High Viscous Liquid Research Articles

Instability of viscous annular liquid film jet under high air-to-fluid velocity rate

Based on the surface wave dispersion relation equation of viscous annular liquid film jet established by the research group in the early stage, a dispersion relation equation calculation program is written according to Mathematica. A linear stability analysis is carried out for the high air-fluid velocity ratio viscous annular liquid film jet entering a compressible gas medium environment. The relationship between the surface wave growth rate of an annular liquid film jet and the surface wave number under different characteristic parameters is obtained. The connection based on the dominant wave’s growth rate or the dominant wave’s number with dimensionless parameters such as air-fluid velocity rate, air-fluid density rate, Weber number of liquid, liquid Reynolds number, and gas Mach number was analyzed. The consequences reveal that under the high air-fluid velocity ratio, the increase of the above dimensionless parameters promotes the fragmentation course of the annular liquid film jet. Moreover, the augment of the air-fluid velocity rate has the greatest influence on the stability of the viscous annular liquid film jet. In contrast, the Reynolds number of the liquid has less influence than the reliability of the annular liquid film jet. Linear stability analysis under this condition lays the foundation for the prediction model of the most unstable parameters of annular liquid film jet in practical engineering applications.

Natural Honey (Raw Honey): Insights on Quality, Composition, Economic and Health Effects: A Comprehensive Review

Natural honey is one of the most significant foods produced and consumed globally, it has pleasing sensory characteristics such a light colour, as well as a recognizable flavor and aroma. In addition, natural honey has been associated with potential biological properties since it contains organic acids, sugars, minerals, enzymes, phenolic, volatile compounds, methylglyoxal, amino acids, and vitamins. All of these features make this viscous substance extremely desirable by consumers for health and wellness purposes and likewise by manufacturing industries for production purposes thus increasing its market value. Since honey plays a vital role in balancing human nutrition being a better alternative to sugar, and further serves as a natural raw material in most industrial products the world over, its socio-economic importance to human development and industrial output cannot be overemphasized. The income generating and job creating capacity of the honey industry has been beneficial both to corporate organizations and various governments of the world. It is therefore the aim of this study to provide information on the quality, composition, health effects and economics of this high value viscous liquid.

Atomization of High Viscous Liquids Using a MEMS Vibrating Mesh With Integrated Microheater

Aerosol generation is important for a wide range of applications including drug delivery, additive manufacturing, spray cooling, and numerous other applications. However, current aerosol generation devices often have poor droplet uniformity or are limited to low viscosity liquids ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$&lt;$</tex-math> </inline-formula> 2 cp). This work presents the development of a Microelectromechanical systems vibrating mesh atomizer capable of atomizing higher viscosity fluids while maintaining high droplet size uniformity. The overall system consists of microfabricated silicon vibrating mesh atomizer, a piezoelectric film, and a flexible thin film microheater. The Si vibrating mesh atomizer was designed to increase atomization thresholds, while the microheater is designed to reduce liquid viscosity to meet the atomization threshold. Atomizers with varying nozzle dimensions were experimentally validated using liquids with varying viscosity and physiochemical properties, such as water, glycerol, propylene glycol, and vegetable glycerin. The microheater was designed to provide local rapid heating with low power consumption of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$&lt;$</tex-math> </inline-formula> 1 W. The droplet size distribution results show that when fluid viscosity increases, the volume median diameter of droplets increases, and the spray angle decreases. The Si-vibrating mesh atomizer was able to atomize liquids up to 49.73 cP at room temperature compared to normal metallic vibrating mesh atomizers which have a threshold of approximately 2 cP. The integrated heater enabled atomization of liquids with viscosities as high as 111 cP with low heating ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$&lt;$</tex-math> </inline-formula> 100 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{\circ}$</tex-math> </inline-formula> C). 2023-0042

A Brief on Optical-based Investigation towards The Interfacial Behaviors during High Viscous Liquid / Gas Countercurrent Two-Phase Flow in a Complex Conduit Representing 1/30 Down-Scaled of PWR Hot Leg Geometry

The present work briefly investigates liquid/gas countercurrent two-phase flow phenomena which can be specifically found in a mitigation during an accidental scenario in the operation of a nuclear reactor. A comprehensive knowledge on the corresponding phenomena is obviously important to avoid the failure on the cooling mechanism. Here, a pair of fluid containing high viscous liquid/gas flows through a complex conduit representing 1/30 scaled-down of PWR hot leg’s typical geometry. Furthermore, the flow structures were visually observed, while the film thicknesses are extracted by an image processing algorithm through the corresponding optical-tabulated data. The obtained results reveal that a rather sharp decrease in liquid film corresponds to the flow regime transition.

Time-Dependent Material Properties of Aging Biomolecular Condensates from Different Viscoelasticity Measurements in Molecular Dynamics Simulations.

Biomolecular condensates are important contributors to the internal organization of the cell material. While initially described as liquid-like droplets, the term biomolecular condensates is now used to describe a diversity of condensed phase assemblies with material properties extending from low to high viscous liquids, gels, and even glasses. Because the material properties of condensates are determined by the intrinsic behavior of their molecules, characterizing such properties is integral to rationalizing the molecular mechanisms that dictate their functions and roles in health and disease. Here, we apply and compare three distinct computational methods to measure the viscoelasticity of biomolecular condensates in molecular simulations. These methods are the Green-Kubo (GK) relation, the oscillatory shear (OS) technique, and the bead tracking (BT) method. We find that, although all of these methods provide consistent results for the viscosity of the condensates, the GK and OS techniques outperform the BT method in terms of computational efficiency and statistical uncertainty. We thus apply the GK and OS techniques for a set of 12 different protein/RNA systems using a sequence-dependent coarse-grained model. Our results reveal a strong correlation between condensate viscosity and density, as well as with protein/RNA length and the number of stickers vs spacers in the amino acid protein sequence. Moreover, we couple the GK and the OS technique to nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations that mimic the progressive liquid-to-gel transition of protein condensates due to the accumulation of interprotein β-sheets. We compare the behavior of three different protein condensates, i.e., those formed by either hnRNPA1, FUS, or TDP-43 proteins, whose liquid-to-gel transitions are associated with the onset of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia. We find that both the GK and OS techniques successfully predict the transition from functional liquid-like behavior to kinetically arrested states once the network of interprotein β-sheets has percolated through the condensates. Overall, our work provides a comparison of different modeling rheological techniques to assess the viscosity of biomolecular condensates, a critical magnitude that provides information on the behavior of biomolecules inside condensates.

Analysis on Auger Pump Performance During Handling High Viscous Liquid

Viscosity is one of the factors affecting the performance of the auger pump. An auger pump is positive-displacement (PD) pump that moves fluids and semi-solid material along the screw axis using one or more screws. The study is about the analysis of the performance of the auger pump when transferring various viscosity liquids. In the study, a pumping device with auger shaft is designed. The sample liquids chosen for the experiment oil and concentrated detergent that poses various viscosity. The viscosity is being identified roughly by Zahn Cup Method with the temperature kept constant at 26°C throughout the measurement. The performance of the auger pump can be accessed by altering the motor speed in order to get various reading for the flow rate and pressure. It is found in the study; flowrate is affected by viscosity with the increasing motor speed. The study proves that the auger pump can operate with viscosity of 770 cSt liquid.

Trajectory of a spherical bubble rising in a fully developed laminar flow

The rising trajectory of bubbles subjected to shear-induced lift force in a vertical channel is of great interest for designing and optimising a variety of electrochemical equipment. In this work, the rising trajectory of a spherical microbubble with a diameter of 0.3-1.0mm in a vertical channel with a fully developed laminar flow is investigated experimentally. Subsequently, the lift and drag forces on the bubble are assessed. Due to the limitation of the existing correlations for lift force coefficient, a new correlation is developed, which can be used to estimate the trajectory of a bubble in a vertical channel. The effect of flow velocity gradient and bubble diameter on the bubble motion is discussed to control bubble rising trajectory. It is concluded that the lift coefficient for a spherical microbubble in vertical channels with a fully developed laminar flow is slightly higher than the reported shear lift coefficient for larger bubbles rising in a high viscous liquid.

Effect of viscosity and colloidal stability on the magnetic hyperthermia of petroleum-based nanofluids

Magnetic Hyperthermia (MH) is the increase in temperature of a colloid composed of suspended magnetic nanoparticles (NP), which occurs when subjected to high frequency alternate magnetic fields (AMF). When well controlled, this phenomenon has shown great potential for industrial and medical applications. In this work, we investigate the effect of important variables such as viscosity, NP concentration, and colloidal stability to maximize the heat transferred from the AMF to the colloid. Iron oxide nanoparticles with core size of 9 nm (σ=0.3) were used in the colloid, forming a stable system for six days in diesel, for both NP concentrations tested (0.5 and 1 wt.%). The NP and Diesel mixture was then added to two different viscosity crude oils (Heavy and Waxy). The maximum ΔT achieved in two minutes with 0.5 wt.% NP (770 kHz and 28 kA/m) was 59 ° C for diesel, 57 °C for heavy crude oil, and 43 °C for waxy crude oil, respectively, with up to 95 °C for 1.0 wt.% NP dispersed in diesel. It was therefore possible to observe a clear increase in the system‘s temperature by applying MH in high viscous liquids (>1000 mPa.s) with superparamagnetic nanoparticles.

Investigation of diclofenac release and dynamic structural behavior of non-lamellar liquid crystal formulations during in situ formation by UV–Vis imaging and SAXS

In situ formation of high viscous inverse lyotropic non-lamellar liquid crystalline phases is a promising approach for sustained drug delivery in the joint. The in situ forming process on exposure of two diclofenac-loaded preformulations to aqueous media was characterized with respect to depot size and shape, initial release and structural transitions using UV–Vis imaging and spatially and time-resolved synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The preformulations consisted of 10 % (w/w) ethanol, 10 % (w/w) water and a binary lipid mixture of glycerol monooleate (GMO):1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-rac-(1-glycerol) (DOPG) or GMO:medium chain triglycerides (MCT). Upon injection of preformulations into an employed injection-cell containing excess of bio-relevant medium, rapid generation of liquid crystalline depots was observed. UV–Vis images and constructed 2D SAXS maps of the injection-cell showed depots with different shapes and sizes, and features with high nanostructural heterogeneity. More extensive swelling of the GMO:DOPG-based preformulation was observed compared to the GMO:MCT-based preformulation. The UV image analysis found that a higher amount of diclofenac was released in the image area after 20 h from the GMO:MCT depot compared to the GMO:DOPG depot. The injection-cell setup employing UV–Vis imaging and synchrotron SAXS constitutes an attractive approach for evaluating the in situ forming processes of liquid crystalline depots.

Parallel Microdispensing Method of High-Viscous Liquid Based on Electrostatic Force.

Parallel microdispensing of high-viscous liquid is a fundamental task in many industrial processes. Herein, a smart printing head is developed, including the probe array, the electric control module, the contact force measurement module, and the extra force balance module. The parallel dispensing of high-viscous liquid in nL level is achieved. The interacting effect between probes on the loading process is analyzed too. According to the result, the interacting effect between probes has a strong influence on the loading process. Therefore, the strategy of serial electrical loading and parallel transfer printing is utilized. Finally, the dependency of transfer printing volume on probe size, etc., is experimentally investigated. The volume of the loaded droplet can be controlled by the lifting velocity of the probe array, and the volume of the transferred droplet can be adjusted by the size of the probe instead of the contact force. The advantage of the proposed method is to realize the highly repeatable parallel dispensing of high-viscous liquid with a relatively simple device.

A case of breast squamous cell carcinoma following breast augmentation with liquid silicone injection after 16\xa0years

BackgroundBreast augmentation has been linked to various complications, including cancerous tumors. The majority type of breast cancer associated with breast augmentation is adenocarcinoma. Primary squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the breast is extremely rare in both augmented and non-augmented women. Due to the low incidence, the possible origin and the mechanism of carcinogenesis of the breast SCC are not well understood. Here, we report a rare case of pure SCC 16 years after breast augmentation with liquid silicone injection.Case presentationA 51-year-old Japanese woman was suffered from prolonged breast fluid retention in her left breast. Multiple unknown foreign bodies caused difficulties to investigate the inflammatory focus with ultrasonography. After unsuccessful surgical drainage and antibiotics treatments, the long-standing fluid retention was surgically removed and pathologically investigated. SCC was found in the removed tissue, and the patient underwent a total left mastectomy followed by postoperative chemotherapy. Pathological analysis revealed multiple cystic structures with a hard shell which enclosed high viscous liquid. A qualitative analysis using a Fourier transform infrared spectroscope defined the liquid as pure silicon, which possibly caused the squamous cell carcinogenesis.ConclusionsAlthough liquid silicone injection is not a current option for breast augmentation, the injected silicone could result in cancerous tumor generation after years. This case revealed that unphysiological substances could lead to unexpected biological reactions, which caused difficulties in diagnosis with our routine examination. It will be required that accumulate information from more cases and develop novel diagnostic equipment and biomarkers to address these artificial substance-derived tumors.

Dynamics of Rising Bubble Population Undergoing Mass Transfer and Coalescence in High Viscous Liquid

Dynamics of Rising Bubble Population Undergoing Mass Transfer and Coalescence in High Viscous Liquid

Numerical simulation of flow pattern for non-Newtonian flow in agitated thin film evaporator

Agitated thin film evaporator (ATFE) is a new type of high-efficiency evaporator where a film is forced to form through a rotating scraper and the high-viscosity non-Newtonian flow materials can be evaporated smoothly. The flow distribution and transmission mechanism of the material in the evaporator directly determine the evaporation efficiency and power consumption of the evaporator. Unlike previous study that was based mainly on Newtonian flow, this paper establishes a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics model of ATFE for non-Newtonian flow with different viscosities, and systematically probes the flow field distribution characteristics and film forming mechanism in the evaporator. The results show that the flow field distribution characteristics of low-viscosity non-Newtonian flow are similar to those of Newtonian flow, the material can form a uniform and continuous liquid film on the wall; as the viscosity increases, the uniformity and continuity of the liquid film gradually deteriorate. Through studying the flow field distribution and transmission form of the materials, and combining the liquid film distribution, velocity distribution, shear strain rate distribution, and viscosity distribution, it is found that the shear field and viscosity distribution formed by the internal structure and operating state of the evaporator are the key to the good film formation. In addition, it is proposed that the bending of the leading edge of the scraper can assist the spreading of high viscous fluid liquid film, and the best bending angle is explored. This research provides theoretical guidance and basis for the design and application of ATFE.

Study of the Geometry and Wettability of Nozzles for Precise Ejection of High Viscous Liquids

Study of the Geometry and Wettability of Nozzles for Precise Ejection of High Viscous Liquids

“LIQUEFACTION” AND “DYNAMIC SEPARATION” DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF THE SAME PROBLEM

In 2015 the Bulk Jupiter sank during bad weather loaded with bauxite. Nearly automatically everybody considered “liquefaction” to be the prime cause of this accident. Liquefaction is a phenomenon where solid bulk cargo, triggered by the ship movements, starts to behave has a high density viscous liquid in the holds. The stability is negatively influenced by the free surface effect and further research, especially by the Global Bauxite Working Group or GBWG showed that bauxite ore simply will not liquefy even under the worst case shipping conditions. Evidence from real world shipments of bauxites shows that instabilities due to moisture cannot be explained by liquefaction phenomena, but can be under a “dynamic separation” mechanism of instability. Both liquefaction and dynamic separation are caused by an excessive moisture of the bauxite cargo. However, the influence on the stability of the ship is fundamentally different.

Drop coalescence during condensation on viscous slippery and viscoelastic coatings

Coatings of viscous oil or viscoelastic polymer on a rigid surface transform the condensation phenomena differently. When the viscous oil is infused on low-energy rigid surfaces, the surface shows excellent water repellent behavior. On the other hand, the viscoelastic material coating exhibits a high affinity with water drop resulting in more contact angle hysteresis (CAH). We focused on the drop coalescence phenomena during condensation on viscous slippery and viscoelastic coated metallic samples in this work. We have observed that the drop coalescence on lubricant infused surfaces (LIS) significantly depends on the viscosity of the lubricant and the stability of droplet interface bilayers between the drops. The lifetime of the non-coalescence event of the droplets during condensation on high viscous liquid infused surfaces (50 cst and 500 cst) surfaces was found to be in 1–3 orders of magnitude longer compared to low viscous liquid infused surface (5 cst). Coalescence induced motion during condensation was significantly observed in high viscous liquid infused surfaces (50 cst and 500 cst) compared to low viscous lubricant infused surface (5 cst). On soft viscoelastic coating, drop coalescence during condensation event undergoes through merging of the droplets followed by relaxation of the coalesced drop by the capillary induced movement of the contact line. Key findings of this work would be helpful to comprehend the drop coalescence phenomena on viscous slippery and viscoelastic coatings in a detailed manner.

Spatially and time-resolved SAXS for monitoring dynamic structural transitions during in situ generation of non-lamellar liquid crystalline phases in biologically relevant media

Formation of high viscous inverse lyotropic liquid crystalline phases in situ upon exposure of low viscous drug-loaded lipid preformulations to synovial fluid provides a promising approach for design of depot formulations for intra-articular drug delivery. Rational formulation design relies on a fundamental understanding of the synovial fluid-mediated dynamic structural transitions occurring at the administration site. At conditions mimicking the in vivo situation, we investigated in real-time such transitions at multiple positions by synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) combined with an injection-cell. An injectable diclofenac-loaded quaternary preformulation consisting of 72/8/10/10% (w/w) glycerol monooleate/1,2-dioleoyl-glycero-3-phospho-rac-(1-glycerol)/ethanol/water was injected into hyaluronic acid solution or synovial fluid. A fast generation of a coherent drug depot of inverse bicontinuous Im3m and Pn3m cubic phases was observed. Through construction of 2D spatial maps from measurements performed 60 min after injection of the preformulation, it was possible to differentiate liquid crystalline rich- and excess hyaluronic acid solution- or synovial fluid-rich regimes. Synchrotron SAXS findings confirmed that the exposure of the preformulation to the media leads to alterations in structural features in position- and time-dependent manners. Effects of biologically relevant medium composition on the structural features, and implications for development of formulations with sustained drug release properties are highlighted.

Loading a High-Viscous Droplet via the Cone-Shaped Liquid Bridge Induced by an Electrostatic Force.

In transfer printing, the loaded droplet on the probe has a significant influence on the dispensing resolution. A suitable loading approach for a high-viscous liquid is highly required. Herein, a novel electrostatic loading method is presented, in which the main aim is to control precisely the formation and breaking of a cone-shaped liquid bridge. An experimental device is developed. The influence of electrical and geometric parameters on the feature size of the liquid bridge is investigated in detail. In the formation of the liquid bridge, the increase of voltage or the decrease of the air gap can enhance the electric field intensity, thus reducing the formation period and increasing the initial cone tip diameter of the liquid cone. After the liquid bridge is formed, both the circuit current implying the liquid wetted area on the probe surface and the lifting velocity of the probe are utilized to further regulate the volume of the loaded droplet. Loaded droplets ranging from 60 to 600 pL are obtained via the method with a standard deviation of 4 to 30 pL. Moreover, a dot array is transferred with different loaded droplets. The minimum diameter of the printed dots is about 140 μm with a variation less than 5%. The advantages include the reduced risk of contamination, the droplet-size independent of the size of the probe, and the low cost of the device.

Cavitation Behavior in a Nozzle Throat and its Effect to Atomization for High Viscous Liquid

Cavitation Behavior in a Nozzle Throat and its Effect to Atomization for High Viscous Liquid

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF HYDRAULIC PERFORMANCE OF TWIN-FLUID MIST GENERATORS FOR HIGH VISCOUS LIQUIDS

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF HYDRAULIC PERFORMANCE OF TWIN-FLUID MIST GENERATORS FOR HIGH VISCOUS LIQUIDS