a decrease in the diameter of the convoluted seminiferous tubule and a decrease in the thickness of the epithelial spermatogenic layer were observed. This indicates the negative effect of the components of dust and salt aerosols of the Aral Sea on the reproductive function of male rats exposed to dust for 7 and 24 days.

Determination of Pesticide Residues in Most Commonly Consumed Leafy Vegetables in Riyadh Region (Al-Kharej Province)

A total of 81 samples of various leafy vegetables viz., Rocket (Eruca sativa), Lettuce (Lactuca sativa), Coriander (Coriandrum sativum), Corchorus (Corchorus olitorius), Parsley (Petroselinum crispum), Spinach (Spinacia oleracea), Radish (Raphanus sativus), Dill (Anethum graveolens), Mint (Mentha sachalinensis) and Green onions (Allium cepa) were collected from 20 different areas in Riyadh region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Liquid-Liquid Extraction of extraction partitioning method and confirmation by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer for the presence of various pesticide residues was performed. Pesticide residues were detected in all the collected samples with varying concentrations. A variety of pesticides including organochlorines, organophosphates, pyrethroids, carbamates, herbicides, acaricides and insecticides have been identified in the samples. While the residue levels were low for most pesticides, higher levels of chlorpyrifos (0.123 mg/kg and resmethrin (0.1 mg/kg) were found in Rocket, carbaryl (0.92 mg/kg) in spinach and corchorus (0.116 mg/kg), permethrin (total cis + trans permethrin) inlettuce (0.103 mg/kg) and coriander (0.126 mg/kg), and cypermethrin in parsley (0.126 ppm). The highest maximum residue limit (MRL) values of pesticide residues on leafy vegetables of 0.10 mg/kg were observed for carbaryl in Spinach and Corchorus, whereas in Parsley an MRL of 0.5 mg/kg was found. The current research shows that in some leafy vegetables, higher doses of pesticides were found.

In vitro investigation to explore the toxicity of different groups of pesticides for an agronomically important rhizosphere isolate Azotobacter vinelandii

In this work, an attempt was made to evaluate the effect of pesticides on growth pattern, surface morphology, cell viability and growth regulators of nitrogen fixing soil bacterium. Pesticide tolerant Azotobacter vinelandii strain AZ6 (Accession no. MG028654) was found to tolerate maximum level of pesticide and displayed multifarious PGP activities. At higher concentrations, pesticides triggered cellular/structural damage and reduced the cell viability as clearly shown under SEM and CLSM. With increase in concentration, pesticides exhibited a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in PGP traits of strain AZ6. Among all three groups of pesticides, herbicides glyphosate and atrazine were most toxic. Kitazin, hexaconazole, metalaxyl, glyphosate, quizalofop, atrazine, fipronil, monocrotophos and imidacloprid at 2400, 1800, 1500, 900, 1200, 900, 1800, 2100 and 2700 μg mL−1, respectively, decreased the production of IAA by 19.5 ± 1.9 (61%), 18.1 ± 1.2 (64%), 36.4 ± 3.4 (28%), 13.1 ± 0.8 (74%), 15.6 ± 1.0 (69%), 7.6 ± 0.5 (83%), 11.9 ± 0.8 (76%), 24.7 ± 1.7 (51%) and 32 ± 2.3 (37%) μg mL−1, respectively, over control (50.7 ± 3.6 μg mL−1). A maximum reduction of 8.4 ± 1.2 (46%), 5.8 ± 0.6 (62%) and 4 ± 0.2 (74%) μg mL−1 in 2, 3-DHBA at 300 (1×), 600 (2×) and 900 (3×) μg mL−1 glyphosate, respectively, While, 32.8 ± 2.7 (19%), 27.2 ± 2 (33%) and 21.5 ± 1.3 (47%) μg mL−1, respectively in the production of SA was observed at 300 (1×), 600 (2×) and 900 (3×) μg mL−1 atrazine, respectively. Likewise, with increase in concentration of pesticides, decrease in P solubilization ability and change in pH of broth was detected. The order of pesticide toxicity to PSE (percent decline over control) at highest concentration was: atrazine (45) > kitazin (44) > metalaxyl (43) > monocrotophos (43) > glyphosate (41) > hexaconazole (39) > quizalofop (33) > imidacloprid (31) > fipronil (25). The present study undoubtedly suggests that even at higher doses of pesticides, A. vinelandii maintained secreting plant growth regulators and this property makes this strain agronomically important microbe for enhancing the growth of plants.

Identification, measurement, and assessment of water cycle of unhusked rice agricultural phases: Case study at Tangerang paddy field, Indonesia

According to one of UN reports, water scarcity has happened all around the world, including Indonesia. Irrigation sector takes up 70% of world water consumption and potentially increases 20% due to the population explosion. Rice is accounted for 69% of agricultural products contributions in Indonesia’s water footprint. Therefore, evaluation of water cycle was essential to raise awareness among practitioners. Data collections were conducted in the functional unit of one-hectare rice field located in Tangerang. This study used CropWat 8.0 and SimaPro software. Identification involved data such as climate, crop, and soil. Nursery became the highest water consumed phase, requiring 419 mm in height. Measurement through water footprint resulted in consumption of green water footprint for 8,183,618.5 liters (62.9%), followed by grey for 4,805,733.2 liters (36.9%) and blue for 23,902.36 liters (0.2%). The grey consumption was exceeding the average, which indicated high doses of pesticides. Life Cycle Assessment showed negative impacts of fertilizers that caused damages like fossil depletion, respiratory health, and eutrophication.

Identification, measurement, and assessment of water cycle of unhusked rice agricultural phases: Case study at Tangerang paddy field, Indonesia

According to one of UN reports, water scarcity has happened all around the world, including Indonesia. Irrigation sector takes up 70% of world water consumption and potentially increases 20% due to the population explosion. Rice is accounted for 69% of agricultural products contributions in Indonesia's water footprint. Therefore, evaluation of water cycle was essential to raise awareness among practitioners. Data collections were conducted in the functional unit of one-hectare rice field located in Tangerang. This study used CropWat 8.0 and SimaPro software. Identification involved data such as climate, crop, and soil. Nursery became the highest water consumed phase, requiring 419 mm in height. Measurement through water footprint resulted in consumption of green water footprint for 8,183,618.5 liters (62.9%), followed by grey for 4,805,733.2 liters (36.9%) and blue for 23,902.36 liters (0.2%). The grey consumption was exceeding the average, which indicated high doses of pesticides. Life Cycle Assessment showed negative impacts of fertilizers that caused damages like fossil depletion, respiratory health, and eutrophication.

The Study of Cellular and Molecular Physiological Characteristics of Sperm in Men Living in the Aral Sea Region.

BACKGROUND:Extreme environmental situation in the Aral crisis has caused a massive chemical pollution of the territory for decades with high doses of pesticides, herbicides. Discharge of industrial waste into the rivers that feed the Aral Sea has lead to the development of various pathological processes in the human body, as well as disruption of reproductive function in young men.AIM:To evaluate the performance of molecular cellular changes in the sperm of men under the influence of dust and salt aerosols in Aral Sea region.MATERIAL AND METHODS:Clinical and laboratory studies were conducted in men 5 settlements (Aralsk-city, v. Aiteke-Bi, v. Zhalagash, v. Zhusaly, v. Shieli). We have studied male ejaculate obtained after 4-5 days of abstinence, and placed it in a warm tube with a glass stopper. On the investigation proceeded ejaculate within 20-30 minutes after its preparation, during which time he was subjected to liquefaction. Isolation and quantification of ASF, RNA, DNA, and determining the fraction of histones in sperm was performed by the method of Markusheva and Savina.RESULTS:It was found that the value of ASF in the semen of men living in the zone of ecological disaster higher compared with the values of parameters in men living in the area of environmental crisis, and this trend is observed in all age groups. The study of circulating extracellular DNA and RNA in the sperm of men registered their decline with a corresponding increase of acid precursors that can be attributed to the degradation of nucleic acids under the influence of negative factors in the complex area of ecological trouble. Also, according to a study in men residing in the areas of environmental catastrophe at the age of 18-29 years, found an increased content of the H1 histone H2A lower total fraction, H3, H4 - and a sharp increase in histone H2B content - histones.CONCLUSIONS:Men living in environmentally disadvantaged areas of Kyzylorda region under the influence of dust and salt aerosols and other toxicants leads to disruption of the reproductive function in men.

Relationship between exposure to pesticides and occurrence of acute leukemia in Iran.

One of the causes of acute leukemia can be exposure to certain chemicals such as pesticides. This study determined the relationship between exposure to pesticides and the occurrence of acute leukemia in Fars province, south of Iran. Between April 2011 and April 2013 in a case-control study conducted in Nemazee Hospital in Shiraz, Southern Iran; 314 subjects diagnosed with acute leukemia (94 pediatric cases and 220 adults) were enrolled to determine any correlation between exposure to pesticides and the occurrence. Controls (n=314) were matched by sex and age. There was a history of exposure to pesticides among 85% of pediatric cases and 69% of their controls and 83% of adult cases and 75% of their controls while 87.5% of pediatric cases and 90% of adult cases reported exposure to intermediate and high doses of pesticides and among the controls, the exposure to low doses of pesticides was 70.5% and 65%, respectively. Exposure to indoor pesticides was seen among most of cases and controls. Being a farmer was at a significantly more increased risk of developing acute leukemia in comparison to other jobs, especially for their children. Exposure to pesticides was shown to be one of the most important causes of acute leukemia. It seems that there is a need to educate the people on public health importance of exposure to pesticides especially during school time to reduce the risk of malignancies during childhood.

Impact of chemical- and bio-pesticides on bacterial diversity in rhizosphere of Vigna radiata

To study the effects of two chemical pesticides (chlorpyrifos and endosulfan), and a bio-pesticide (azadirachtin) on bacterial diversity in rhizospheric soil, a randomized pot experiment was conducted on mung bean (Vigna radiata) with recommended and higher doses of pesticides. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis was used to analyze such effects on both resident and active bacterial communities across two time points. It was observed that higher doses of azadirachtin mimicked the effects of chlorpyrifos on bacterial diversity. Both azadirachtin and chlorpyrifos showed a dose- and time-dependent effect, which was observable only at the RNA level. Endosulfan treatments showed dissimilar profiles compared to control. Most of the bands showed high sequence similarities to known bacterial groups, including many nitrogen-fixing, phosphate-solubilizing, and plant-growth-promoting bacteria. This study indicates that pesticides display non-target effects on active microbial populations that serve important ecosystem functions, thereby emphasizing the need to critically investigate and validate the use of bio-pesticides in agriculture before accepting them as safe alternatives to chemical pesticides.

Effects of long‐term exposure to low levels of organophosphorous pesticides and their mixture on altered antioxidative defense mechanisms and lipid peroxidation in rat liver

Organophosphorous pesticides, commonly used in agriculture for achieving better quality products, are toxic substances that have harmful effects on human health. Recent research on pesticides, especially pesticide mixtures, has shown that they are one of the key environmental health issues. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether dichlorvos, acephate, dimethoate and phorate, either used separately or in combination, can induce oxidative damage in rat livers. The levels of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase and lipid peroxidation products (malondialdehyde) were used as criteria. Low, middle and high doses of pesticides in drinking water were continuously administered orally to rats ad libitum for 24 weeks. Results show that the antioxidative defense mechanisms and lipid peroxidation in the rat livers display different responses, depending on the pesticide treatments and doses. The parameters for acephate, dichlorvos, phorate and dimethoate in the low-dose group, and the corresponding low-dose co-treated group were not altered. The oxidative damage in rat livers showed different responses with increasing pesticide dose according to the different pesticide treatments. The combination group of dichlorvos, acephate, dimethoate and phorate displayed different responses compared with the single pesticide-treated group. However, these responses did not constitute the sum of the response produced by each pesticide in the liver.

Eco-friendly role of biodegradation against agricultural pesticides hazards

This review aims to elaborate the potential applications of various biological agents in decontamination of agricultural soils, which have been polluted with continuous and higher doses of pesticides through process of biodegradation. Biodegradation is an eco friendly, cost effective, highly efficient approach and can be considered as a superior alternative to physical and chemical methods which are not only technically laborious and costly; also are not sufficient to completely degrade organic toxins. Development of experimental conditions in which all congruent biological agents are applied concurrently may be a promising strategy to enhance biodegradation and subsequently biodegradation. Much work remains to be done in carrying out field studies based on laboratory-scale results/experiments using plant-associated endophytic and rhizospheric bacteria to degrade a wide range of toxic organic compounds of concern in environmental soil before commercially viable systems. Key words: Biodegradation, pesticides, fungi, bacteria, phytodegradation.

On the effects of some pesticides on Rhizobium and isolation of pesticide-resistant mutants.

The in vitro effects on Rhizobium of two herbicides and two fungicides that are often used in Sweden were studied. The sensitivity of the strains seems to be specific since the Rhizobium meliloti strains generally were tolerating higher doses of pesticides than strains of Rh. trifolii and Rh. leguminosarum. It was possible to isolate mutants that tolerated much higher doses of the pesticides than the wild type strains.