High-voltage Distribution Systems Research Articles

Optimal Planning of PV Sources and D-STATCOM Devices with Network Reconfiguration Employing Modified Ant Lion Optimizer

This research emphasizes a meta-heuristic modified ant lion optimizer (MALO) optimization approach for the simultaneous utilization of DSTATCOM devices and distributed photovoltaic (PV) sources with network reconfiguration in a radial power distribution scheme. In a radial power distribution network with network reconfiguration, the majority of the research is based on constant power model analysis. However, it is noticed that load models have a substantial impact on the distributed PV sources and the DSTATCOM device’s optimal size and position. The effect of the constant power (CP) and polynomial (ZIP) with load growth load models for the simultaneous insertion of distributed PV sources and DSTATCOM devices with network reconfiguration is examined in this research work for power system planning. The penetration levels of distributed PV sources considered for the investigation are 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. The principal objective of this research is to reduce network total power losses, enhance the voltage magnitude profile at all buses, and reduce the overall operating cost while adhering to equality and inequality constraints. The proposed algorithm is verified on 118-node test systems. The investigation is carried out for planning network upgrading to a high-voltage distribution system (HVDS) on 317 nodes in the rural Bangalore Electricity Supply Company Limited (BESCOM) radial distribution scheme. The simulated results obtained with this method are validated with the BAT algorithm and techniques available in the literature. It is observed that in the IEEE 118-bus system, via the simultaneous placement and sizing of PV sources considering a 25% penetration level and DSTATCOM devices during network reconfiguration, the total power loss reduction is 41.47% and 42.98% for the constant power model and ZIP with the load growth model. For the 317-bus system, the total power loss reduction observed for 11 kV is 49.77% and 59.34% for the constant power model and ZIP model with load growth. Similarly, for the 22 kV system, the power loss reduction observed is 51.69% and 55.75% for the constant power model and ZIP with the load growth model.

Sustainable Power Flow: Voltage Distribution Strategies for Renewable Energy Integration

The rapid expansion of green energy resources (RER) into existing electrical networks necessitates an evolved approach to voltage distribution. This study explores the challenges and solutions associated with integrating green energy into high and low voltage distribution systems (HVDS and LVDS). The research evaluates various protection schemes for dynamic fault currents, voltage control systems for mitigating power quality issues, and optimal planning strategies for distributed generation. Innovative methodologies for integrating solar and wind energy, such as centralized-decentralized control approaches and demand response mechanisms, are proposed. The study demonstrates, through MATLAB simulations, that HVDS configurations significantly improve system efficiency and reduce technical losses compared to LVDS, particularly when interfacing with green energy sources.

Reliability Comparison of Rural & Urban LVDS Networks with Corresponding HVDS Networks Including Substation Reliability

This paper mainly determines the comparison of reliability of an existing rural area & urban area LVDS (low voltage distribution system) with their respective proposed high voltage distribution system (HVDS) and also including their 33/11 kV Substation. Ring main substation and single bus bar substation configuration are considered for urban and rural distribution systems respectively. The reliability of ring bus substation used in urban area is more as compared to single bus substation used in rural area. The load point reliability indices are calculated considering both substation reliability indices and radial feeder indices. The substation failure rate is calculated by considering overlapping outages approach and whereas the radial feeder indices are calculated by using cut set approach. Further, the LVDS Network is converted into the HVDS Network by replacing a high rating distribution transformer (DTR) supplying to a group of customers with Large in number with multiple small rating distribution transformers near to consumer terminals with less number of customers in each group. This conversion leads to Minimum length of LT Lines in HVDS Which results in improving voltage profile, reliability and efficiency. In this paper the disconnecting switches and alternative supply are also considered on both LVDS and HVDS Networks in the calculation of the reliability of to assess the reliability of the radial distribution system (FMEA)Failure mode effect analysis is used. This study uses a LVDS and HVDS system, and uses an alternative power source and disconnectors, to determine reliability indices of the rural area network and urban area network distribution system. In this paper the important distribution reliability indices to reduce system average interruption durations (SAIDI), Energy Not Supplied (ENS) and ASAI for LVDS and corresponding HVDS are calculated. The research idea is proposed on a Indian practical networks.

Techno-Economical Effects of Adopting Small Capacity Transformers on Ado-Ekiti 11/0.415 kV Power Distribution Networks

The major portion power loss in power system occurs in the components of low voltage (LV) networks. Low voltage distribution system (LVDS) configuration has been observed to contribute significantly to power loss and unacceptable voltage drop in the system due to its structure and higher current flow in the network. The adoption of small capacity transformers as high voltage distribution system (HVDS) configuration is increasingly applied to the network for power loss reduction and the improvement of voltage profile. This study aims to evaluate the technical and economic implication of the use of HVDS configuration on Ado-Ekiti 11/0.415 kV power distribution networks and provide necessary recommendations. The network data was obtained and modeled on NEPLAN software for simulation and technical evaluation of the networks. The existing LV lines were upgraded to high voltage (HV) and remodeled with small capacity transformers and comparative analysis of the technical and economic effects of the networks were carried out. The results obtained showed that there could be feeder capacity increase of 92.03 kW and power loss reduction of 347.17 kW and 459.72 kVar following reconfiguration from LVDS to HVDS. The losses in the transformers and lines were significantly reduced by 37.8% for HVDS configuration when compared with the LVDS configuration. The voltage profile was significantly improved with voltage deviations in the range of ± 0.01 to ± 0.03 of bus voltage for the HVDS network when compared to the existing network. The cost of implementation of the HVDS network substation was calculated to be ₦807,238,715.50 and with the combination of annual savings and an increment in tariff of ₦5/kWh in the billing charge of unit energy consumption resulted in a payback period of 2 to 3 years for the estimated capital investment. This study showed that technical performance of HVDS implementation on the Ado-Ekiti network feeder was better than that of the existing network.

An Economic Hybrid Shunt Compensator for Power Factor Correction and Mitigation of Large Unbalance as in HV Traction Distribution System

This paper presents a delta-connected hybrid shunt FACTS compensator along with its control architecture for unbalance mitigation and power factor correction in high voltage (HV) distribution systems consisting of single-phase traction loads. The compensator comprises of static VAr compensator (SVC) in series with static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) in each of its delta branch. Design and control strategy of the SVC and the STATCOM is formulated such that STATCOM rating reduces substantially. The proposed compensator can be an economical alternative to STATCOM only solution when applied in HV systems. Simulations are carried out in PSCAD/EMTDC platform to validate the unbalance mitigation and power factor correction capability of the compensator under different single-phase traction loading conditions. Further, experiments are carried out on a scaled down laboratory prototype and results are presented.

Determination of Dielectric Models Based on Effective Multi-Exponential Fittings

In high-voltage (HV) transmission and distribution systems, HV apparatuses are subjected to electrical, thermal, and mechanical stresses that deteriorate the insulation performance. The polarization and depolarization current (PDC) measurement is an effective tool used for evaluating insulation performances. The depolarization current represented by the summation of the discharge currents with the different time constants can be utilized for the development of the dielectric model based on the extended Debye’s model (EDM). This paper presents effective techniques for determining the dielectric model. Iterative approaches with predetermination of the time constants and least squares methods (either linear ordinary or percentage ones) were utilized to fit the depolarization current in the form of multi-exponential functions. The fitting parameters determined by the proposed method with the linear ordinary least squares (OLLS) method and provided by commercial software agree very well only in the high current and beginning range. Application of the linear percentage least squares (PLLS) method shows better accuracy than that of the OLLS method, and the deviation from the measured one in the low current range and the late measuring time were reduced significantly. The fitted current by this proposed technique with the PLLS method agrees well with the measured current throughout the whole recording time, even in the low current and late time range. From the accurately fitted currents, the dielectric model and the dielectric loss factors can be determined precisely, and the insulation condition of HV equipment can be evaluated properly.

Replacement of LVDS to HVDS for Reduction in Distribution Losses, Improvement in Voltage Profiles and Economic Analysis for National Saving

Introduction: Rural electrification in India is planned with high-capacity distribution transformers which supply the isolated location loads of various categories like agricultural, household, small business, etc. This distribution system planning with non-optimal distribution transformers leads to poor voltage profiles and high power losses in the distribution network. This paper presents that a High-Voltage Distribution System (HVDS) is more suitable than a Low- Voltage Distribution System (LVDS). Methods: A model is developed to evaluate the technical losses, voltage profiles, and optimal payback period of the investments for the planned HVDS network. The replacement of LVDS with HVDS is achieved by replacing high-capacity distribution transformers with small-capacity at optimal locations. Results: The results of this study are validated on the real 11kV agricultural feeder of the Narshinghpur District of Madhya Pradesh, India. Conclusion: The results demonstrate improvement in voltage profiles, low power losses, and optimal payback period for the proposed problem. The obtained results proved that the replacement of LVDS with HVDS would be more beneficial for rural electric power distribution system planning.

A Low-Voltage AC, Low-Voltage DC, and High-Voltage DC Power Distribution System with Grid: Design and Analysis

Low-voltage (LV) and high-voltage (HV) DC distribution systems are being investigated as alternatives due to the growth of DC distribution energy resources (DER), DC loads such as solar and wind power systems, and energy storage sources (ESSs). Furthermore, an HV/LV DC distribution system offers various advantages, including lower conversion losses, an easier connecting strategy for DC DERs, and less complex power management techniques. As renewable energy sources are increasingly incorporated into the electrical grid, it is important to create novel, effective approaches for connecting such sources and loads. It would hence be effective to merge DC distribution with AC distribution to fulfill the energy demands of both DC and AC consumers. To this end, this study proposes a multizone design with four buses: low-voltage direct current (LVDC), high-voltage direct current (HVDC), low-voltage alternating current (LVAC), and an electrical grid. A model of this system that covers crucial elements, including power systems, DER systems, and power electronic devices, to serve as a foundation for the analysis and design of this architecture is proposed. MATLAB/Simulink is used to conduct a simulation study to verify the performance of the proposed design. In this study, a hybrid electrical grid with an LVDC, HVDC, and LVAC distribution network test is used and implemented. Additionally, a transient and steady-state characteristic analysis of the test system is performed.

Difference Analysis of Operation Stability of Vacuum Circuit Breaker in 10KV Power Distribution System

As an important part of power transmission and transformation equipment, vacuum circuit breakers have become the core device for protecting and controlling electrical lines in high-voltage electrical equipment. This paper expounds the different types of test methods for the preventive test of high and low voltage distribution rooms. Taking the 10kV high and low voltage distribution system in use as the analysis object, 37 units are randomly selected as samples, and statistical principles are used to analyze differences, extract point estimation and interval Estimating eigenvalues, judging the stability and balance of the overall operation of the vacuum circuit breaker in the power distribution system, and providing a basis for the safe use and preventive testing of the power distribution system.

A proposed high voltage distribution system for Mu2e electron tracker

This paper reports on the design and construction of a High Voltage Distribution System (HVDS) for a “Smart Switch” developed to provide high voltage (HV) to a series of stacked straw detector planes in the Mu2e Electron Tracking Detector (ETD). Each plane is composed of three 120 deg. Crescent-shaped panels, and each panel is composed of 96 straw tubes. The HVDS provides HV on-off, current monitoring, recording, and crowbar for over-current protection. The inter-communication system is based on TCP/IP. The HVDS supplies HV with long term stability, and accurately monitors the applied voltage and currents.

Condition Monitoring of Outdoor High Voltage Insulators, Online and Offline Techniques: A review

Outdoor insulator plays a vital role in high voltage transmission and distribution system. The performance and properties of outdoor insulator may severely affect due to various types of pollutants. The failure of insulation in high voltage system results in loss of supply and a huge loss of electrical energy to distribution utilities. In order to reduce power losses and provide a reliable power transmission, selection and design of insulators is very important. To monitor the condition and performance of outdoor insulator in contaminated conditions an appropriate diagnostic technique is required. In this paper various online and offline techniques for conditioning monitoring of outdoor insulators are reviewed under different contaminated conditions. To maintain the healthy environment, the condition monitoring of power line insulators is an important requirement. There are number of techniques that have been introduced to fulfil this requirement. Each technique used at different contaminated condition have their own pros and cons. The findings indicate that the most important effect on the surface of the insulators based on the contamination on the surface leakage current and the flashover voltage. This paper will help in the selection and design of condition monitoring techniques for high voltage outdoor insulator.

Multilevel Inverter Based Power Quality Enhancement Using Improved Immune Control Algorithm

ABSTRACT Multilevel inverters are currently the subject of extensive investigation and are used primarily for medium and high voltage distribution systems. The work presented in this paper provides a cost-effective and realistic solution to mitigate power quality (PQ) problems. A Cascaded H-Bridge multilevel inverter (CHB-MLI) has been configured as a shunt active power filter (SAPF). It is well reported that large-scale use of power electronics-based devices leads to several PQ problems such as poor power factor, unregulated dc voltage, harmonics, voltage regulation etc. In this paper, an improved immune feedback control algorithm is proposed and developed to mitigate PQ issues by predicting the weighted active component of load current and to generate reference current for the grid. Extensive MATLAB simulation and experimental work have been reported for validation on a single-phase system. A low prototype model is developed in the laboratory to study and compare the steady-state and dynamic results of the proposed controller with conventional Least Mean Square (LMS) and Immune algorithm.

Towards smarter grid: Policy and its impact assessment through a case study

The smart grid ensures greater robustness, efficiency, reliability and flexibility. Very long, old and poorly planned Low Voltage Distribution System (LVDS) of India is the major reason behind the high Aggregated Technical and Commercial (AT&C) loss, inferior power quality and low reliability besides consumer dissatisfaction. Review of smart grid policy framework of India indicated that the upgradation of LVDS to High Voltage Distribution System (HVDS), retrofitting of conventional Aluminum conductor steel-reinforced (ACSR) to Aerial Bunched Cables (ABC) are mainly considered under the initial phase of Indian grid modernization program. The impact of different AT&C loss reduction measures considered in country and state level grid modernization polices are evaluated using real-world operational data to analyze the actual benefits derived from the implementation of policy measures. The prediction error between the actual benefits achieved and the benefits forecasted during policy preparation are also assessed. The Environmental and Social Impact (ESI) of grid modernization measures are also assessed as per the provisions of World Bank’s Environmental and Social Framework (ESF) to meet the overall requirement of sustainable development. The outcomes of this study will surely help policy makers and researchers to visualize the impacts of policy measures regarding AT&C loss reduction in a better way compared to typical simulation test results.

An Ultra-Wide Band Antenna System for Pulsed Sources Direction Finding

Electric discharges in high-voltage power distribution systems can be localized through their electromagnetic signature in the radio-frequency range. Since discharges produce series of short pulses, the corresponding spectrum usually covers wide frequency ranges, typically up to 1 GHz. In this paper, we propose an ultra-wide band (UWB) antenna system and a direction-finding (DF) approach based on using energy-based descriptors, instead of classical frequency-domain parameters. As an antenna system, we propose a dual-padlock configuration with a suitable pulse-matched response, featuring two unbalanced outputs. The proposed antenna system was successfully validated, both by simulations and measurements.

Technical paradigms in electricity supply for irrigation pumps: Case of Maharashtra, India

Solar photovoltaics are being promoted in various parts of the developing world for irrigation pumps as a clean energy source, for use in remote areas, to provide livelihood generation, and in India, additionally to address issues with grid supply. India has a well-developed system of electricity distribution for irrigation, but socio-political issues in this sector have led to a system with poor quality supply for farmers, and losses for distribution utilities. A technical solution is being sought through the following new paradigms: offgrid solar photovoltaic pumps, grid-connected solar photovoltaic pumps, agricultural solar feeders, and High Voltage Distribution Systems (HVDS). These paradigms have been evaluated in this work considering Maharashtra, a representative state with an agricultural distribution infrastructure similar to many states of India. We conduct a comparison of the ALCC (Annualized Life Cycle Costing) of the different technologies based on the seasonality of irrigation, sizes of pumps, and areal density of connections as reflected in the cost of infrastructure, by using marginal costs for supply of electricity. Energy consumption of five agricultural feeders representing four main agro-climatic zones of Maharashtra, has been considered to provide context. The study finds that offgrid solar photovoltaic pumps are more cost-effective than the current system when operated for more than 875 h annually. Other than that most systems are more likely to be economically suboptimal in comparison to upgrading the current distribution system. Other researchers have proposed that grid-connected solar photovoltaic pumps can be used to encourage farmers to reduce groundwater extraction through the use of feed-in tariffs. This study finds that the economics do not support this contention.

A Comparative Study for Effective Distribution Network System Among LVDS and HVDS

This paper discusses the previous work done for Low voltage distribution system (LVDS) and High voltage distribution system HVDS distribution system in various research applications. It is observed that LVDS and HVDS have shown vast era of work applications in comparison other distribution networks of the power system. HVDS is one of the most effective ways of distribution system which controls &maintains the voltage stability in power system during distribution and transmission. Power flow capability & control, continuation power flow, line stability index, optimal control, dynamic & transient stability techniques are used with LVDS and HVDS to achieve voltage stability. In this paper various works of LVDS and HVDS is deeply studied and described that in various efficient manner they can used for distribution network.

Loss Analysis of Conversion from Low Voltage Distribution System to High Voltage Distribution System

This paper presents the analysis of losses for conversion from low voltage distribution system to high voltage distribution system based on simulation of typical power distribution network in agriculture feeder. Conversion from LVDS to HVDS involves removal of existing distribution transformer (100kVA/63kVA) and installation of distribution transformer (25kVA) near to the consumer load and conversion of the existing low voltage (0.433 kV) line into high voltage (11kV) line.

Evaluation of a new visualization and analytics solution for slow control data for large scale experiments

Large experiments in high energy physics require efficient and scalable monitoring solutions to digest data of the detector control system. Plotting multiple graphs in the slow control system and extracting historical data for long time periods are resource intensive tasks. The proposed solution leverages the new virtualization, data analytics and visualization technologies such as InfluxDB time-series database for faster access large scale data, Grafana to visualize time-series data and an OpenShift container platform to automate build, deployment, and management of application. The monitoring service runs separately from the control system thus reduces a workload on the control system computing resources. As an example, a test version of the new monitoring was applied to the ATLAS Tile Calorimeter using the CERN Cloud Process as a Service platform. Many dashboards in Grafana have been created to monitor and analyse behaviour of the High Voltage distribution system. They visualize not only values measured by the control system, but also run information and analytics data (difference, deviation, etc.). The new monitoring with a feature-rich visualization, filtering possibilities and analytics tools allows to extend detector control and monitoring capabilities and can help experts working on large scale experiments.

Stakeholders’ role in distribution loss reduction technology adoption in the Indian electricity sector: An actor-oriented approach

Reduction of distribution losses is the key to sustainability of entire Indian power sector. Although sufficient emphasis has been placed on adoption of distribution loss reduction technologies (LRT) such as high voltage distribution system, it has not made significant inroads. Building on new institutional economics and sociological approaches, we propose actor analysis as a prerequisite for understanding barriers to technology adoption. The approach emphasizes understanding of action situations and power, interests and interdependencies of involved actors for LRT adoption. Using the method of stakeholder analysis, the study identifies key actors and their interdependencies in LRT adoption processes. The paper concludes that loss reduction and LRT adoption policies can be effectively implemented by engaging consumers through information sharing and, by showcasing advantages of LRT projects especially those leading to improvement in quality of electricity supply.

Optimal Allocation of Transformer and Its Effects on Distribution System Loss Minimization

The periodic growth in megacities has incremented the power consumption in the name of modernized techniques and hustle-free lifestyles. In the state of Tamil Nadu, the voltage and power regulation has created a drastic decrements in the efficiency for the tail end consumers. Thus, resulting in shortage of voltage and vehemently opposing the performance factors of home appliances, micro-industries and minute gadgets used on a day-to-day basis. In this paper, a solution is provided to magnificently ameliorate by catering a high voltage distribution system, simulating its results for serving, good to the Tamil Nadu Electricity Board having fed by the Electrical Transient Analysis Program Software. Therefore, in reference to the contingent PSO algorithm enabling to convert Low Voltage Distribution System to High Voltage Distribution Systems, sufficiently acquiring a redemption for utmost performance usage of the transformer. The relational composition of the supply in the LVDS and HDVS magnitudes demonstrate the necessary output demands. The line losses vividly broadcast the allocated transformer and the HDVS holds good in showcasing power loss in advanced tail and voltage prescriptions.