High TFC Research Articles

Phytochemical Profiles and Biological Activities of Five Wild Camellia Species from Ta Dung, Vietnam.

The C. luuana Orel & Curry (TD3), C. furfuracea (Merr.) Cohen-Stuard (TD4), C. bidoupensis Truong, Luong & Tran (TD6), C. sinensis (L.) Kuntze (TD7), and C. kissii var. spp (TD8), have been traditionally used as a health-promoting beverage by local people in Ta Dung, Dak Nong. Despite their potential health benefits, further scientific data on biological and phytochemical properties of these plants is needed. To address this issue, this study was conducted to investigate phytochemical and biological properties of five Camellia species extracts, using DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging, copper chelating (Cu-chelator), and tyrosinase inhibition (TI), α-amylase (Al-AI), and α-glucosidase (Al-GI) analyses. As results, ten compounds were identified using UPLC method, in which catechins (mainly EGCG and catechin (Cat)), were the most prevalent, and followed by chlorogenic acid (ChlA), quercitrin (Querci), rutin, and quercetin (Querce). Additionally, multiple factor analysis (MFA) also revealed that TD7, TD3, and TD4 containing high TPC, TFC, high concentrations of EGCG, ChlA, and caffeine were responsible for their high DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging activities, as well asTI, Al-AI and Al-GI. Furthemore, TD6 and TD8, possessing elevated levels of Apig, Querci, Rutin, Querce, Cat, and EA, exhibited a high Cu-chelator property, but a weak enzyme inhibition. From all above-mentioned results, the antioxidative and enzyme inhibitory potentials of Camellia species extracts collected in Dak Nong province in Vietnam were scientifically demonstrated paving a pathway to develop health supplement in further studies.

Chnoospora minima: a Robust Candidate for Hyperglycemia Management, Unveiling Potent Inhibitory Compounds and Their Therapeutic Potential.

The present study aimed to isolate a bioactive compound from Sri Lankan edible marine brown algae, Chnoospora minima, to manage diabetes. The de-polysaccharide crude methanolic extract was partitioned using hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate with increased polarity. The samples were subjected to determine the quantitative phytochemical analysis, antioxidants, and antidiabetic potentials. Further, the potent antidiabetic fraction was selected to isolate an active compound using bioactivity-guided fractionation. From the selected extract, the chloroform fraction exhibited comparatively high TPC (59.01 ± 1.86mg GAE/g), TFC (5.14 ± 0.43mg QE/g) and alkaloid content (2.79 ± 0.31 PE/g of extract). Crude methanol extract exhibited a potent DPPH activity (IC50: 0.48 ± 0.01mg/mL) whereas the ethyl acetate fraction elicited a maximum ABTS activity (IC50: 0.064 ± 0.001mg/mL) and a ferrous iron-chelating capacity (IC50: 0.019mg/mL). Similarly, the chloroform fraction exhibited the highest FRAP (20.34 ± 1.72mg TE/g) and ORAC (19.72 ± 2.92mg TE/g) capacities. The potent inhibitory activity of α-amylase (IC50:3.17 ± 0.02µg/mL) and α-glucosidase (IC50: 1.99 ± 0.01µg/mL) enzymes and glucose diffusion was observed in the chloroform fraction. Similarly, the chloroform extract exhibited a potent BSA-glucose (IC50: 202.43 ± 5.71µg/mL), BSA-MGO (IC50: 124.30 ± 2.85µg/mL) antiglycation model and reversing activities (EC50BSAglucose: 98.99 ± 0.35µg/mL; EC50BSA-MGO: 118.89 ± 1.58µg/mL). Depending on the hypoglycemic activity, fucoxanthin was isolated as the active compound which showed a notable change in the functional group. Molecular docking studies were conducted on the compound, and binding energy was observed to be - 6.56kcal/mol and - 4.83kcal/mol for α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes, respectively, which confirmed the hypoglycemic effect of the isolated compounds. However, more studies are required to understand the mechanistic insights of these observations.

Photosensitive and high temperature resistant polyamide composite nanofiltration membranes with high flux and stable retention

Currently, most commercial membranes are used at temperatures below 50 °C. For high temperature water treatment, nanofiltration membranes with good thermal stability are highly sought after. In order to construct a novel polyamide thin-film composite nanofiltration (TFC NF) membrane, Congo red (CR) as monomer was introduced to the aqueous phase and the chemical structure of the selective layer was changed. Next, a thorough investigation was conducted into the impacts of the piperazine (PIP) to CR ratio on the surface morphology, separation efficiency and chemical structure of the membranes. The TFC NF membrane prepared after parameter optimization exhibited high retention (Na2SO4, >98 %) and flux up to 30 L·m−2·h−1·bar−1 at room temperature. Moreover, the Na2SO4 retention of the TFC NF membrane decreased by less than 1 % when used at 90 °C, demonstrating excellent heat resistance. Meanwhile, the incorporation of CR allowed the structure of the TFC NF membranes to be altered under UV irradiation conditions, which provided new insights into the optical modulation of the composite membrane properties. A promising and reproducible methodology for the development of high flux TFC NF membrane with thermal stability was offered, achieving a breakthrough in water treatment technology under high-temperature conditions.

Effects of solvent extraction on the phytoconstituents and in vitro antioxidant activity properties of leaf extracts of the two selected medicinal plants from Malawi

This study evaluated and compared the phytochemical and antioxidant properties of the solvent extracts of Azadirachta indica A. Juss and Vernonia amygdalina Del leaves. Methanolic and aqueous extracts showed high (P ≤ 0.05) extract yields (in %), compared to chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts from both V. amygdalina and A. indica leaves. The study exhibited high phytochemical content in methanol and aqueous extracts compared to chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts, confirming the potential for medicinal use. V. amygdalina methanol and aqueous extracts had higher (P ≤ 0.05) total phenolic content (TPC), in mg GAE/gDW, (158.810±0.846 and 217.883±0.265, respectively) than chloroform (37.574±0.118) and ethyl acetate (104.758±0.236) but higher ethyl acetate content in A. indica extracts. Low polar solvents extracted high (P ≤ 0.05) total flavonoids, in mgQE/gDW, (367.051±0.858 and 149.808±0.009) compared to high polar solvents (14.863±0.071 and 54.226±0.014 ) in V. amygdalina while as in A. indica leaf extracts, low polar solvents showed high TFC ( 658.469±3.451 and 275.288±10.490) compared to high polar solvents (26.312±0.063 and 48.858±0.063) respectively. In vitro total antioxidant capacity, in mg/g, was higher in polar solvents than in low-polar solvents, ranging from 34.300±1.784 to 121.015±6.839 for A. indica ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts. A strong correlation between TPC and tannic acid content was observed, except in A. indica methanolic extracts of A. indica. Ferric reducing power was high, except for V. amygdalina chloroform and methanol leaf extracts, which were lower (P≤ 0.05) than that of the standard ascorbic acid. The study revealed that high polar solvents, such as methanol and water, are more efficient in the extraction of antioxidants from A. indica but lower in V. amygdalina extracts. High phytochemical content and antioxidative capacity could be significant in treating various diseases in humans.

Aqueous sage leave extract attenuates inflammation and oxidant-induced genotoxicity in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

Traditional medicine has used sage (Salvia officinalis L.) preparations for centuries to prevent and treat various inflammatory and oxidative stress-induced conditions. The aim of this in vitro study was to determine the bioactive properties of a sage leave extract obtained with environmentally friendly aqueous extraction and lyophilisation in primary human peripheral blood cells. To that end we measured the total phenolic and flavonoid content (TPC and TFC, respectively) with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Non-cytotoxic concentrations determined with the trypan blue assay were used to assess the antioxidant (DPPH, ABTS, and PAB assay), antigenotoxic (CBMN assay), immunomodulatory (IL-1β and TNF-α), and neuroprotective effects (AChE inhibition). The extract contained high TPC (162 mg GAE/g of dry extract) and TFC (39.47 mg QE/g of dry extract) concentrations, while β-thujone content was unexpectedly low (below 0.9 %). Strong radical-scavenging activity combined with glutathione reductase activation led to a decrease in basal and H2O2-induced oxidative stress and DNA damage. A decrease in TNF-α and increase in IL-1β levels suggest complex immunomodulatory response that could contribute to antioxidant and, together with mild AChE inhibition, neuroprotective effects. Overall, this study has demonstrated that aqueous sage leave extract reduces the levels of thujone, 1,8-cineole, pinene, and terpene ketones that could be toxic in high concentrations, while maintaining high concentrations of biologically active protective compounds which have a potential to prevent and/or treat inflammatory and oxidative stress-related conditions.

Support-free interfacial polymerized polyamide membrane on a macroporous substrate to reduce internal concentration polarization and increase water flux in forward osmosis

Macroporous substrates have great potential in the development of high performance thin film composite forward osmosis (TFC FO) membranes. This paper reports on the preparation of TFC FO membrane via support-free interfacial polymerization (SFIP) technology on a macroporous substrate. SFIP technology can effectively break the bottleneck of conventional interfacial polymerization (IP) technology, which makes it difficult to form a complete polyamide (PA) film on the macroporous substrate. Briefly, the complete PA film is formed at the free water-organic phase interface and then attached to the macroporous substrate by vacuum filtration. The monomer concentration and filtration pressure were adjusted to form the optimal SFIP-PA film. Meanwhile, we chose a macroporous polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) microfiltration substrate and screened the pore size to reduce the structural parameters and then the internal concentration polarization, which caused the improvement of water flux. The performance of SFIP-PVDF membranes was investigated and discussed. Under the AL-FS mode with DI water and 1.0 M NaCl solution as the feed solution and draw solution, respectively, the SFIP-PVDF membrane, which used a macroporous PVDF substrate with a pore size of 0.45 μm exhibited a water flux (20 L/m2·h) and a reverse salt flux (2.5 g/m2·h). Besides, the membrane showed good stability in the 72 h test. The specific salt flux (Js/Jw) of SFIP-PVDF membranes was much lower than that of IP-PVDF membranes prepared via IP technology, which were incomplete and defective, suggesting that SFIP technology was superior to IP technology. This work effectively exploits the potential of macroporous substrates for the development of high performance TFC FO membranes and provides an insight into the high performance FO membrane design.

Phytoconstituents, GC-MS Characterization of Omega Fatty Acids, and Antioxidant Potential of Less-Known Plant Rivina humilis L.

Rivina humilis L. (Petiveriaceae), commonly known as the pigeon berry, accumulates betalains in berries. The present study was focused on identifying the phytoconstituents, mineral content, fatty acid composition, phenolics, flavonoids, antinutritional factors, and antioxidant activities of different plant parts (leaf, stem, root, and seeds), which are otherwise not well explored. Phytoconstituent analysis revealed seeds as a potential source of carbohydrates (50.15 g/100 g), proteins (10.96 g/100 g), and fats (11.25 g/100 g). Roots showed the highest fat (17.66 g/100 g) and dietary fiber (81.49 g/100 g). Leaves and roots contain more iron (29.59 and 29.39 mg/100 g), whereas seed has high zinc content (12.09 mg/100 g). Leaf oil showed 47.83 g/100 g of omega-3-fatty acid, confirmed by GC-MS analysis. Seed oil showed 22.23 g/100, 44.48 g/100, and 24.04 g/100 g of palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids, respectively. The leaf extract has the highest TPC (597.55 mg/100 g), followed by the seed (421.68 mg/100 g). The leaf's 80% ethanolic extract had high TFC (2442.19 mg/100 g), followed by 70% methanolic extract (1566.25 mg/100 g). The antinutritional profile indicated significant phytic acid and oxalates in the leaf (9.3 g/100 and 2.07 g/100 g) and stem (6.9 and 1.58 g/100 g) and low tannin content (<0.5 g/100 g). The leaf's 80% ethanolic extract exhibited double the TAA than 70% methanolic extract (1.52 g/100 g). The leaf with an 80% ethanolic extract had the lowest DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging EC50 (2.22 and 0.37 mg/mL). The leaf with an 80% ethanolic extract (479.73 mg/100 g) and seed (391.14 mg/100 g) had the highest FRAP activity. Our study proves that different parts of R. humilis had a good content of phytoconstituents, bioactives, and antioxidant activities. Hence, R. humilis leaves and seeds are a novel source of omega fatty acids and minerals reported for the first time and have potential applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Comparison in structural, physicochemical and functional properties of sweet potato stems and leaves polysaccharide conjugates from different technologies

In order to better understand the influences of extraction techniques on the yield, characteristics, and bioactivities of polysaccharide conjugates, hot reflux extraction (HRE), ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), complex enzymolysis extraction (CEE), ultra-high pressure extraction (UPE), ultrasonic complex enzymes extraction (UEE) were used to extract sweet potato stems leaves polysaccharide conjugates (SPSPCs), and their physicochemical characteristics, functional properties, antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities were compared. Results showed that compared with HRE conjugate (HR-SPSPC), the yield, content of uronic acid (UAC), total phenol (TPC), total flavonoid (TFC) and sulfate group (SGC), water solubility (WS), percentage of glucuronic acid (GlcA), galacuronic acid (GalA) and galactose (Gal), antioxidant and hypoglycemia activities of UEE polysaccharide conjugates (UE-SPSPC) significant increased, while its molecular weight (Mw), degree of esterification (DE), content of protein (PC) and percentage of glucose (Glc) declined, but monosaccharides and amino acid types, and glycosyl linkages were not much different. Indeed, UE-SPSPC possessed the highest antioxidant activities and hypolipidemic activities among six SPSPCs, which might be due to the high UAC, TPC, TFC, SGC, GlcA, GalA and WS, low Mw, DE and Glc of UE-SPSPC. The results reveal that UEE is an effective extraction and modification technology of polysaccharide conjugates.

In vitro and in silico analysis for elucidation of antioxidant potential of Djiboutian Avicennia Marina (Forsk.) Vierh. phytochemicals

The present work aims to study the phytochemical composition, the antioxidant capacity of the crude extracts, and the fraction of extract giving the best antioxidant activity of Avicennia marina. The leaves contain high TFC compared to other parts of the plant, whereas fruits have the highest amount of TPC. Fat-soluble pigments are strongly present in the leaves of Avicennia marina i.e. β-carotene, lycopene, chlorophyll a, and chlorophyll b. The crude methanolic flower extracts showed strong DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity with IC50 values of 0.30 and 0.33 mg/mL respectively compared to the leaf and stem methanolic extracts for the DPPH and ABTS models with a value IC50 greater than 1 mg/mL. The crude fruit extract shows good activity with the ABTS model, unlike the DPPH model whose IC50 values are 0.95 and 0.38 mg/mL, respectively. Fractionation improved the antioxidant effect of crude flower extract. The ethyl acetate fraction exhibits the best antioxidant activity for both DPPH and ABTS methods with IC50 values of 0.125 and 0.16 mg/mL. The HR–LCMS/MS led to the identification of 13 compounds: 6 flavonoids and 7 iridoid glycoside compounds in the different parts of the plant. A bioinformatics study was performed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the three major Iridoid glycosides towards the target protein Catalase compound II through free binding energy. Out of these three iridoid glycosides, compound C10 does not represent any toxicity, unlike C8 and C9 which showed an irritancy effect. Furthermore, molecular dynamics shows good stability of the C10–2CAG complex. Highlights Extraction and fractionation of different part (leaf, stem, flower and fruit) of Avicennia marina. Botanical description and phytochemical analysis of crude extract methanolic. Investigation by HR-LCMS characterization of polyphenols and iridoid glycosides. Evaluation the antioxidant activity of crudes extracts methanolics by two methods in vitro DPPH and ABTS. Antioxidant activity of the fraction of the crude flower extracts presenting the best biological response. Evaluate the contribution of three major compounds 2′-Cinnamoylmussaenosidic acid, 10-O-[E-Cinnamoyl]-geniposidic acid and 10-O-[(E)-p-Coumaroyl]-geniposidic acid in the ethyl acetate fraction on the antioxidant activity through docking and dynamic molecular. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Comparative study on the effect of different drying techniques on phenolic compounds in Australian beach-cast brown seaweeds

Marine seaweeds have increased their interest among researchers worldwide due to their beneficial health-promoting compounds such as phenolic compounds. Drying is one of the ancient methodologies to preserve food for a long shelf-life. It will help remove the moisture content from the seaweed and thus increase the bioactive compounds' shelf-life. This study was conducted to compare the fresh and dried seaweed's phenolic compounds of five different brown seaweeds, the seaweed were dried by using three different drying methods (freeze, oven, vacuum), and to evaluate their potential antioxidant activities. Subsequently, individual compounds were characterized and identified using LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS. Vacuum-dried Cytosphora sp., had high TPC (39.53 GAE mg/g), TFC (3.40 QE mg/g), DMBA (2.86 PGE mg/g), PBA (27.90 PGE mg/g), and FDA (0.85 PGE mg/g) whereas freeze-dried Cytosphora sp., had high radical scavenging activity in DPPH (47.66 TE mg/g). However, vacuum-dried Cytosphora sp., exhibited high antioxidant potential in FRAP (91.28 TE mg/g), ABTS (80.86 AAE mg/g), RPA (96.90 AAE mg/g), and ·OH-RSA (252.22 TE mg/g). Freeze-dried Ecklonia radiata had high antioxidant potential in FICA (14.70 EDTA mg/g) and freeze-dried Sargassum sp., exhibited high total antioxidant activity (29.29 AAE mg/g). The total phenolic and total flavonoid content were highly correlated with antioxidant potential. Construction of the Venn diagram demonstrated high phenolic profiling of unique compounds in Cystophora sp., and in the vacuum-dried seaweeds followed by the freeze-dried seaweeds. The LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS identified and characterized 22 compounds in vacuum-dried and 20 compounds in oven-dried seaweed species. While 18 and 5 compounds were identified in freeze-dried and fresh seaweed samples, respectively. Our results will provide vital information to industries including food, pharmaceutical, and nutraceutical for upscale drying and extraction of phenolic compounds.

Development and Characterization of Functional Cookies Enriched with Chestnut Shells Extract as Source of Bioactive Phenolic Compounds.

Chestnut (Castanea sativa) shells (CSs), an undervalued agro-industrial biowaste, have arisen as a source of bioactive compounds with promising health-promoting effects. This study attempted, for the first time, to develop a functional food, namely cookies, using a CS extract obtained by an eco-friendly technology (subcritical water extraction). The cookies were characterized regarding their nutritional composition, total phenolic and flavonoid contents (TPC and TFC, respectively), antioxidant/antiradical activities, phenolic profile, and sensory evaluation. The results demonstrated that the CS-extract-enriched cookies were mainly composed of carbohydrates (53.92% on dry weight (dw)), fat (32.62% dw), and fiber (5.15% dw). The phenolic profile outlined by HPLC-PDA revealed the presence of phenolic acids, flavonoids, and hydrolysable tannins, attesting to the high TPC and TFC. The in vitro antioxidant/antiradical effects proved the bioactivity of the functional cookies, while the sensory evaluation unveiled excellent scores on all attributes (≥6.25). The heatmap diagram corroborated strong correlations between the TPC and antioxidant/antiradical properties, predicting that the appreciated sensory attributes were closely correlated with high carbohydrates and phenolic compounds. This study encourages the sustainable recovery of antioxidants from CSs and their further employment as an active nutraceutical ingredient in functional cookies.

Analysis of Phenolic and Flavonoid Content, α-Amylase Inhibitory and Free Radical Scavenging Activities of Some Medicinal Plants.

In Nepal, about 700 plant species have been reported to be used for the primary care of different diseases. However, many of them have not been studied yet for their scientific evidence. The main aim of this study is the quantitative analysis of flavonoids and phenolic content, antioxidant, and antidiabetic activities of the extracts of four different medicinal plants, namely, Pogostemon benghalensis, Aleuritopteris bicolor, Crateva unilocularis, and Rungia pectinata growing in Nepal. The methanol extracts of plant samples were prepared by the hot percolation method using the Soxhlet apparatus. The phytochemicals of the plant extracts were analysed by colour differentiation methods using different analytical reagents. The phenolic content was estimated by using Folin–Ciocalteu's phenol reagent and the flavonoid was estimated by the aluminium chloride colorimetric method. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay was used to evaluate the antioxidant potential. The α-amylase enzyme inhibition activity was performed to evaluate the antidiabetic activity of plant extracts. The amount of total phenolics and flavonoids content was found to be the highest in Pogostemon benghalensis (169.43 ± 3.58 mg GAE/g and 65.2 ± 2.0 mg QE/g), respectively, which also showed the most potent free radical scavenging activity (IC50 35.92 ± 0.65 μg/mL). The extract of Aleuritopteris bicolor showed the highest α-amylase inhibitory activity (IC50 651.58 ± 10.32 μg/mL) whereas Crateva unilocularis and Pogostemon benghalensis exhibited moderate activity. The extract of Rungia pectinata showed the least activity towards α-amylase inhibition. Some of the medicinal plants selected in this study showed high TPC and TFC values with potent biological activities. To the best of our knowledge, these medicinal plants have the least exposure to their biological activities, and the results provide scientific evidence for the traditional uses of these plants against diabetes and infectious diseases. However, a detailed study can be performed in these plants to isolate the active chemical compounds and to evaluate in vivo pharmacological activities to know the active drug candidates for the future drug development process.

Thymol screening, phenolic contents, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Iranian populations of Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague (Apiaceae)

The seeds of Trachyspermum ammi were gathered at the ripening stage from different regions of Iran and grouped into 14 populations (P1-P14) accordingly. The essential oil (EO) extraction yielded in the 3.16–5% range. EOs were analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and 11 constituents were identified. Thymol (59.92–96.4%), p-cymene (0.55–21.15%), γ-terpinene (0.23–17.78%), and carvacrol (0.41–2.77%) were the major constituents. The highest contents of thymol and carvacrol were found in the Ghayen population (P2). Also, P2 and P8 (Estahban) had the highest value of total phenol (TPC) 43.2 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g DW, and total flavonoids (TFC) 8.03 mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/g DW, respectively. P1 (Kalat) had the highest total coumarin (TCC) value (0.26 mg coumarin equivalent CE/g DW). Based on EO constituents, principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis classified populations into two chemotypes of thymol/p-cymene/γ-terpinene and thymol/carvacrol. The highest positive correlation coefficient was between α-terpinene and limonene (0.96), while the highest negative correlation was between thymol and p-cymene (–0.984). The antioxidant activities of extracts and EOs were evaluated by phosphomolybdenum (total antioxidant capacity; TAC), diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH IC50), and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Also, the antimicrobial activity of EOs was studied against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. P8 with high thymol, EO content (%v/w), TFC, and antibacterial and antioxidant activities is recommended but further studies are needed to confirm the chemotype introduction.

Characterization of Romanian Bee Pollen-An Important Nutritional Source.

Bee pollen represents an important bee product, which is produced by mixing flower pollens with nectar honey and bee’s salivary substances. It represents an important source of phenolic compounds which can have great importance for importance for prophylaxis of diseases, particularly to prevent cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders, those having direct correlation with oxidative damage. The aim of this study was to characterize 24 bee pollen samples in terms of physicochemical parameters, organic acids, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, individual phenolics compounds, fatty acids, and amino acids from the Nort East region of Romania, which have not been studied until now. The bee pollen can be considered as a high protein source (the mean concentration was 22.31% d.m.) with a high energy value (390.66 kcal/100 g). The total phenolic content ranged between 4.64 and 17.93 mg GAE/g, while the total flavonoid content ranged between 4.90 and 20.45 mg QE/g. The high protein content was observed in Robinia pseudoacacia, the high content of lipids was observed in Robinia pseudoacacia pollen, the high fructose content in Prunus spp. pollen while the high F/G ratio was observed in Pinaceae spp. pollen. The high TPC was observed in Prunus spp. pollen, the high TFC was observed in Robinia pseudoacacia pollen, the high free amino acid content was observed in Pinaceae spp. pollen, and the high content of PUFA was reported in Taraxacum spp. pollen. A total of 16 amino acids (eight essential and eight non-essential amino acids) were quantified in the bee pollen samples analyzed. The total content of the amino acids determined for the bee pollen samples varied between 11.31 µg/mg and 45.99 µg/mg. Our results can indicate that the bee pollen is a rich source of protein, fatty acids, amino acids and bioactive compounds.

Anxiolytic, antidepressant and antioxidant activity of the methanol extract of Canarium resiniferum leaves

Background and aimThis study evaluated the anxiolytic, antidepressant, and antioxidant activity of the methanol extract of Canarium resiniferum (MECR) leaves, and determined the total phenolic and flavonoid contents in this extract. Experimental procedureThe anxiolytic effect of MECR (100, 200, 400 mg/kg, p. o.) was tested in mice using the elevated plus-maze (EPM) test, the hole-board test (HBT), and the light-dark box (LDB) test. Its antidepressant effect was evaluated in the tail suspension (TST) and the forced swim (FST) tests. The total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) content was measured using standard colorimetric assays. Antioxidant activity was determined using the DPPH radical scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Results and conclusionMECR, at all doses, showed dose-dependent anxiolytic activity. At 400 mg/kg, it significantly increased the time spent and number of entries in the open arms (EPM test), the number of head-dips (HBT), and the time spent into the light compartment (LDB) test compared to the control. In the TST and FST, MECR dose-dependently reduced the duration of immobility compared to untreated animals. This was significant for all doses except for 100 mg/kg in the FST model. MECR showed high TPC and TFC (90.94 ± 0.75 mg GAE/g and 51.54 ± 0.78 mg QE/g of dried extract, respectively) and displayed potent activity in the DPPH radical scavenging (IC50 = 177.82 μg/mL) and FRAP assays. These findings indicate that C. resiniferum has the potential to alleviate anxiety and depression disorders, which merits further exploration.

GC–MS profiling, phytochemical and biological investigation of aerial parts of Leucophyllum frutescens (Berl.) I.M. Johnst. (Cenizo)

Leucophyllum frutescens (Berl.) I.M. Johnst has been used as a crude drug for treating various respiratory ailments, dysentery, cataract and liver disorders in the folk medicine systems by the inhabitants of America and Mexico. The Phytochemical and biological investigation was established by spectrophotometrically and chemical profiling was performed by GC–MS analysis. The chemical profiling by GC–MS analysis revealed that HELE majorly contains 9-octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester, pentadecanoic acid, 14-methyl-, methyl ester, 2,6-bis(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-3,7-dioxabicyclooctane, (+)-sesamin, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester, 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, ethyl ester, (Z,Z,Z)-, n-hexadecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester, phytol, methyl stearate, cyclohexanone, 1H,3H-Furo[3,4-c]furan, 1,4-bis(3,4-dimethoxy phenyl)tetrahydro-, [1R-(1.alpha.,3a.alpha.,4.alpha.,6a.alpha.)]-, and squalene. Strong inhibition of α-glucosidase and urease enzymes was observed by HELE (IC50 0.3321 mg.mL−1) and CHLE (IC50 4.711 mg.mL−1) extracts, respectively. Phytochemical quantification revealed high TPC by BULE (189.369±1.393 mg GA.Eq.gm−1 DE ± S.D) and high TFC by CHLE (232.458±1.589 mg Qu.Eq.gm−1 DE ± S.D). CHLE presented with highest antioxidant content equivalent to Trolox, by five different spectrophotometric methods such as TAA, DPPH, TEAC, FRAP, and CUPRAC. The study concludes that L. frutescens possesses significant antioxidant, antidiabetic and cytotoxic activities indicating that L. frutescens as a potential candidate for discovery of novel phytochemical products and industrial applications.

Impact of Different Drying Temperatures onIn VitroAntioxidant and Antidiabetic Activities and Phenolic Compounds of Wild Guava Leaves Collected in the Central Highland of Vietnam

Most biologically natural compounds are very sensitive and easily degradable under drying conditions. This study aimed to investigate the effect of drying temperature on the contents of phenolic compounds and in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of wild guava leaves. Wild guava leaves were dried at 40 °C, 50 °C, 60 °C, 70 °C, and 80 °C, as well as sun drying (SD). The total phenolic and flavonoid contents (TPC and TFC) were measured using the colorimetric method. Antioxidant activity was determined by the 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl hydrate (DPPH) and 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activity assays. In vitro antidiabetic activity was measured by assessing α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities. The contents of individual phenolic compounds were determined using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). The principal component analysis (PCA) results revealed that hot air drying at different temperatures had significantly different effects on the bioactive compounds and biological properties of guava leaves. Drying at high or low temperatures resulted in a higher degradable rate of bioactive compounds leading to a weakening of the biological properties. Drying at 50 °C resulted in high TPC and TFC as well as the highest in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activities. Furthermore, the highest contents of gallic acid, catechin, rutin, quercetin, apigenin, quercitrin, vitexin, and apigenin-7- O-D-glucopyranoside were found in samples dried at 50 °C, whereas the highest contents of chlorogenic acid, epicatechin, and ellagic acid were observed in samples dried at 60 °C. Therefore, drying at 50 °C was the suitable temperature for retaining valuable biological compounds in wild guava leaves.

Effects of Various Polymeric Films on the Pericarp Microstructure and Storability of Longan (cv. Shixia) Fruit Treated with Propyl Disulfide Essential Oil from the Neem (Azadirachta indica) Plant.

Plant extracts represent a rich repository of metabolites with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Neem (Azadirachta indica) is a medicinal plant considered the tree of the 21st century. In this study, we investigated the antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of propyl disulfide (PD), a major volatile compound in neem seed, against the pericarp browning (BI), microbial decay incidence (DI), and water loss of longan fruit. Fresh longan cv. Shixia samples were packaged in oriented polypropylene (OPP) and polyethene (PE) packages of different thicknesses (20, 40, and 60 µm). Sterile gauze was fixed inside the packages and 500 uL of PD was placed on them to avoid the direct contact of PD with fruit samples. Packages were sealed immediately to minimize vaporization and stored at 12 ± 1 °C for 18 days. Fruit samples packaged in open net packages served as controls. The results showed that fruit treated with PD in OPP and PE packages significantly prevented losses of water, DI, and BI compared to control treatment. PD also maintained the color, TSS values, TA values, pH values, high peel firmness, high TPC content, and high TFC content, and reduced the activity levels of PPO and POD. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis indicated that the exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp of longan peel were smooth, uniform, and compact with no free space compared to control, where crakes, a damaged and loose structure, and a lot of fungal mycelia were found. The shortest shelf life of 9 days was observed in control as compared to 18 days in OPP-20 and OPP-40; 15 days in OPP-60, PE-20, and PE-40; and 12 days in PE-60 packaging films. Therefore, PD as a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agent, in combination with OPP-20 and OPP-40 polymeric films, could successfully be applied commercially to extend the postharvest shelf life of longan.

P385 Tailoring induction treatment for children with Crohn’s disease

Abstract Background Multiple clinical studies in children with Crohn’s disease (CD) have demonstrated the high efficacy of nutritional therapy with exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) to induce remission and even to promote mucosal healing. However, EEN as inductive treatment may be not tolerated or inefficient and we are well aware of the paramount importance of a well conducted induction treatment for paediatric CD with the goal of an individualized induction treatment to improve the prognosis and the quality of life of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) children. Methods A retrospective multicentre study including newly diagnosed children with CD treated with EEN as induction therapy was designed. The primary aim of the study was to study predictive factors of non- adherence to treatment. The secondary endpoint were predictive factors of clinical non-remission at the end of induction treatment. Those data together were analysed with the ultimate goal of trying to define an individualized induction treatment for children with CD. Results 376 CD children from, 14 IBD paediatric referral centres were enrolled in the study. The rate of EEN adherence was, 89 %. Colonic involvement and FC &amp;gt;, 600 μg/g at diagnosis were found associated with a reduced EEN adherence in univariate and multivariate analysis. The remission rate of those who completed induction treatment was, 67%. A multivariate analysis showed that factor determining lower remission rate were age &amp;gt;, 15 years and PCDAI &amp;gt;, 50. With those results we were able to create a decisional algorithm which is provided in figure 1. Conclusion EEN administered for, 8 weeks is effective for inducing clinical remission. The rate of adherence is high but there is a group of patients (colonic involvement + hight FC) which are at risk of non-adherence and thus may be candidate for alternative dietary induction regimens. Moreover, older patients with moderate to severe active disease (PCDAI&amp;gt;40), are at higher risk of failing clinical remission achievement after EEN and may benefit from an early anti-TNF alpha treatment. Personalized treatment strategies should be proposed weighing the benefits and risks based on each patient’s disease location, phenotype and disease activity with the overall aim of obtaining rapid control of inflammation to reduce long-term bowel damage.

In Vitro Studies on α-Amylase And α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity Of Antigonon leptopus (Hook Et. Arn) Leaf Extract and its Fractions

Antigonon leptopus leaves and their methanolic extracts and fractions were tested for their ability to inhibit α-amylase and α-glucosidase activity in vitro. Fractions of Antigonon leptopus leaves were obtained by dispersing evenly in distilled water and subjected to solvent fractionation with toluene, ethyl acetate and butan-2- one under decreased pressure and concentrated. These extracts were tested in vitro for their inhibitory effects on αamylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities, as well as for several antioxidant characteristics.. A dose-dependent inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes was found in the methanolic extract and fractions thereof. It was shown that the ethyl acetate fraction of Antigonon leptopus had the greatest enzyme inhibitory activity (IC50 values of 3.95 mg/ml for α-amylase, and of 3.4 mg/ml for α-glucosidase) and that its potency compared well to that of the standard medication Acarbose. Research on this plant's chemistry showed that it is rich in a wide range of chemicals including alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, tannins and saponin. Total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were also calculated. Antigonon leptopus has been used in traditional medicine to treat diabetes by lowering postprandial blood sugar levels. Antigonon leptopus ethyl acetate fraction has strong α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory capabilities. The glucose absorption may be regulated by high TPC and TFC levels, which may be the cause of enzyme inhibition.