High Efficiency Design Research Articles

Benchmarking overall water splitting performance of heterostructured Fe-doped NiMo/NiCo@NF bifunctional electrocatalyst

The design of high-efficiency and cost-effective electrocatalysts for water splitting has recently received much attention. Herein, a self-supported Fe-doped NiMo/NiCo bifunctional electrocatalyst was synthesized using hydrothermal method on nickel foam (NF) to enhance both the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). SEM observations revealed NiCo microspheres arranged in a flower-like structure, with Fe-doped NiMo rods decorating the surface. This electrocatalyst demonstrated impressive HER performance, requiring a low overpotential of 63 mV, versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), at a cathodic current density of -10 mA/cm2, and a small charge transfer resistance (Rct) of 2.43 Ω at -200 mV (RHE). For OER, the synthesized electrocatalyst revealed an excellent activity, with a low overpotential of 151 mV (RHE) to afford an anodic current density of 10 mA/cm2 and a small Rct of 0.43 Ω at 300 mV (RHE). Meanwhile, the Fe-doped NiMo/NiCo@NF electrocatalyst in a two-electrode configuration needed only a cell voltage of 1.53 V to deliver a current density of 10 mA/cm2. Overall, this work disclosed that the combination of NiCo and NiMoFe results in the synthesis of a heterogeneous electrocatalyst that offers high efficiency for water splitting and maintains good stability over 10 h.

Achieving 34 % efficiency with a dual-absorber solar cell design using CaRbCl3 and Ca3NCl3 perovskites

This study’s DFT calculations show that the direct bandgaps of perovskite CaRbCl3 and Ca3NCl3 are 1.386 eV and 1.430 eV, respectively, confirming their semiconducting nature. The study also provides density of states and dielectric constant data for these materials. In photovoltaic (PV) technology, perovskites are highly valued as solar absorber materials for their exceptional optical properties, low cost, high efficiency, and lightweight design. This study presents a structure (Al/FTO/CdS/dual absorber (CaRbCl3/Ca3NCl3)/V2O5/Au) incorporating a CdS electron transport layer (ETL) and a V2O5 hole transport layer (HTL) with a double perovskite absorber layer (DPAL) of CaRbCl3 and Ca3NCl3 using SCAPS-1D. The results show that the DPAL-based perovskite solar cell (PSC) outperforms single-layer PSCs, with significant efficiency gains when HTL is included. The study thoroughly examines the effects of layer thickness, doping levels, and defect densities on key electrical parameters such as VOC, JSC, FF, and PCE. It also explores J-V and QE characteristics and the impact of temperature. The ideal absorber thickness for achieving the highest PCE is 500 nm for CaRbCl3 and 600 nm for Ca3NCl3, combined with a doping density of 1 × 1017 cm−3, a defect density of 1 × 1011 cm−3 and interface defect density of 1 × 1010 cm−2. While single-absorber solar cells achieve maximum efficiencies of 24.40 % (CaRbCl3) and 24.02 % (Ca3NCl3), the DPAL setup reaches an optimized efficiency of 27.66 %, further increasing to 34.39 % with a VOC of 1.295 V, FF of 83.95 %, and JSC of 31.63 mA/cm2 when using V2O5 HTL. This research provides valuable insights and a practical strategy for developing cost-effective CaRbCl3/Ca3NCl3 thin-film solar cells.

High-efficient non-iterative reliability-based design optimization based on the design space virtually conditionalized reliability evaluation method

High-efficient non-iterative reliability-based design optimization based on the design space virtually conditionalized reliability evaluation method

Dual-Doped Spinel Nickel-Iron Oxide Nanoflowers for Remarkably Enhanced Oxygen Evolution Reaction

The advancement of efficient electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is essential for boosting electrochemical water splitting. Anionic double doping is a promising strategy to enhance catalytic efficiency through synergistic interactions among dopant elements. In this study, we synthesized a novel N/P anion co-doped NiFe2O4 electrocatalyst (N, P-NiFe2O4), featuring three-dimensional (3D) flower-like nanosheet. This material exhibits significant potential for applications in OER. The N, P-NiFe2O4 demonstrates exceptional performance with current density of 20mAcm-2 and 50mAcm-2 at low overpotential of only 220mV and 255mV, respectively. It has significantly reduced overpotentials of 109 and 162mV compared to undoped NiFe2O4. The superior catalytic activity of N, P-NiFe2O4 is attributed to the synergistic optimization of its electronic structure, surface morphology, and microstructure by anionic co-doping with N and P. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations further reveal that the dual doping with N and P ions effectively lowers the Gibbs free energy barrier associated with the critical *OH to *O transition in the OER process, thus accelerating the reaction kinetics and bolstering the intrinsic electrocatalytic activity. This study provides critical insights into the strategic design of high-efficiency, cost-effective OER electrocatalysts through targeted doping techniques, paving the way for the development of advanced materials for sustainable energy applications.

Design of high efficiency and wideband dual-functional metasurface for polarization conversion and asymmetric transmission

A wideband and high-efficiency bi-functional metasurface for polarization conversion and asymmetric transmission (AT) based on the gratings/ polarization converter/gratings structure is proposed. The proposed metasurface structure consists of a two double-split ring structure array sandwiched by two orthogonal metallic sub-wavelength gratings. Using two orthogonal metallicsub-wavelength gratings, the proposed metasurface reveals excellent AT effect and nearly perfect polarization conversion performance for linearly polarized waves. The proposed metasurface achieves a polarization conversion ratio (PCR) of above 0.99 from 3.7 GHz to 20.2 GHz with a relative bandwidth (RBW) of 138% and an AT parameter of over 0.9 from 5.8 GHz to 17 GHz withan RBW of 99.5%. Moreover, the proposed metamaterial maintains high PCR and AT performance for a wide range of incident angles. Due to its excellent features, such as the wideband and high efficiency of both PCR and AT performances, the proposed bi-functional metasurface can be useful for promising applications such as polarization imaging. radar, radiometer, and transmission.array antennas.

Bionic microstructure design of cross flow fan for high aerodynamic and low noise performances

In this paper, a novel approach was introduced for cross flow fan design by incorporating bionic microstructures on the blade surface. Two types of bionic microstructures, riblet and convex hull, were constructed and studied to achieve high aerodynamic efficiency and low noise design. Numerical simulations were conducted to understand the influence of bionic microstructures on the fan’s aerodynamic and acoustic performance, and the impact of design parameters on these performances was investigated. After printing the bionic microstructure fan samples, the experimental tests were carried out. The flow field and sound field data of the fans with bionic microstructures and the original fan were compared. The results demonstrated that both riblet and convex hull microstructures effectively improved the fan’s aerodynamic performance by reducing turbulent kinetic energy on the blade surface. Additionally, the microstructures inhibited boundary layer separation on the suction surface of adjacent blades, which contributed to reducing vortex noise. However, the pressure gradient formed near the convex hull and the edge of the small-diameter riblet resulted in deterioration in the noise of the corresponding fan. By optimizing the diameter and spacing of the riblet microstructure, the best noise reduction performance was achieved for the riblet fan. The optimized fan showed a 5.3% increase in maximum air volume flow rate and a 2.4 dB(A) reduction in noise. Overall, the cross flow fan design method based on bionic microstructures has valuable application potential in improving the aerodynamic and acoustic performance of various rotating machinery.

Comparison of efficiency of PFA catheter designs by computer modeling.

Various catheter designs are appearing for Pulsed Field Ablation (PFA). It is unclear if they differ in terms of safety and efficiency. PFA studies have reported hemolysis, kidney injury, high troponin, among other side effects. Using a CT-derived computer model, we compared catheter designs using two metrics: (1) efficiency: power delivered to an atrial wall target, expressed as a percent of total generator power; and (2) safety: electric current to achieve 90% transmurality (since more energy causes more collateral effects), as well as the corresponding electrode current density (ECD), a heat and bubble metric. The following catheter designs were compared: penta-spline basket, Nitinol spheres (focal 9 mm and large 1-shot), circular, balloon, and flex-circuit. Target was a 6 × 47 mm circumferential segment of atrial wall at LPV antrum. Transmurality was defined as percent of target having >600 volts per centimeter (V/cm) electric field needed for electroporation. Efficiency was 0.9, 1.4, 2.7, 5.9, 10, and 12% for the large 1-shot and 9 mm Nitinol spheres, penta-spline, circular, flex spline, and balloon catheters, respectively. Regarding safety, currents for 90% transmurality were 70, 39,36,12.5, 5.3, and 4 Amps for the same respective catheters, with less being safer. ECD was 124, 25, 74, 83, 41, and 31 A/cm2, respectively. Computer models demonstrated a remarkable range in efficiency among catheters studied. Those having less atrial blood exposure had the highest efficiencies, with factors of up to 13X more efficiency compared to exposed ones. Higher efficiency designs have less collateral current and are safer. Confirmatory in-vivo studies are required.

Unraveling Chain Branching in Cool Flames.

In cool flames, autoxidation of organic compounds forms alkyl hydroperoxides and ketohydroperoxides, and this controls the critical rate of chain branching, but there have been large uncertainties in the decomposition rate constants. We synthesized a series of hydroperoxides and measured their decomposition rate constants in pyrolysis experiments by spray-vaporization jet-stirred-reactor synchrotron vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometry. Structural variation of the hydroperoxides, including alkyl, cycloalkyl, aromatic, and heterocyclic functionalities, has only a slight effect on their decomposition rate constants. Calculated rate constants are in good agreement with the experiment. The rate constant of ketohydroperoxide decomposition was obtained by theoretical calculation of 3-hydroperoxy butanal and tested by the pyrolysis of synthesized 3-hydroperoxy-3-phenylpropionate. The rate constant of ketohydroperoxide decomposition is close to that of alkyl hydroperoxides. The new chain-branching rate constants improves the cool-flame kinetic model, which is essential for removing discrepancies in model predictions and for the design of high-efficiency and low-emission engines.

Thickness-controlled HsGDY/N-doped double-shell hollow carbon tubes for broadband high-performance microwave absorption

With the increasing deterioration of the electromagnetic environment, it is important to develop new and efficient electromagnetic wave-absorbing materials. In this work, bilayer hollow HsGDY/NC nanotubes with controllable thickness are constructed by introducing high conductivity polydopamine (PDA) and hydrogen-substituted graphdiyne (HsGDY) followed by the etching and carbonization. Subsequently, the effects of the composition, coating order, and structural characteristics of nanotubes on the electromagnetic parameters are thoroughly investigated, thereby analyzing the microwave absorption mechanism. The impedance matching of HsGDY/NC is optimized by changing the thickness of NC layer, while utilizing unique multi-heterogeneous interfaces and hierarchical conductive structures that enhance the interface polarization and conductive loss. As a result, HsGDY@NC-3 displays the optimal absorbing performance with an effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 7.8 GHz (10.1–17.9 GHz) and a minimum reflection loss (RLmin) of −47.18 dB at the filler content of only 11 %. This work broadens the application scopes of HsGDY and provides a novel insight into the design of lightweight, high-efficiency, and wide-frequency microwave absorbers, which is expected to be a potentially effective microwave-absorbing material.

Accuracy assessment of the turbomachinery performance maps correction models used in dynamic characteristics of supercritical CO2 Brayton power cycle

The supercritical CO2 Brayton cycle (SCO2BC) has emerged as a promising next-generation power generation technology due to its potential for high thermal efficiency and compact components design. Dynamic modeling of SCO2BC is crucial for understanding and analyzing its performance under design and off-design conditions. Turbomachines are critical components in SCO2BC dynamic models. While turbomachinery components are often modeled using their design-point turbomachinery performance maps (TPM), these maps become less accurate during off-design operations. Despite the existence of various TPM correction methods that ensure model validity, the implementation of the accurate ones within dynamic SCO2BC models remains scarce in the literature. This is crucial as it potentially compromises the accuracy of the obtained results. Therefore, there is a need to investigate the errors in the existing literature TPM correction models (in dynamic SCO2BC simulation) by comparing them against dynamic SCO2BC models employing a highly accurate correction method. Thus, in the current work, the common TPM correction methods from the literature are implemented in SCO2BC dynamic models and compared against a baseline mode, which uses the highly-accurate Pham method (at both the component and cycle levels). To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first work to address this research gap for the SCO2BC dynamic simulations and on both component and cycle levels. Additionally, another novelty is the usage of Simcenter Amesim software to dynamically model the SCO2BC aided with Pham model. Multible dynamic models for both the turbomachines of SCO2BC and the whole cycle are constructed and equipped with the different TPM correction methods found in literature to compare their dynamic behaviour that of Pham model. The Ideal Gas Compressibility factor (IGZ) method demonstrates a better performance than the other tested methods, as it exhibits the lowest discrepancy compared to the Pham model. Many of the other tested methods show significant errors. Furthermore, a popular hybrid correction combining IGZ and Pham (IGZ-Ph) is also investigated. Surprisingly, while seemingly beneficial, this hybrid approach negatively impacts accuracy, even resulting in predictions as if no correction was applied.

Synergistic heterostructural interface of CoP and WC for high-performance wide pH-universal hydrogen evolution electrocatalysis

The development of cost-effective catalysts with high activity and stability over a wide pH range is urgent, but there are great challenges in the selection and design of catalyst materials. In this work, cobalt phosphide nanoparticles were modified onto tungsten carbide nanowire arrays (CoP@WC/CC) on carbon cloth substrate by a two-step method. The construction of CoP@WC heterostructure results in the downward shift of the d-band center, which optimizes the adsorption energy of catalyst and reaction intermediates. Meanwhile, the synergistic effect of CoP and WC contributes to the alkaline HER kinetic process. In addition, binder-free self-supporting nanoarray have excellent electrical conductivity, large specific surface area and strong structure, which is conducive to charge/matter exchange and catalyst stability. The results show that CoP@WC/CC can effectively drive HER over a wide pH range and exhibit better catalytic performance than the single component control sample. In 0.5 M H2SO4 and 1 M KOH, CoP@WC/CC can drive the current density of 10 mA cm−2 with only 52 and 70 mV, while showing excellent stability without obvious performance degradation during 100 h of constant current test. A proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) using CoP@WC/CC catalyst operates stably for 200,000 s at 30 mA cm−2. This study provides a new reference for the design and development of high efficiency, low cost and wide pH-universal hydrogen evolution electrocatalysts.

The passive optimization mechanism of winter thermal performance in commercial complex based on coupled multi-spatial parameters

In cold regions, public buildings often suffer from suboptimal thermal performance due to cold air intrusion. This study explores the synergistic impact of multiple spatial parameters on winter thermal environments to discover the passive optimization potential in commercial complexes. Airflow analysis covers the entire connected space from the entrance to the large atrium, integrating the collective effects of all critical spatial parameters. Based on 4500 Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation, the study establishes how these parameters influence wind resistance and thermal comfort. Key findings reveal that the “Atrium-plan Ratio,” “Transitional Space-width,” and “Atrium-height,” are most impactful on wind resistance, contributing over 53 % collectively. For thermal comfort, “Atrium-volume,” “Atrium-section Form,” and “Atrium-height,” are most significant, with a combined weight exceeding 57 %. As wind speed increases, the effect of single parameters gradually diminishes, highlighting the synergistic effect of spatial combinations. A case study demonstrates an 80.5 % improvement in thermal performance score following optimization, underscoring the potential for low-carbon, high-efficiency design in commercial complexes.

Performance of an additive-manufactured precooler under high-temperature and negative pressure environment

This paper introduces an original plate-fin precooler designed for potential applications in extreme low-pressure environments. Utilizing additive manufacturing technology, the heat transfer plate thickness is constrained to 2.0 mm, with channel widths inside the plate achieving 0.8 mm. Through experimental methods, this study aims to assess the precooler’s performance and identify critical influencing factors. Experimental results indicate that the hot fluid inlet temperature to the precooler exceeds 1100 K, with static pressures dropping below 30 kPa. Despite these conditions, the precooler demonstrates an impressive pressure recovery coefficient exceeding 97 % and achieves a maximum temperature drop of 731.4 K for the hot fluid. Furthermore, it is observed that the overall performance of the precooler diminishes with increasing mass flow rates of the hot fluid, showing fluctuations of up to 25 % when assessed by the j/f1/3 factor. Additionally, while the hot fluid inlet velocity exceeds 90 m/s, laminar flow predominates during the heat transfer process. Moreover, regardless of whether the cooling fluid experiences a phase change within the precooler, its heat transfer performance show priority than that of the hot fluid. Thus, changes in the mass flow rate of the cooling fluid have minimal impact on the overall precooler performance. Finally, the first-stage heat exchanger plays a critical role in the heat transfer process, accounting for over 2/3 of the total temperature and pressure drop for the hot fluid. This research is expected to contribute to the design of high-efficiency, low-resistance precoolers, particularly those applied for operation under negative pressure conditions.

Photoelectric conversion performance of Ga0.47In0.53As/Ge0.79Sn0.21 dual-junction thermophotovoltaic cell

Based on the photovoltaic characteristics of GeSn-based materials and the theory of stacked solar cells, Ga0.47In0.53As/Ge0.79Sn0.21 dual-junction thermophotovoltaic cell has been simulated and studied for the first time. According to existing experimental material parameters, the structure of the cell is optimized, and the photoelectric performance of the cell is profoundly studied. The findings indicate that the doping concentrations of the top/bottom cell are N a(d),t/N a(d),b = 50(7) × 1016/17(2) × 1019 cm−3, which exhibits superior photoelectric conversion performance. For reducing material consumption and achieving high performance, the thickness of the emitter (base) of the top/bottom cell can be selected as 0.8~2.0(2.0~4.0)/0~0.2(1.0~4.0) μm (T BB = 1500 K). With radiator temperatures increasing, the conversion efficiency of the cell significantly improves, and the open circuit voltage of the cell can reach 0.70~0.91 V (1000~2000 K). The research results can guide the design and fabrication of high-efficiency and economical GeSn-based multi-junction thermophotovoltaic cells, and can also provide a new research and development direction for low-cost thermophotovoltaic cells.

CoNi-phosphides with iron incorporation effectively boost hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction for overall water splitting

Rational design of high-efficiency, durable and cost-effective electrocatalysts for H2 production is essential to accelerate hydrogen production from fundamental experiments to practical industrial applications. Herein, cobalt-nickel-iron phosphides are constructed on Ni foam (CoNiFeP@NF) via a simple one-step electrochemical deposition method as self-supported electrodes for efficiently water splitting. The introduction of Fe element significantly enhances the catalytic properties of CoNiP@NF electrode for both hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Additionally, the optimal HER and OER electrodes are obtained by adjusting the Fe3+ concentration at 0.1 (CoNiFeP@NF-0.1) and 0.15 M (CoNiFeP@NF-0.15), respectively. Benefiting from the modulation of the electronic structure of CoNiP by the Fe element, CoNiFeP@NF-0.1 and CoNiFeP@NF-0.15 electrodes only require the overpotentials (η) of 48 mV for HER and 223 mV for OER to reach the current density of 10 mA cm−2, superior to the reference CoNiP@NF electrode (η10, HER = 89 mV, η10, OER = 333 mV). Subsequently, the electrolyzer constructed by CoNiFeP@NF-0.1 as cathode and CoNiFeP@NF-0.15 as anode exhibits excellent overall water splitting performance with a cell voltage of 1.56 V at a current density of 10 mA cm−2. This work provides a convenient and effective strategy for regulating the catalytic activity of bifunctional phosphide catalysts for water splitting.

Learnable digital signal processing: a new benchmark of linearity compensation for optical fiber communications

The surge in interest regarding the next generation of optical fiber transmission has stimulated the development of digital signal processing (DSP) schemes that are highly cost-effective with both high performance and low complexity. As benchmarks for nonlinear compensation methods, however, traditional DSP designed with block-by-block modules for linear compensations, could exhibit residual linear effects after compensation, limiting the nonlinear compensation performance. Here we propose a high-efficient design thought for DSP based on the learnable perspectivity, called learnable DSP (LDSP). LDSP reuses the traditional DSP modules, regarding the whole DSP as a deep learning framework and optimizing the DSP parameters adaptively based on backpropagation algorithm from a global scale. This method not only establishes new standards in linear DSP performance but also serves as a critical benchmark for nonlinear DSP designs. In comparison to traditional DSP with hyperparameter optimization, a notable enhancement of approximately 1.21 dB in the Q factor for 400 Gb/s signal after 1600 km fiber transmission is experimentally demonstrated by combining LDSP and perturbation-based nonlinear compensation algorithm. Benefiting from the learnable model, LDSP can learn the best configuration adaptively with low complexity, reducing dependence on initial parameters. The proposed approach implements a symbol-rate DSP with a small bit error rate (BER) cost in exchange for a 48% complexity reduction compared to the conventional 2 samples/symbol processing. We believe that LDSP represents a new and highly efficient paradigm for DSP design, which is poised to attract considerable attention across various domains of optical communications.

High-ratio planetary gearbox with EC gearing for robot applications

AbstractThe drive system of robots and robot-like systems (RLS) is often designed with a combination of an e-motor and a gearbox with a high transmission ratio to optimize performance. The various types of possible robot gearboxes can be selected based on their characteristics, which strongly influence the performance of the entire robotic system. Planetary gear drives have advantages due to their high efficiency and low design complexity. Disadvantageous is the low transmission ratio per stage and the resulting large design space required with the currently predominant involute gearing. Using special tooth profile shapes, such as the eccentric cycloid (EC) gearing, enables a high transmission ratio per stage to be achieved, thus reducing the design space required. In order to evaluate the design, a description of the geometry and characteristics of the EC gearing is necessary. The application-optimized design can be made accessible on an interdisciplinary basis using a suitable description language for the product development of the complete robotic system. The paper shows the design and analysis of a planetary gearbox with a high transmission ratio for applications in robotics. The planetary gear stage is designed with the EC gearing, which offers advantages compared to the involute gearing. The performance of the selected gearing is evaluated based on various characteristics. This allows advantages to be identified compared to the established types of transmission for robots and RLS. Overall, the paper presents a new robot gearbox with a comprehensive description and analysis directly accessible for simulation or production using additive manufacturing.

Rotational motion of skyrmion driven by optical vortex in frustrated magnets

Effective control of skyrmion rotation is of significant importance in designing skyrmion-based nano-oscillators. In this work, we numerically study the optical vortex-driven skyrmion rotation in frustrated magnets using the Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert simulations. The skyrmion rotation is induced by the orbital angular momentum (OAM) transfer from the optical vortex to the skyrmion, which is regardless of the sign of the OAM quantum number m due to the helicity degree of freedom of the frustrated skyrmion. This property highly broadens the parameter range of the optical vortex in controlling the skyrmion rotation. The direction of the rotation is determined by the sign of m, and the radius and angular velocity depend on the magnitude of m, light polarization, and intensity. Interestingly, the helicity oscillation induced by the linearly polarized beam is much slower than that driven by the circularly polarized beam with a same intensity, resulting in a faster rotation of the skyrmion. This phenomenon demonstrates the advantage of the linearly polarized beam in controlling the dynamics of the frustrated skyrmion, benefiting energy-saving and high-efficient device design.

On-the-Fly Unsteady Adjoint Aerodynamic and Aeroacoustic Optimization Method

An on-the-fly unsteady adjoint-based aerodynamic and aeroacoustic optimization methodology is presented, aiming to achieve practical engineering applications to explore high-efficiency and low-noise design for aerodynamic shapes. Firstly, a novel on-the-fly hybrid CFD-CAA approach is developed with a close integration of unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations and a fully viscous time-domain FW-H formulation. Subsequently, an adjoint-based sensitivity analysis method is proposed for unsteady aerodynamic and aeroacoustic problems with either stationary or moving boundaries, wherein a unified architecture for discrete-adjoint sensitivity analysis of both aerodynamics and aeroacoustics is achieved by integrating the on-the-fly hybrid CFD-CAA approach. The on-the-fly approach facilitates direct evaluation of partial derivatives required for solving adjoint equations, eliminating the need for explicitly preprocessing flow and adjoint variables at all time levels in a standalone adjoint CAA solver and consequently substantially reducing memory consumption. The proposed optimization methodology is implemented within an open-source suite SU2. Results show that the proposed on-the-fly adjoint methodology is capable of achieving highly accurate sensitivity derivatives while significantly reducing memory requirements by an order of magnitude, and further demonstrations of single-objective and coupled aerodynamic and aeroacoustic optimizations highlight the potential of the proposed method in exploring high-efficiency and low-noise design for aerodynamic shapes.

Triple filtration robot (T-robot) based on functionally graded multilayer antiviral environment-friendly (F-MAX) system for pathogen purification in confined space

The improved abstract which especially take the suggestions above can be seen as follow:This study addresses the challenge of pathogen regulation in confined spaces by introducing the T-robot, an innovative air filtration robot featuring the F-MAX multilayer composite plate. Designed to capture a wide range of pollutants, including harmful viruses and bacteria, the T-robot significantly enhances air quality. The experimental setup used magnesium phosphate cement, electrostatically charged melt-blown fabric, and eco-friendly materials such as lithium brine by-product magnesia. Key results include a virus removal rate of 99.99% and an antibacterial rate of 98%.The F-MAX system combines multiple layers, each targeting specific particles, with features like the self-healing Desert Rose (DR) coating and high-speed air circulation. The T-robot's high filtration efficiency and sustainable design make it superior to traditional methods, suitable for both commercial and residential use. Its durability and advanced filtration capabilities help reduce airborne contaminants, creating healthier living spaces and demonstrating a commitment to a sustainable future.