High Degree Of Degradation Research Articles

Chemical and microbiological changes in fluid milk as affected by packaging conditions

Abstract Changes in chemical and microbiological quality parameters of whole pasteurized milk stored under fluorescent light at 4°C in pouches made of (a) low density polyethylene (LDPE, clear and TiO 2 pigmented, 60 μm in thickness), (b) coextruded (LDPE/polyamide/LDPE, clear and TiO 2 pigmented, 60 μm in thickness) and (c) coextruded (LDPE+2% TiO 2 /LDPE+2% TiO 2 /LDPE+4% carbon black pigment/LDPE+2% TiO 2 /LDPE+2% TiO 2 ), 60 and 110 μm in thickness were monitored for a period of 7 days. Milk packaged in coated paperboard cartons and stored under the same experimental conditions served as the “control” sample. Data were obtained for lipid oxidation, lipolysis, proteolysis, vitamin A and riboflavin content and microbial growth including mesophilic and psychrotrophic counts. Results showed good protection of milk packaged in all pouches with regard to microbiological and chemical parameters assessed over the 7 day period with the exception of vitamin retention. In both clear and TiO 2 pigmented LDPE and LDPE/polyamide/LDPE pouches, a high degree of vitamin degradation was observed ranging from 50.9% to 73.6% for vitamin A and from 34.4% to 45.3% for riboflavin. In coextruded (LDPE+2% TiO 2 /LDPE+2% TiO 2 /LDPE+4% carbon black pigment/LDPE+2% TiO 2 /LDPE+2% TiO 2 ) pouches, vitamin retention was significantly higher (increasing vitamin protection with increasing pouch thickness); the losses ranged between 15.1% and 18.9% for vitamin A and between 18.8% and 21.5% for riboflavin as compared to 15.1% for vitamin A and 19.5% for riboflavin in the control sample. It is concluded that coextruded pouches containing both white (TiO 2 ) and black (carbon black) pigments, 110 μm in thickness, prevent excessive vitamin degradation and may be used as an inexpensive, attractive and convenient milk packaging alternative to the coated paperboard carton.

Different effects of peat degradation on dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen

The dynamics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) are closely related to organic matter processes such as decomposition, humification, and stabilization of organic matter in soils. Nevertheless, it is unknown whether dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen (DON) have an equal response to these processes. We analyzed DOC and DON concentrations of topsoil, groundwater, and surface water of six differently used sites characterized by differences in peat degradation. Carbon ( 13C, 14C) and nitrogen ( 15N) isotopes of DOM were related to a humification index in order to detect differences between DOC and DON at different stages of humification. The results show that intact peatlands had higher DOC concentrations than degraded peatlands. Clearly, DOC concentration depends on soil organic carbon content and therefore on the degree of peat degradation. However, intact and degraded peatlands showed similar DON and inorganic N concentrations suggesting that DON release is dependent on soil inorganic N rather than the organic N pool. Moreover, a high degree of peat degradation resulted in lower DOC/DON ratios than the C/N ratio of the solid phase indicating a preferential release of DON from soil organic matter. Further, δ 13C ratios and the radiocarbon age of DOM increase with peat degradation and humification indicating a high C turnover, an increased microbial modification and age of DOC. On the other hand δ 15N ratios decrease, probably as a result of N fertilization. The promoting effect of inorganic N on DON release and a high humification of DOM at sites treated with inorganic N fertilizers suggest that N fertilization promotes a release of amino acids depleted in 15N and subsequent condensation with carbohydrates to humic substances.

Aves de três remanescentes florestais do norte do Estado do Paraná, sul do Brasil, com sugestões para a conservação e manejo

One hundred eighty species in a preliminary inventory were identified. From these, 166 were in an area of 832.5 ha (Mata Sao Francisco State Park), 84 in another of 9.7 ha (Manoel Julio de Almeida Municipal Forest) and 99 in the third remnant, briefly sampled, of 218 ha (Mata Sao Paulo). Comparing these numbers to inventories of nearby sites was considered that the larger area is poor in number of bird species, and believe this to be mainly due to the high degree of environmental degradation. Was considered that the smaller area is rich in birds, but its proximity (375 meters) to the third remnant certainly exeits strong influence. This paper presents the list of birds by site and with their relative frequency of occurrence. A new record for Parana (Scarlet-headed Blackbird Amblyramphus holosericeus), two new ones for the interior of the state (Uniform Crake Amaurolimnas concolor and Yellow-lored Tody-flycatcher Todirostrum poliocephalum) and several other important records are commented (e.g. Red-legged Seriema Cariama cristata, Vinaceous Parrot Amazona vinacea, and Black-banded Owl Ciccaba huhula). Locally extinct species are discussed (e.g. Harpy Eagle Harpia harpyja), as well as the ones that colonized landscapes created by men (e.g. pastures, agricultural areas). When discussing Atlantic Forest endemism, some species were shown not to be endemic to this biome. Because the north of Parana is almost totally deforested, the presence of the forest remnants by itself conter them great importance for conservation, besides the existence of species endemic to the Atlantic Forest and considered to be under the threat of extinction. Conservation and management measures are also proposed.

Biodegradation of Pharmaceutical Residues Investigated by SPE-GC/ITD-MS and On-Line Derivatization

Solid-phase extraction, on-line derivatization, and measurement by ion trap mass spectrometry (ITD-MS) were used to investigate the biological degradation of pharmaceutical residues (clofibric acid, ibuprofen, diclofenac). The results of the single steps of sample pretreatment and analytical determination are reported. MS/MS measurements were performed on an ITD-MS by selecting collision induced dissociation of the molecular ions (M+) as parent ions to defined daughter ions. A pilot sewage plant and biofilm reactors operating under oxic and anoxic conditions were run as model systems with synthetic sewage water containing 10 to 50 mg/L dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and pharmaceuticals in concentrations of 10 μg/L. Clofibric acid displayed its persistent character in all cases. The pilot sewage plant and the oxic biofilm reactor showed comparable results for diclofenac and ibuprofen, which both were partly degraded. These results can explain the occurrence of these substances in sewage effluents and in the aquatic environment. A high degree of degradation was found especially for ibuprofen in the oxic biofilm reactor, which was attributed to adaptation of the biofilm to the residue. Two metabolites of ibuprofen could be identified on the basis of their mass spectra and comparison with literature data, viz. hydroxyibuprofen and carboxyibuprofen.

Biodegradation of Pharmaceutical Residues Investigated by SPE-GC/ITD-MS and On-Line Derivatization

Solid-phase extraction, on-line derivatization, and measurement by ion trap mass spectrometry (ITD-MS) were used to investigate the biological degradation of pharmaceutical residues (clofibric acid, ibuprofen, diclofenac). The results of the single steps of sample pretreatment and analytical determination are reported. MS/MS measurements were performed on an ITD-MS by selecting collision induced dissociation of the molecular ions (M+) as parent ions to defined daughter ions. A pilot sewage plant and biofilm reactors operating under oxic and anoxic conditions were run as model systems with synthetic sewage water containing 10 to 50 mg/L dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and pharmaceuticals in concentrations of 10 μg/L. Clofibric acid displayed its persistent character in all cases. The pilot sewage plant and the oxic biofilm reactor showed comparable results for diclofenac and ibuprofen, which both were partly degraded. These results can explain the occurrence of these substances in sewage effluents and in the aquatic environment. A high degree of degradation was found especially for ibuprofen in the oxic biofilm reactor, which was attributed to adaptation of the biofilm to the residue. Two metabolites of ibuprofen could be identified on the basis of their mass spectra and comparison with literature data, viz. hydroxyibuprofen and carboxyibuprofen.

Functional characterization of the CFTR R domain using CFTR/MDR1 hybrid and deletion constructs.

To improve our insight into the structure and function of the CFTR R domain, deletion and hybrid constructs in which different parts of the R domain were deleted or replaced by the MDR1 linker domain, and vice versa, were made. Replacement of the linker domain by the R domain did not result in a decrease and replacement of the CFTR R domain by the linker domain did not result in an increase of maturation efficiency, when compared to the respective wild-type proteins. This indicates that the R domain is not responsible for the high degree of degradation observed for CFTR translation products in the ER, but rather the overall structure or sequences located outside the R domain. Replacing the C-terminal part of the R domain (amino acids 780-830) by the MDR1 linker domain resulted in the appearance of PKA-dependent whole cell chloride currents which were not significantly different from wild-type CFTR currents. This might indicate that the PKA sites present in the linker domain are functional and that not the exact sequence of the C-terminal part of the R domain is important, but rather the presence of PKA sites and the length. Moreover, when this hybrid construct was PKC-stimulated, chloride currents were activated. Although these PKC-induced currents were lower than the PKA-induced ones, this again indicates that the linker domain is functional in this hybrid construct. Taken together, these results suggest that the MDR1 linker domain can substitute for part of the regulatory domain of the CFTR protein.

Alteration causes and processes in the stone material from the pavement in Baelo Claudia archeological site, Cadiz/Spain

A detailed study of the alteration causes in the stone material used in buildings and pavements from the ancient roman town of Baelo Claudia (Cadiz, South Spain) was carried out to establish their degree of conservation. Slabs from the pavement of the Forum showed in general a high and irreversible degree of degradation. In order to palliate the action of processes of degradation in subaerial conditions, in this work some measures are proposed to try to preserve the slabs in better conditions.

High speed delivery and low cost from new ABB packaging robot

Describes the latest robot, the IRB 340 FlexPicker, from ABB Flexible Automation that is designed for high speed picking and placing operations found in the food and beverage industry. The new gantry mounted robot is based on a triple arm configuration licensed from a Swiss company. The robot is available with a vision system developed by Cognex utilising the patented PatMax image analysis system that is able to tolerate a high degree of image degradation and is ideal for industrial applications where ambient conditions may vary. A variety of possible layouts for picking, collating and mixing products are described.

Disintegration of sewage sludges and influence on anaerobic digestion

The improvement of anaerobic digestion was investigated in an interdisciplinary research group. Using four different methods of mechanical cell disintegration the influence of the degree of disintegration and the digestion parameters on the performance of the anaerobic process was investigated. Analytical methods to describe the degree of cell-disruption had to be developed. The best results were obtained using a stirred ball mill and a high-pressure homogenizer. As a result of disintegration the degradation is accelerated and the digestion time can be reduced, especially when using immobilized micro-organisms. The treatment of digested sludge by ozonization respectively by mechanical disintegration led to an improved biodegradability of residual organic compounds. In a following second anaerobic process the treated sludge reached an even higher degree of degradation. On the other hand the disruption of the particle structure leads to an increase in polymer-demand and no improvement in dewatering results. Sludge water, returned to the aeration tanks, is slightly more polluted, especially the concentration of ammonia increases because of the better anaerobic digestion.

Chemical degradation of wastes of antineoplastic agents amsacrine, azathioprine, asparaginase and thiotepa

As a part of a program devoted to the destruction of antineoplastic agents, three chemical methods readily available in the hospital environment, viz. oxidation with sodium hypochlorite (NaClO, 5%), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 30%), and Fenton reagent (FeCl2 · 2H2O; 0.3 g in 10 ml H2O2, 30%), were tested for the degradation of four anticancer drugs: Amsacrine, Azathioprine, Asparaginase and Thiotepa. The efficiency of the degradation was monitored by high-performance liquid chromatography. The mutagenicity of the degradation residues were tested by Ames test using tester strains Salmonella typhimurium TA 97a, TA 98, TA 100 and TA 102 with and without an exogenous metabolic activation system. Using sodium hypochlorite, 98.5% of Amsacrine, 99.0% of Azathioprine, 99.5% of Asparaginase and 98.7% of Thiotepa were destroyed after 1 hr. The hydrogen peroxide treatment destroyed 99% of Asparaginase and 98.7% of Thiotepa in 1 hr. However, this procedure was not efficient for the treatment of Amsacrine (28% after 16 hr) and of Azathioprine (53% degradation in 4 hr). The action of Fenton reagent resulted in the destruction of 98% of Amsacrine, and 99.5% of Azathioprine, 98.5% of Asparaginase and 98.7% of Thiotepa in 1 hr. In all cases where a high degree of degradation was achieved, the residues obtained were non mutagenic.

Experimental study on survival rates in two arboreal species from the Argentinean Dry Chaco

Given the state of resource degradation encountered in Chaco (Argentina), research on forest recovery methods and management proposals in accordance with the socioeconomic conditions of the region's inhabitants are imperative. The evaluation of factors that affect the plantation of arboreal species and the management knowledge necessary in the initial afforestation of highly degraded production systems are important elements in the plan for recovery. The present study investigates the importance of the factors: the effect of shrubs, grazing and native species to be planted on the success of afforestation in areas characterized by a high degree of resource degradation. Its objectives are to evaluate the role of Larrea divaricata ‘jarilla’ in the survival of Prosopis chilensis (Mol.) Stuntz and Aspidosperma quebracho blanco, and the effects of attenuated levels of domestic grazing on the survival rate of P. chilensis afforestation in real production units. Four areas located in old beds left by the Chancaní River, reflecting the degraded soil and forest conditions, were set up as real production units. The vegetation community at each site contained 70% L. divaricata, the dominant species. Prosopis flexuosa D.C. and emergent A. quebracho blanco (quebracho) comprised the arboreal stratum. Experimentally planted quebracho and mesquite seedlings' survival rates differed with respect to the shrub-effect. Shrubs were not found to exert any facilitating effect on the survival rate in mesquite, indicating that mesquite would have a higher survival rate in open spaces. However, shrub presence was found to be somewhat beneficial to survival in quebracho one year after the beginning of the trial. Herbivores with and without shrubs were a significant factor decreasing survival in P. chilensis.

Disintegration of sewage sludges and influence on anaerobic digestion

The improvement of anaerobic digestion was investigated in an interdisciplinary research group. Using four different methods of mechanical cell disintegration the influence of the degree of disintegration and the digestion parameters on the performance of the anaerobic process was investigated. Analytical methods to describe the degree of cell-disruption had to be developed. The best results were obtained using a stirred ball mill and a high-pressure homogenizer. As a result of disintegration the degradation is accelerated and the digestion time can be reduced, especially when using immobilized micro-organisms. The treatment of digested sludge by ozonization respectively by mechanical disintegration led to an improved biodegradability of residual organic compounds. In a following second anaerobic process the treated sludge reached an even higher degree of degradation. On the other hand the disruption of the particle structure leads to an increase in polymer-demand and no improvement in dewatering results. Sludge water, returned to the aeration tanks, is slightly more polluted, especially the concentration of ammonia increases because of the better anaerobic digestion.

Expression of the Protein–Tyrosine Kinase p56lckby the pTRX Vector Yields a Highly Soluble Protein Recovered by Mild Sonication

We have expressed the protein–tyrosine kinase p56lckas a fusion with glutathione-S-transferase (GST) or thioredoxin (TRX). While the GST–Lck fusion protein was found to be poorly soluble and solubilization techniques led to a high degree of degradation, the TRX–Lck fusion protein was found to be highly soluble. This solubilization was achieved by mild sonication in a simple low ionic strength buffer which makes the fusion protein immediately available for further use. Even in the absence of protease inhibitors, the TRX–Lck fusion protein exhibited no trace of degradation. We produced 40–60 mg of TRX–Lck/l of culture which was efficiently cleaved at the endopeptidase site. The TRX–Lck and GST–Lck fusion proteins exhibited similar phosphorylation activity.

Procollagen propeptide and pyridinium cross-links as markers of type I collagen turnover: sex- and age-related changes in healthy children.

The correlations among age, gender, body size parameters, and type I collagen metabolism were evaluated in 183 healthy infants, aged 8.5-27.5 months. Collagen formation was assessed by measuring serum type I collagen carboxy-terminal propeptide, and degradation was determined by urinary pyridinoline and deoxypyridinoline (measured by high performance liquid chromatography) and cross-linked N- and C-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen (measured by NTx and CrossLaps assays). A new RIA specific for deoxypyridinoline was also evaluated. The results provide reference values at 10 months and 2 yr of age, including cross-linked C-terminal telopeptides (1492 +/- 685 and 1510 +/- 446 in boys; 1705 +/- 612 and 1849 +/- 611 micrograms/mmol creatinine in girls; mean +/- 1 SD). There was a good correlation between the high performance liquid chromatography and RIA data for deoxypyridinoline, showing that the RIA method is suitable for use in healthy children. Some correlations were found among peptide-bound cross-links, serum type I collagen carboxy-terminal propeptide, and the anthropometric parameters, suggesting that these peptides reflect bone resorption and also overall body type I collagen. Finally, there were age- and sex-related differences in the urinary excretion of the collagen degradation markers, suggesting that, unlike boys, girls maintain a high degree of collagen degradation up to the age of 24 months despite a decrease in their rate of collagen formation.

A new approach of characterizing the hydrolytic degradation of poly(ethylene terephthalate) by MALDI-MS

The hydrolytic degradation of technical poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) was investigated by means of different methods such as size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), viscometry, light-scattering, thin-layer chromatography, end-group titration, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). The long-term degradation was simulated by exposing PET filament yarns to aqueous neutral conditions at 90°C for up to 18 weeks. By means of MALDI-MS and thin-layer chromatography, the formation of different oligomers was obtained during polymer degradation. As expected, an ester scission process was found generating acid terminated oligomers (H-[GT]m-OH) and T-[GT]m-OH and ethylene glycol terminated oligomers (H-[GT]m-G), where G is an ethylene glycol unit and T is a terephthalic acid unit. Additionally, the scission of the ester bonds during the chemical treatment led to a strong decrease in the number of cyclic oligomers ([GT]m). The occurrence of di-acid terminated species demonstrated a high degree of degradation. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 35: 2183–2192, 1997

Distributional patterns of raptors along altitudinal gradients in the northern Andes and effects of forest fragmentation

ABSTRACTA survey of the diurnal raptor community (46 resident species) at five altitudinal levels from 100 to 4600 m was made in Venezuela using 106 1-km2sample quadrats and then compared with similar censuses (211 plots) in southwestern Colombia and eastern Ecuador. Six habitat types were defined and habitat preferences were measured from every encountered birds and from the association between individual abundances and the coverage of habitat types on plots. The overall species richness steeply declined with elevation in all three countries. The raptor community consisted mostly of tropical species that rapidly decreased in both abundance and frequency of occurrence with elevation. A small set of subtropical-temperate forest specialists partly replaced them at mid-elevation and only two species occurred in the paramo of Venezuela, against 5–7 in the other countries. Although originally the gradients were probably almost completely covered with forest, a large part of the raptor community is now composed of grassland species, three of them extending from the lowlands to the tree line. The relative impoverishment of the Venezuelan community, especially at upper levels, is attributed to a peninsular effect at the narrow extreme northern tip of the Andes and perhaps also to former forest fragmentation. Within some species, different subspecies had discrete altitudinal distributions and interspecific competition may explain differences in the range extension of some species between countries. Today, however, accelerating deforestation may result in a severe decline of forest-interior species and a probable reduction in the altitudinal range of at least some of them. Species naturally associated with forest gaps or edges usually tolerate a high degree of forest fragmentation and degradation but only one of them may become abundant in heavily human-altered woodlands. Few grassland specialists have become more widely distributed in the increasingly deforested landscapes.

The effects of concanavalin A and other agents on protein degradation and migration of non-histone proteins (NHP) to the nucleus in lymphocytes.

Concanavalin A (conA) inhibits the degradation of [3H]leucine-labeled cellular proteins of human lymphocytes. The lectin also stimulates the migration of non-histone proteins (NHP) from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. The increased nuclear level of NHP is associated with increased cellular binding of [3H]actinomycin D [(3H]AD). Decreased protein breakdown and increased migration of NHP are parallel events, i.e. both changes occur as a function of the lectin concentration and display a similar time course, suggesting that these events could be related. Similar effects are observed with fluoride, chloroquine and iodoacetate: these agents simultaneously decrease proteolysis and increase the nuclear level of NHP, associated with increased cellular [3H]AD binding. Fractionation of the acidic NHP according to pH 2.5-6.5 shows that proteins with a high degree of degradation in unstimulated cells correspond to proteins with a high degree of migration in conA-stimulated cells. A similar correlation was observed in fluoride-treated lymphocytes. conA, fluoride and iodoacetate decrease cellular [3H]chloroquine [(3H]CQ) accumulation, indicating a lysosomotropic effect. These and previously reported data suggest, but do not prove that conA inhibits degradation of cellular proteins via the lysosomal pathway. Ammonium chloride, methylamine and sodium azide also inhibit proteolysis and increase cellular [3H]AD binding; however, their effects are weak. On the basis of these observations it appears that lysosomal degradation and migration of NHP to the nucleus are linked; however, the mechanism of the linkage is unknown.

The Effects of Mechanical Degradation and Viscoelastic Behavior on Injectivity of Polyacrylamide Solutions

AbstractResults of recent experiments that clarify the effects of mechanical degradation and viscoelastic behavior on the flow of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide solutions through porous media are presented. From these results, a simple model that may be used to predict injectivity of polyacrylamide solutions is developed.Injection pressures for linear corefloods are shown to be separable into two components: (1) an initial pressure drop associated with the entrance of polymer into the sandstone and (2) a constant pressure gradient throughout the remainder of the core. Entrance pressure drop is zero until the polymer solution flux increases to the rate where mechanical degradation takes place. Thereafter, entrance pressure drop and the degree of polymer mechanical degradation increase with increasing flux. In addition, polymer solutions that undergo a large entrance pressure drop and a high degree of mechanical degradation when first injected into a core show no entrance pressure drop and no further degradation after reinjection into the same core at the same flux. These observations suggest that the entrance pressure drop is associated closely with the process of polymer mechanical degradation.A new correlation is developed that may be used to determine entrance pressure drop and the level of mechanical degradation directly as a function of sand-face flux, permeability, and porosity. This correlation is more convenient to apply and less dependent on flow geometry than previous correlations.Based on these observations, a model is developed that may be used to estimate injectivity of polyacrylamide solutions in linear or radial flow geometries. This model takes into account the entrance pressure drop and the dilatant nature of the polymer near the wellbore. Predictions made with this model are compared with experimental results.

Radioimmunological determination of pancreatic and gut glucagon in plasma.

A radioimmunoassay has been developed for glucagon. The antibodies raised in rabbits were sensitive to 0.01 ng of glueagon in a volume of 100 μl. The free and the antibody-bound125I-glucagon were separated by addition of ethanol or by paper chromatography on Whatman 3 MM. Two types of antisera were used: one that did not react, with gut GLI (glucagon-like immunoreactivity), and another one that reacted with both the pancreatic glucagon and the gut GLI, giving identical dilution curves for the two substances. Exogenous pan-creatic glueagon and gut GLI experienced a high degree of degradation during the preparation of plasma unless trasylol was added. A degradation of endogenous pancreatic and gut GLI could also be shown in the absence of trasylol. The damage to125I-glueagon occurring during incubation in plasma was eliminated by using an easy plasma extraction method yielding an approximately 80% recovery of pancreatic glueagon and gut GLI. Normal human fasting plasma extracts contained 0.26 ± 0.024 ng equiv, of pancreatic GLI and 0.38±0.048 ng equiv. of gut GLI (mean of 21 samples ± s.e.m.). During OGTT the pancreatic GLI decreased while the gut GLI increased. The specificity and validity of glueagon determinations are discussed.

REHABILITATION OF THE SOIL STRUCTURE WITH THE DIRECT SOWING IN THE STAVROPOL REGION DRY ZONE

The influence of different systems of soil cultivation is considered - traditional (recommended) technology and direct sowing, which is increasingly used under dry conditions of the region. The rehabilitation of the degraded southern chernozems and dark chestnut soils structure during 13 and 7 years of direct sowing, respectively, has not been established. It takes much longer to rehabilitation the aggregate state of soils, which is currently in a critical condition of the content of aggregates> 10 mm in size and the sum of agronomically valuable aggregates. The soils under 60-year treeline, as a control, showed a satisfactory range of aggregates, which indicates a high degree of soil degradation in the past and a long period of their recovery time. The effectiveness of direct sowing usage in the cultivation of a wider range of grain and row crops (winter wheat, sunflower, peas, chickpeas, rapeseed, buckwheat, corn) is due to the peculiarities of agricultural technologies. Abandoning of naked fallows and soil treatments with the simultaneous use of plant residues and cover crops on the soil surface between the harvest and sowing of winter crops provides an anti-erosion effect and, as a consequence, a decrease in physical evaporation, an increase in moisture and biota reserves, an increase in microbiological processes, which are noted in the form trends in improving the agrochemical and agrophysical properties of soils.