High Level Of Contribution Research Articles

The comparative experimental study of rehabilitation program decision for spinal cord injury based on electronic medical records

ObjectiveElectronic medical records (EMRs) contain patients' medical and health information. The Utilization of EMRs for assisted diagnosis is of significant importance for the rehabilitation of spinal cord injury (SCI) patients. Therefore, this study proposes a decision-making model for rehabilitation programs of SCI patients based on EMRs. MethodsFirst, an Electronic Medical Records (EMR) dataset comprising 1252 Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) patients was constructed, and data preprocessing was completed. Second, the Random Forest (RF) feature extraction algorithm was utilized to select case features with high contribution levels. Then, to address the imbalance issue in EMRs, a multi-label learning framework based on the improved MLSMOTE was adopted. Finally, seven multi-label classification models were employed to predict patients' physical therapy (PT) prescriptions. ResultsThe proposed improved MLSMOTE multi-label learning framework can solve the problem of class imbalance. Compared with the other six models, the CC model has improved significantly in many metrics. Its hamming loss and ranking loss were 0.1388 and 0.2467, and precision, recall, and F1-score were 83.33 %, 81.20 %, and 79.82 % respectively. ConclusionsThe improved MLSMOTE multi-label learning framework proposed in this study can make full use of the information in EMRs and effectively improve the decision-making accuracy of rehabilitation treatment programs.

THE IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL AND SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCES ON EMPLOYEE JOB PERFORMANCE IN COMMERCIAL BANKS IN NUWARA-ELIYA DISTRICT

The workplace environment keeps on changing, indicating its dynamic nature as well as unpredictability. Organizations require its employees to be more committed as well as to have a better cohesive working interrelationship. Emotional intelligence (EI) and spiritual Intelligence (SI) are the most important concepts introduced to psychology and management in the last decade and individual job performance (JP) is highly important for an organization. Hence, there is a need to identify the influence of EI and SI on JP. In addition to that only few studies so far have been conducted to explore impact of EI and SI on JP of employees which show an empirical knowledge gap. Hence, the main aim of this study is to emphasize the impact of EI and SI on JP of employee. In this study EI and SI are independent variables and JP as dependent variable. EI has four dimensions and SI has three dimensions. A cross-sectional survey using structured questionnaire was used to collect data from to 165 employees in selected Commercial Banks in Nuwara-Eliya District and all the items in the independent and dependent variables were tested through reliability test to ensure the consistency of the scale. Univariate analysis was carried out and the results show employees have high level of contribution of EI and SI to determine the JP. The correlational analysis was carried out and the result indicated there was a medium positive relationship between SI and EI, EI and JP and also SI and JP. The multi linear regression analysis was carried out and the results revealed that EI and SI significantly and positively impact on JP of employees. Moreover the above stated empirical knowledge gap has been filled certain extent through this research findings in banking sector. KEYWORDS: emotional intelligence, spiritual intelligence, job performance

Multi-Endpoint Acute Toxicity Assessment of Organic Compounds Using Large-Scale Machine Learning Modeling.

In recent years, alternative animal testing methods such as computational and machine learning approaches have become increasingly crucial for toxicity testing. However, the complexity and scarcity of available biomedical data challenge the development of predictive models. Combining nonlinear machine learning together with multicondition descriptors offers a solution for using data from various assays to create a robust model. This work applies multicondition descriptors (MCDs) to develop a QSTR (Quantitative Structure-Toxicity Relationship) model based on a large toxicity data set comprising more than 80,000 compounds and 59 different end points (122,572 data points). The prediction capabilities of developed single-task multi-end point machine learning models as well as a novel data analysis approach with the use of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) are discussed. The results show that using MCDs significantly improves the model and using them with CNN-1D yields the best result (R2train = 0.93, R2ext = 0.70). Several structural features showed a high level of contribution to the toxicity, including van der Waals surface area (VSA), number of nitrogen-containing fragments (nN+), presence of S-P fragments, ionization potential, and presence of C-N fragments. The developed models can be very useful tools to predict the toxicity of various compounds under different conditions, enabling quick toxicity assessment of new compounds.

Discussion of procurement methods in the construction industry

Construction projects are highly complex and unique in nature yet this business holds prime importance for the economy of any country due to its high level of contribution to GDP. There have been a number of revolutions in the industry over the past few years.With the introduction of newer methods and advanced technologies, the approach that followed a number of major changes and modifications. This paper explores various procurement trends in the construction arena and makes an attempt to understand how their impacts and the trade-offs that are made while choosing for construction and sustainability of the construction process.There are various distinctive ways to deal with procurement of products, services, and mechanism, all of which can bring about various results. Procurement methodology is about the decisions taken in figuring out what is to be conveyed by a specific contract, the procuring and contracting courses of action and the way the auxiliary procurement targets are to be advanced.This paper will contribute to the body of knowledge by providing the analysis and a list of reliable factors for procurement technique in construction projects to inform future practice at strategic and tactic level. There are various distinctive ways to deal with procurement of products, services and mechanism, all of which can bring about various results. Procurement methodology is about the decisions taken in figuring out what is to be conveyed by a specific contract, the procuring and contracting courses of action and the way the auxiliary procurement targets are to be advanced. Methodological triangulation was adopted, including the literature review, and a questionnaire survey to obtain data from 50 construction professionals. The results revealed that employee’s awareness is the greatest strategy for procurement in the construction industry.

Mídias sociais corporativas: um estudo a partir da perspectiva dos nativos digitais

Abstract This study aims to ascertain digital natives’ perceptions regarding internal social media (ISM) use in corporate contexts. Consulting company surveys, although limited as scientific evidence, revealed that digital natives would, if they had choice, quit their jobs in the next two years, showing that engaging them is already a challenge. However, there is a gap in the literature as digital natives’ workplace behaviors remain unexamined, singling out this study as a unique assessment of digital natives with exposure to the workplace and its practices. An exploratory study was performed by applying content analysis of semi-structured interviews with recently employed digital natives. The findings suggest that the lifespan aspect may impact how social technologies are used for communication in organizational contexts; and that digital natives believe in a participatory culture created on social systems that impose a high level of contribution within the company. They recognize the adverse effects of ISM but consider that its advantages predominate, indicating an optimistic view. Whereas internal communication (IC) has been explored in multiple contexts, few studies address ISM influence on organizations. As such, this study contributes to the IC literature with a more granular understanding of enterprise social media’s role from the perspective of the most current workforce. It also contributes to the pragmatic field by proposing that organizations can take advantage of ambiguos but tending to positive perception of ISM and leverage its use by digital natives to promote employee engagement.

Inequality, Outreach, and Impact in Public Goods Contributions

Mobilizing domestic resources is vital in financing domestic investment and social programmes, which are essential for reducing poverty in developing countries. We consider citizens’ willingness to contribute to public goods as one mechanism for domestic resource mobilization. In particular, we are interested in how willingness to contribute varies on three dimensions: inequality in initial endowments, public good outreach (local vs. national), and the expected impact of giving. We conducted a preregistered (AEARCTR-0007746) online experiment with a sample of 900 respondents in South Africa. First, public goods game tasks with equal and unequal endowments were compared to estimate inequality impacts. Second, a dictator game decision with donations to a national charity was compared to the local public goods game to study the effect of project outreach. Finally, to estimate donation impact, charity decisions with quadrupled contributions were compared to those with doubled contributions. We find overall high levels of contribution, with much overlap across the different contexts considered. We note that the highest endowment proportion is contributed in the unequal context, with low endowment players giving the highest share of their endowments. Response time data shows that decisions take longer where donation impact is higher, and where endowments are unequal, particularly for those receiving lower endowments.

PENGARUH PROFITABILITAS DAN KEPEMILIKAN KELUARGA TERHADAP PENGHINDARAN PAJAK (Study Kasus Perusahaan Non Keuangan Sektor Properti dan Real Estate yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI) Periode 2016-2019)

This research aims to analyze the effectivity and contribution of Local Taxes towards Local Own-Source Revenue in DKI Jakarta Province. The effectivity and contribution show the seriosness of regional government in exploring local own-source revenue for the development and working performance of the regional government. The research employs qualitative descriptive method as research methodology which show data without any manipulaton or changes. The source of data derived from Regional Revenue Agency of DKI Jakatya Province. The results reinforced that 2018 has higher effectivity level which are 103,23% and 2019 has lower effectivity level which at 90,485. On the other hand, 2019 has higher contribution level which are 88,23% and 2017 has lower contribution level which are 83,14%.

How deep is your involvement? Caregiver Contribution to self-care in heart failure: A content qualitative analysis with magnitude coding

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Background/Introduction People with heart failure (HF) often rely on the support of informal caregivers to perform self-care. While caregiver contributions (CC) to HF self-care have been described, little is kwon how deeply caregivers are involved in supporting HF patient to perform self-care. Purpose This study aimed to describe with which actions informal caregivers contributed to the self-care of people with HF and with what intensity these actions are acted upon. Method We used a qualitative-descriptive design. We enrolled a convenience sample of HF caregivers who were aged > 18 and cared for their patients for at least six months. Interviews were conducted from August 2020 to February 2021, via telephone. All interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed using content analysis with a deductive and inductive approach. Two investigators independently performed a two-round coding of the transcriptions using NVIVO: firstly, we used "Verbal Exchange coding", to identify the verbs of the actions performed by caregivers; secondly, we used "Magnitude Coding" to qualify the intensity caregiver involvement in HF care from M1 = low level of contribution (i.e., passive occasionally observation), to M2 = medium level of contribution (i.e., active regularly observation and contribution) and M3 = high level of contribution (i.e., daily contribution as recommended by guidelines). Categories, sub-categories, and codes were grouped in the three theoretical dimensions of CC to self-care maintenance, self-care monitoring and self-care management. Results The mean age of the 22 enrolled caregivers was 53.45 years (range 30-78). Most of the participants were female (n=17), married (n=11) adult children (n=14) and in cohabitation with the patients (n=13) caring for them for an average of 9.32 hours per day (range 2-24 hours/day). 32 different actions were identified as played by caregivers: 9 in self-care maintenance, 14 in self-care monitoring, and 9 in self-care management. Among the 9 self-care maintenance actions, the contribution in M1 was "Physical activity" which was coded 1 time; the action in M3 was "Ensuring that the person consumes low-salt foods" coded 12 times. Among the 14 self-care monitoring actions, the contribution in M1 was "Noting health changes", coded 11 times, while the contribution in M3 was "Understanding the origin of symptoms" coded 20 times. with (M3). Among self-care management actions, the contribution in M1 was "Seeking advice from family or friends about symptom management", coded 4 times; the highest contribution with M3 was "Knowing how to manage decompensation flare-ups" which was coded 13 times. Conclusion(s): How caregivers are involved in the process of their contribution to HF self-care is important to tailor future interventions.

Director tenure and contribution to board task performance: A time and contingency perspective

Director tenure is a topic of great interest in the corporate governance debate. Researchers try to assess the effects of tenure on director contribution, board effectiveness and firm performance. Regulators, corporations, and institutional investors advocate for term limits for outside directors to reduce the risks of impaired governance. Despite the burgeoning interest, there is lack of consensus on the mechanisms shaping directors' contributions over time. We argue that next to the ‘loss of independence’ and ‘knowledge acquisition’ hypotheses, respectively predicting a negative and positive effect of tenure on task performance, socio-cognitive and behavioral approaches elucidate the way in which directors' contributions rise and decline with time. Using a multiple case study approach, we document wide variability in directors' contributions at similar levels of tenure. We find this is due to a series of contingencies including whether directors are novice or experienced, the frequency and nature of board interactions, and the relative power of a director. This variability is particularly clear in longer serving directors for whom we find polarizing results: while some grow stale in the saddle, others sustain high levels of contribution despite extreme tenures. The latter finding is at odds with agency-based assumptions and general predictions from the literature. Overall, our study offers a tentative explanation as to why setting an ‘ideal’ tenure for outside directors has proven so difficult and encourages boards and policy makers to consider the influence of director-level features as well as board dynamics in shaping directors' contributions.

Comparing protein\u2013protein interaction networks of SARS-CoV-2 and (H1N1) influenza using topological features

SARS-CoV-2 pandemic first emerged in late 2019 in China. It has since infected more than 298 million individuals and caused over 5 million deaths globally. The identification of essential proteins in a protein–protein interaction network (PPIN) is not only crucial in understanding the process of cellular life but also useful in drug discovery. There are many centrality measures to detect influential nodes in complex networks. Since SARS-CoV-2 and (H1N1) influenza PPINs pose 553 common human proteins. Analyzing influential proteins and comparing these networks together can be an effective step in helping biologists for drug-target prediction. We used 21 centrality measures on SARS-CoV-2 and (H1N1) influenza PPINs to identify essential proteins. We applied principal component analysis and unsupervised machine learning methods to reveal the most informative measures. Appealingly, some measures had a high level of contribution in comparison to others in both PPINs, namely Decay, Residual closeness, Markov, Degree, closeness (Latora), Barycenter, Closeness (Freeman), and Lin centralities. We also investigated some graph theory-based properties like the power law, exponential distribution, and robustness. Both PPINs tended to properties of scale-free networks that expose their nature of heterogeneity. Dimensionality reduction and unsupervised learning methods were so effective to uncover appropriate centrality measures.

Advancing the concept of cybersecurity as a public good

This paper presents an agent-based model of cybersecurity as a participatory public good. Ineffective cybersecurity measures pose serious threats and risks to the development and stability of information societies in the world. Various doctrines and thesis explore how this domain should be treated by the public and private stakeholders. One of these doctrines is cybersecurity as a public good. In this paper, we highlight divergent views about the type of cybersecurity as an economic good. Then, the paper proposes an agent-based simulation model of a repeated public goods game among a set of defenders that are in an uncertain environment with incomplete and imperfect information. In the model, defenders have a probability to choose contribution or being a free-rider, depending on their own preferences and facing with revealed preferences of other defenders. This model implements a utility maximization that applies to each individual, modeling the existence of free-riders, punishments, and interdependency of decisions under a polycentric governance structure. The results of this simulation model show that, over time, defenders update their preferences in reaction to the behavior of other defenders and the experience of cyber-attacks. They indicate a high level of contribution to the provision of cybersecurity as a public good and the effectiveness of decentralized punishment on increasing the contributions. The consistency of the pattern of our results across different empirical studies lends us some reassurance that our model behavior is in quantitative agreement with empirical macro-structures. Furthermore, implementation of a polycentric structure challenges all the relevant agents to take action, and provides more robust environment.

Phenotypic evaluation of genetic variability and selection of yield contributing traits in chickpea recombinant inbred line population under high temperature stress.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-021-00977-5.

Survival of the Fittest: Analysing the Triangulation of Employee Mindfulness and Authentic Leadership and Organizational Intelligence

This study focuses on the relationship authentic leadership, employee mindfulness, and organizational intelligence in the backdrop of social exchange theory and complex system theory. The paper examines the direct and indirect effect of authentic leadership on organizational intelligence with the mediating role of employee mindfulness using Preacher and Hayes (2014) process macro, model four. Hypothesized relationships data is collected cross-sectionally in a natural environment from 342 employees from the NGO sector of Pakistan via a simple random sampling technique. Statistical analysis including correlation and regression indicates a positive relationship between authentic leadership and organizational intelligence both directly and indirectly. A shift in the strength of variance is observed in the direct relationship after the introduction of the mediating variable, confirming the mediating role of employee mindfulness. Employee mindfulness independently indicates a much stronger variance on organizational intelligence compared to authentic leadership explaining high levels of contribution of employee mindfulness in achieving organizational intelligence.

Examining correlations between opioid dispensing and opioid-related hospitalizations in Canada, 2007\u20132016

BackgroundHigh levels of opioid-related mortality, as well as morbidity, contribute to the excessive opioid-related disease burden in North America, induced by high availability of opioids. While correlations between opioid dispensing levels and mortality outcomes are well-established, fewer evidence exists on correlations with morbidity (e.g., hospitalizations).MethodsWe examined possible overtime correlations between medical opioid dispensing and opioid-related hospitalizations in Canada, by province, 2007–2016. For dispensing, we examined annual volumes of medical opioid dispensing derived from a representative, stratified sample of retail pharmacies across Canada. Raw dispensing information for ‘strong opioids’ was converted into Defined Daily Doses per 1000 population per day (DDD/1000/day). Opioid-related hospitalization rates referred to opioid poisoning-related admissions by province, for fiscal years 2007–08 to 2016–17, drawn from the national Hospital Morbidity Database. We assessed possible correlations between opioid dispensing and hospitalizations by province using the Pearson product moment correlation; correlation values (r) and confidence intervals were reported.ResultsSignificant correlations for overtime correlations between population-levels of opioid dispensing and opioid-related hospitalizations were observed for three provinces: Quebec (r = 0.87, CI: 0.49–0.97; p = 0.002); New Brunswick (r = 0.85;CI: 0.43–0.97; p = 0.004) and Nova Scotia (r = 0.78; CI:0.25–0.95; p = 0.012), with an additional province, Saskatchewan, (r = 0.073; CI:-0.07–0.91;p = 0.073) featuring borderline significance.ConclusionsThe correlations observed further add to evidence on opioid dispensing levels as a systemic driver of population-level harms. Notably, correlations were not identified principally in provinces with reported high contribution levels (> 50%) of illicit opioids to mortality, which are not captured by dispensing data and so may have distorted or concealed potential correlation effects due to contamination.

Inequalities in common mental disorders between advantaged and disadvantaged groups: an Oaxaca – Blinder decomposition analysis on socio-economic factors

Purpose This paper aims to evaluate the socio-economic factors of inequalities in common mental disorders (MDs) between advantaged and disadvantaged groups and also to determine the main contributors of inequality. Design/methodology/approach This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2016–2017. The authors included 763 persons by stratified cluster sampling; clusters were cities, geographical area and households. Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition technique was used to estimate of main inequalities determinant between advantaged and disadvantaged groups. Findings Overall prevalence of MDs was 22.6 and 35.6% in the advantage and disadvantaged groups, respectively. The concentration index was −0.013 [95% Confidence Interval (95% CI): −0.022, −0.004]; therefore, MDs were more concentrated in the deprived group. The risk of MDs in deprived group and females was 81 and 60% higher than advantaged group (OR: 1.81; 95% CI: 1.28, 2.57) and males (OR: 1.60; 95% CI: 1.21, 2.24), respectively. Educational status [−0.06 (95% CI: −0.10, −0.01)] was the highest level of contribution in inequality in gaps between groups. Originality/value The socio-demographic inequality in MDs among adult population was more explained by lower educational level, married persons and unemployment variables.

Even Bad Social Norms Promote Positive Interactions

Social norms for cooperation are often supported by positive and negative sanctions. Simultaneously, positive interactions in human relationships via sanctions are promoted by positive social behavior. This study investigates the relationship between social behavior and sanctions based on economic laboratory experiments. Participants with unique IDs make decisions on the contribution to public goods, which is inefficient for society. After participating in the public goods game, they decide whether to use the sanctions. The type of sanctions are varied, such as no sanction, only punishable, only rewardable, and all of these are possible. We found that inefficient social behavior increases under conditions where participants can reward each other and that the level of social activity and rewards are positively correlated. To exclude the possibility of the participants misunderstanding inefficiency, we performed an additional experiment that emphasizes the meaning of inefficiency that the contribution toward public goods reduces profits in society as a whole. We found that even with this emphasis, the high level of contributions is sustained when sanctions are possible. A group-level comparison showed that the group that maintained bad norms used the reward option more. Our results suggest that people maintain bad norms in anticipation of positive interaction.

Accounting to ensure healthy lives: critical perspective from the Italian National Healthcare System

Purpose The aim of the paper is to understand the differences between “talking” and “walking” about sustainable development goals (SDGs) in state-owned enterprises (SOEs). Specifically, the authors have conducted an analysis on 202 entities that operate within the Italian National Healthcare System (INHS) to evaluate the overall degree of transparency in term of contribution to the SDG3. Design/methodology/approach The research evaluates the degree of contribution to SDG3 by INHS through the adoption of the theoretical framework proposed by Beck et al. (2010). Specifically, the authors assess the degree of contribution to this goal using an interpretive content analysis that combines the theoretical framework with the 13 targets that composed the SDG3. For the authors’ purposes, they analyze all INHS’s website to evaluate the presence/absence of social reports produced in the periods 2015-2018. Findings Although the great contribution to the SDG3, the INHS is characterized by a low degree of accountability. In fact, only 12.21 per cent of INHS’s entities disclosed at least one social report during the observed period. Moreover, the authors’ results denote how the approach of INHS’s entities to social reporting is different both in term of “quality” and “quantity.” Research limitations/implications The SOEs play a central role within the Agenda 2030 strategies. However, public managers are less oriented than private managers to adopt non-financial reporting tools. Furthermore, the authors’ results highlight the existence of asymmetric information between SOEs and citizens even if in presence of best practices such as the INHS. In this sense, the adoption of non-financial reports tool to engage in a more effective way with citizens could be a strategic driver for the achievement of highest degree of social legitimacy to operate. Practical implications The paper is of use to public managers operating in countries characterized by a high level of contribution to SDGs. Specifically, the authors’ results suggest how the adoption of reporting tools could impact positively in terms of stakeholder’s awareness to SDG themes. Originality/value This paper contributes to the understanding of the central role covered by academics, practitioners and public sectors to SDGs through the adoption of social reporting tools.

One Step at a Time: Does Gradualism Build Coordination?

We study how -- increasing required levels (thresholds) of contributions slowly over time rather than requiring a high level of contribution immediately -- affects individuals' decisions to contribute to a public project. Using a laboratory binary choice minimum-effort coordination game, we randomly assign participants to three treatments: starting and continuing at a high threshold, starting at a low threshold but jumping to a high threshold after a few periods, and starting at a low threshold and gradually increasing the threshold over time (the gradualism treatment). We find that individuals coordinate most successfully at the high threshold in the treatment relative to the other two groups. We propose a theory based on belief updating to explain why works. We also discuss alternative explanations such as reinforcement learning, conditional cooperation, inertia, preference for consistency, and limited attention. Our findings point to a simple, voluntary mechanism to promote successful coordination when the capacity to impose sanctions is limited.

Comparative Views on Research Productivity Differences between Major Social Science Fields in Vietnam: Structured Data and Bayesian Analysis, 2008–2018

Since Circular 34 from the Ministry of Science and Technology of Vietnam required the head of the national project to have project results published in ISI/Scopus journals in 2014, the field of economics has been dominating the number of nationally-funded projects in social sciences and humanities. However, there has been no scientometric study that focuses on the difference in productivity among fields in Vietnam. Thus, harnessing the power of the SSHPA database (sshpa.com), a comprehensive dataset of 1,564 Vietnamese authors (854 males, 705 females) with 2,410 publications in the 2008–2018 period was extracted and analyzed. Various factors were considered including age, gender, new authors, leading authors, co-authorship, and Impact Factor. The findings suggest a high level of contribution from authors at the age of 40–44 in economics (858 publications) in a 12-years period, which is equivalent to the social medicine total output, and two times more than the total output of the education. Moreover, the presence and reinforcement of male researchers are still dominating in Economics and other fields, with the only exception of education. Despite the rapid rise in the number of Vietnamese lead authors, gender disparity among disciplines is an issue. Contrary to the strong international collaboration-oriented tendency in social medicine, economics, and other fields, educational authors are not open to international collaborating. Finally, most of the publications in economics belong to the group with JIF from 0 to 2, in contrast with the high number of social medicine publications with JIF from 2 to 5, which suggesting the field of economics is fulfilling the quantity, but still, need more quality publications.

The need for pension reform in Russia

The relevance of the paper is caused by the fact that the current pension system did not satisfy either citizens, since their pensions were extremely miserable, neither employers due to the high level of contributions to the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, nor the government, since the low level of pensions caused social and, as a consequence, political tension, nor the subjects of the Russian Federation, since the unfunded pension system obliged the regions to deduct funds from their own funds to cover pension obligations to subsidized regions. The way out of this situation is the creation of a new pension reform, which will increase the size of the pension by increasing the income of the pension system itself. The main goal of the pension reform is to increase the welfare of Russian citizens after they retire. The subject of the study is a new pension reform, the stimulus of which was to become a transition from an unfunded to a defined contribution pension system. The aim of the study is to identify the main economic reasons for creating a new pension reform. Methodology. To study the new pension reform, the main indicators are systematized: the minimum length of service for assigning an insurance pension, the amount of pension points for the period from 2015 to 2024 and subsequent years, and pension calculation formulas. Results. According to the new pension reform, the employee is encouraged to show full salary for employers to pay insurance contributions. The conditions are created to remove real wages from the “shadow”. The unfunded pension system caused social instability, caused a conflict of generations, workers and employers, destabilized the authorities. The new pension reform is designed to provide conditions for mutual assistance of generations and social partnership. The unfunded pension system led to the fact that pension payments were a heavy burden on the economy. The new pension system, at the expense of the funded part of the insurance contribution, creates an investment resource of “long money” (with a demand period of 25-30 years). Thus, the pension system not only serves elderly citizens, but also really works to develop the domestic economy.