Higher Autonomic Centers Research Articles

SYNDROME OF VEGETATIVE DYSFUNCTION AMONG YOUNG STUDENTS IN VOLGOGRAD EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS

The syndrome of autonomic dysfunction (SVD) is interpreted as a set of polysystemic disorders caused by disorders of the higher autonomic centers. Today, the number of young people who report symptoms of this dysfunction continues to increase. Thus, a significant proportion of students with SVD are at risk of developing abnormalities in their health state, due to dysregulation of vascular tone, aggravated by desynchronosis. The aim of the study studied the incidence of autonomic dysfunction syndrome among students in Volgograd educational institutions. The survey included the study of the state of balance of the autonomic nervous system using the Wayne questionnaire, as well as chronotypes using the Horn-Ostberg test. The results were processed using the methods of mathematical statistics. Installed, it was found that the highest prevalence of vegetative-vascular dystonia (VVD) is among the student youth of the Volgograd region. Among female representatives, VVD is found somewhat more often than among men. Representatives of the owners of arrhythmic and weak evening chronotypes are more susceptible to the development of autonomic dysfunctions. Systematic muscular activity is a limiting factor in the progression of the syndrome of vegetative-vascular dysfunctions. In order to preserve and improve the level of health of students actually is systematic observance of the motor activity, as well as the development of complex programs of physical education, taking into account individual daily biorhythms. Specified recommendations have a preventive focus in regard to the syndrome of autonomic dysfunction and its transformation into the pathology of a particular body system.

Development of regulation of the cardiac chronotropic function in albino rats during the early postnatal ontogeny according to the results of spectral analysis of heart rhythm variability

Regulation of the cardiac chronotropic function was studied by spectral analysis of cardiac rhythm variability in HF, LF, and VLF bands in rats at various stages of the early postnatal ontogeny. The inadequacy of the regulatory mechanisms during the first days of life manifested by low power of all waves (particularly HF) in the cardiac rhythm variability spectrum. On day 14 of life, the cardiointerval variability was formed by HF waves, their low power together with increasing heart rate indicating more intense sympathetic effects. On day 21 of life, a potent elevation of the VLF power reflected a stronger centralization of regulation from higher autonomic centers. The age of 28 days was characterized by a sharp increase of HF activity and could be regarded as the turning point in the development of parasympathetic effects and activity of the autonomic regulation contour. From the age of 35 days, the wave power and the proportion of the spectral components of cardiac rhythm variability in albino rats corresponded to the adult pattern; a trend to the central regulation predominance and to greater rigidity of cardiac rhythm formed only with the onset of sexual maturation.

Pathomorphology of higher autonomic centers in newborns with congenital heart disease

Pathomorphology of higher autonomic centers in newborns with congenital heart disease

Principles of morphogenesis of higher autonomic centers during pathologic pregnancy

Principles of morphogenesis of higher autonomic centers during pathologic pregnancy

Microneurographic analysis of thyrotropin-releasing hormone effects on sympathetic outflow in human muscle nerves

In order to clarify the human sympathetic response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), microneurographic analysis was performed in 12 healthy subjects. Multi-unit vasoconstrictive impulses of muscle nerve sympathetic activity (MSA) were directly recorded from tibial nerve fascicles together with ECG and blood pressure. Subcutaneous injection of saline (1 ml) had no effect on blood pressure and neurograms of MSA. Following s.c. injection of TRH (0.5 mg, 1 ml), however, a significant increase in heart rate and blood pressure occurred 2 min after injection; the change was statistically correlated with increased MSA, and disappeared after about 10 min. The observation suggests that TRH-activated vasoconstrictive impulses of MSA increase the peripheral vascular resistance and elevate blood pressure. We speculate that TRH directly activates vasomotor centers or higher autonomic centers rather than peripheral organs, because the parallel increase of blood pressure and MSA after TRH injection counteracts the effect of baroreflex mechanism.

State of peripheral catecholaminergic systems during pharmacologic correction of immobilization stress by sodium hydroxybutyrate

Investigations have shown that administration of sodium hydroxybutyrate (the sodium salt of y-hydroxybutyric acid -GHBA) to stressed animals reduces activation of the pituitarysympathicoadrenal system and limits the development of stress-induced lesions in various internal organs [6, 14]. In the existing view, the antistressor effect of this compound is exerted at the level of higher autonomic centers of the brain, and consists of activation of the inhibitory GABA-ergic system; this, in turn, prevents excessive excitation of the stress-realizing systems of the body, including the catecholaminergic system [2, 8].

Neurological disorders in open-angle glaucoma

The combination of glaucoma with damage to the central nervous system is quite common [4, 11]. The genesis of violations of the hydrodynamics of the eye in such cases remained unclear for a long time. It was assumed that for the development of open-angle glaucoma, in addition to the presence of dysfunction of the higher autonomic centers [1, 2, 7, 9], the impact of other factors is also necessary. A number of authors [3, 5, 8, 10] have found that cervical osteochondrosis causes a cervically caused increase in intraocular pressure.

The supersensitivity of the rat cardiovascular system to epinephrine after repeated injections of ethylene glycol dinitrate

The sc injection of 65 mg/kg ethylene glycol dinitrate (EGDN), once daily, 5 days a week, for 5 weeks in the rat does not lead to any changes in the resting ECG, heart rate, or blood pressure once the immediate effects of the presence of unmetabolized EGDN in the blood have passed. Five hours after the last injection of EGDN the heart of the anesthetized rat is subsensitive to epinephrine-induced arrhythmias, and 24 hr after the last injection both the heart and blood pressure are supersensitivity to epinephrine. The absence of supersensitivity in the pithed rat indicates that the pressor supersensitivity of the intact, anesthetized rat is not due to the muscle cells of the cardiovascular system per se, but must involve the nervous system in some way. It is suggested that there may be some temporary deficiency in the circulatory mechanisms, either in the pressoreceptors, the higher autonomic centers, or the peripheral ganglia. The supersensitivity of the heart is not due to electrolyte changes in the myocardium. It is suggested that the pressor supersensitivity may lead to myocardial sensitization by virtue of the extra-large rise in blood pressure.

Circulatory and Respiratory Changes Induced by Stimulation of the Thalamic Nuclei

Circulatory and respiratory function of the thalamus was studied in 25 dogs and the following results were obtained.(1) Marked elevation of arterial blood pressure was observed by the stimulation of the midline nuclei group and medial nuclei group. Stimulating the anterior nuclei group, slight vasopressor responses were found. But the stimulation of the ventral and lateral nuclei group caused little change in blood pressure.(2) The standard and intraatrial lead of electrocardiogram showed marked acceleration of cardiac rate and various arrhythmias such as nodal extrasystole or escape and ventricular extrasystole etc. by the stimulation of the midline and medial nuclei group and some portions of the anterior nuclei group. These ventricular extrasystoles were divided into 2 groups according to their characteristics in EKG and the regions causing each of them were also discussed. The stimulation of the ventral and lateral nuclei group scarcely resulted in any disturbances of the cardiac rhythm.(3) Acceleration of breathing was shown on the stimulation of the midline, medial and ventral nuclei group. All cases of the anterior nuclei stimulation elicited marked inhibition of respiration.(4) Other visceral and somatic changes such as pupillodilatation, erection of hair, urinary or fecal incontinence and convulsion were observed upon the stimulation of various regions in the thalamus, but they occurred most prominently on the midline and medial nuclei stimulation.From the data above-mentioned, it can be concluded that the stimulation of the medial part of the thalamus-midline and medial nuclei group-results in marked changes in circulation, respiration and other autonomic functions. Furthermore, considering the anatomical relationship between the thalamic nuclei and the higher autonomic centers, it seems that the autonomic representation in the thalmus locates in this portion.