High Temperature Steaming Research Articles

Comparison of ovalbumin glycation induced by high-temperature steaming and high-temperature baking: A study combining conventional spectroscopy with high-resolution mass spectrometry

High-temperature steaming (HTS) and high-temperature baking (HTB)-induced ovalbumin (OVA)-glucose glycation (140 °C, 1–3 min) were compared, and the different mechanisms were evaluated by changes in protein conformation, glycation sites and average degree of substitution per peptide molecule (DSP) values as well as the antioxidant activity of glycated OVA. Conventional spectroscopic results suggested that in comparison with HTB, HTS promoted protein expansion, increased β-sheet content and made OVA structure more orderly. Liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) analysis showed that 10 glycation sites were found under HTB, while 4 new glycation sites R111, R200, R219 and K323 appeared under HTS, and 2 of them (R219 and K323) were located in internal β-sheet chains. The antioxidant activities of glycated OVA increased with increasing treatment time, and HTS showed stronger enhancement effect than HTB. Furthermore, the DSP values were generally higher under HTS than HTB. Compared with HTB, HTS with high penetrability could enhance the change of OVA primary structure and spatial conformation, making the protein structure more unfolded and stable, leading to more protein-sugar collisions occurred in inner OVA molecular and significantly promoted glycation. In conclusion, HTS is a promising method for high-temperature short-time glycation reaction, with drastically increasing the protein antioxidant activities.

The haybiome: Characterising the viable bacterial community profile of four different hays for horses following different pre-feeding regimens.

Respirable dust in conserved forages can pose problems with equid respiratory health, thus soaking (W) and high temperature steaming (HTS) are employed to reduce the levels in hay. The aim of this study was to characterize the viable bacterial community profile of four hays from two different locations in UK following pre-feeding wetting regimens. Hypothesis: (1) Viable microbial community profile of hays will not differ between different pre-feeding regimens. (2) Hay type and location will not influence microbial community profile. Replicates of each of the four hays were subjected to dry (D), HTS conducted in a HG600, W by submergence in 45 L tap water, 16°C for 12 hours. From each post-treated hay, 100 g samples were chopped and half (n = 36) treated with Propidium monoazide dye, the remaining half untreated. Bacterial DNA were extracted for profiling the V4-V5 region of 16S rRNA gene from all 72 samples, then sequenced on the Illumina MiSeq platform. Bioinformatics were conducted using QIIME pipeline (v1.9.1). Linear discriminate analysis effect size (LEfSe) was used to identify differences in operational taxonomic units and predicted metabolic pathways between hays and regimens. HTS reduced proportions of microbiota compared to W and D hay (P < 0.001, df 3, F 13.91), viability was reduced within regimens (P = 0.017, df 1, F 5.73). Soaking reduced diversity within and between regimens. Core bacterial communities differed between hays and regimens, however pre-feeding regimen had the greatest effect on the bacterial community profile. W and HTS reduced viable bacteria (P< 0.05) known to cause respiratory disease, for HTS both respiratory and dental disease, with the greatest reductions overall from HTS without reducing bacterial diversity. Soaking increased Gram-negative bacteria and reduced bacterial diversity. Collectively these findings add to a body of evidence that suggest HTS is the most suitable pre-feeding regimen of hay for equid health.

Extremely Stable Zeolites Developed via Designed Liquid-Mediated Treatment.

Improving the stability of porous materials for practical applications is highly challenging. Aluminosilicate zeolites are utilized for adsorptive and catalytic applications, wherein they are sometimes exposed to high-temperature steaming conditions (∼1000 °C). As the degradation of high-silica zeolites originates from the defect sites in their frameworks, feasible defect-healing methods are highly demanded. Herein, we propose a method for healing defects to create extremely stable high-silica zeolites. High-silica (SiO2/Al2O3 > 240) zeolites with *BEA-, MFI-, and MOR-type topologies could be stabilized by significantly reducing the number of defect sites via a liquid-mediated treatment without using additional silylating agents. Upon exposure to extremely high temperature (900-1150 °C) steam, the stabilized zeolites retain their crystallinity and micropore volume, whereas the parent commercial zeolites degrade completely. The proposed self-defect-healing method provides new insights into the migration of species through porous bodies and significantly advances the practical applicability of zeolites in severe environments.

Amorphization of USY zeolite induced by sodium chloride and high temperature steaming

The present study shows the effect of sodium contamination over the structural evolution of USY under conditions similar to the regenerator of an FCC unit. Increasing loads of Na+ (as NaCl) were added on a sample of commercial USY, and the admixtures were treated at fixed hydrothermal conditions. Sample evolution was followed by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, nitrogen sorptometry, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results of this research show that the materials amorphize irreversibly with increasing Na+ level, with a marked loss of microporosity, but interestingly, without a substantial depletion of framework aluminum. The structural map of the outcoming samples was figured out by XRD and Raman scattering experiments, showing that at the molecular scale the destruction occurs selectively on faujasite six-membered rings.

Behaviour of Amorphous Aluminosilicates towards Ageing by High-Temperature Steaming

The structure of amorphous aluminosilicates obtained by grafting silicon on alumina (Si/Al2O3) mostly remains the same after ageing by steaming. The rearrangement of surface silicon species on the facets of γ-alumina slightly decreases the number of Brønsted acid sites, which is determined through ethanol adsorption followed by thermogravimetry as well as m-xylene isomerisation. Al/SiO2 prepared by grafting aluminium on silica undergoes sintering of the silica support and the agglomeration of the surface aluminium species during steaming. This process leads to a sharp decrease in the number of Brønsted acid sites, which are associated with the dispersed aluminium species, and dehydroxylation of the silica surface.

저온융착 폴리에스테르사 함유 팬시사 직물의 열처리 특성 및 염색성

The thermal bonding PET fabrics were produced through high temperature steaming (HTS) of low melting PET yarn as warp and composite fancy yarn containing low melting PET yarn as weft. The low melting PET yarn of sheath-core structure consisted of a regular PET in core portion and low melting PET in sheath portion. The composite fancy yarn consisted of regular PET yarn as inner part and effect part and low melting PET yarn as binding part. This study was carried out to investigate the melting behavior of thermal bonded PET fabric, the effect of HTS on the thermal bonding, mechanical properties, and dyeing properties. The melting peak of low melting PET yarn showed two melting peaks caused by sheath-core structure. Almost the entire thermal bonding of the fancy PET fabrics containing low melting PET yarn has formed at <TEX>$200^{\circ}C{\times}3min$</TEX> of HTS. The tensile strength in warp and weft direction of the fancy PET fabrics slightly decreased as temperature of HTS increased. The total K/S value of the fancy PET fabrics decreased slightly to <TEX>$180^{\circ}C{\times}3min$</TEX> of HTS, while increased slightly above <TEX>$200^{\circ}C{\times}3min$</TEX> of HTS. The changes in the hue angle (<TEX>$H^{\circ}$</TEX>) of the thermal bonded fancy PET fabrics dyed with disperse dyes hardly ever happened.

An environmentally friendly and efficient method for xylitol bioconversion with high-temperature-steaming corncob hydrolysate by adapted Candida tropicalis

This study reports a new process to prepare corncob hemicellulose hydrolysate through high temperature steaming (HTS) for xylitol bioconversion by adapted Candida tropicalis. Under the optimal corncob hydrolysis conditions of 160 °C and 120 min, the maximum xylose yield was more than 20%. The optimal fermentative parameters from the HTS hydrolysate is as follows: initial xylose concentration of 140 g l −1, initial pH 6.0, initial cell concentration of 1.2 g l −1 and 30 °C using a two-step dissolved oxygen process with a rotary shaker speed at 200 rpm for the first 24–26 h and then at 150 rpm until 48 h of fermentation. The highest xylitol yield (71.4%) and volumetric productivity (2.12 g l −1 h −1) were obtained from the HTS hydrolysate, which were 158% and 149%, respectively, higher than the results obtained from the acid hydrolysate. Additionally, the amount of inhibitors produced by the HTS hydrolysis and the burden of ion exchange purification after fermentation with HTS hydrolysate were much lower compared with the acid hydrolysate. Therefore, fermentation with corncob HTS hydrolysate is an environmentally friendly and efficient method to produce xylitol, demonstrating a wide potential application in xylitol bioconversion.

Induced discoloration of buerger maple during drying process

Buerger maple (Liquidambar formosana Hance) is a kind of wood that is easily discolored. This paper tries to obtain satisfactory color and a broad prospect in the utilization of buerger maple by induced discoloration. The authors analyze the mechanism of induced discoloration of buerger maple based on the analysis of visual physical parameter, the infrared spectrum (IRS) and the scanning electron microscope (SEM) under different drying conditions. The result shows that it is feasible to induce discoloration during the drying process. The wood color tends to be red and fuscous during inducing discoloration of buerger maple. The induced discoloration mechanism is: 1) the high temperature and humidity accelerates the oxidation reaction of polyphenol, leuco-fancy pigment and tannin, which changes the wood color to red; 2) the hydroxy (—OH) is oxidized and the carbonyl (—C=O), carboxyl (—COOH), ester and ketone groups form during the high temperature steaming, which results in wood piece discoloration.

Synthesis of silicalite nanocrystals via the steaming of surfactant protected precursors

A new scheme has been developed for the confined synthesis of silicalite nanocrystals. The scheme involves: (1) Prepare a clear solution that is known to produce colloidal TPA-silicalite upon extended hydrothermal reaction. (2) Subject the solution to hydrothermal condition but stop before the appearance of colloidal silicalite. (3) Protect the TPA-silicalite precursor nanoparticles with cationic surfactant and collect them as flocculated mass. (4) Convert the precursor/surfactant hybrid into nanocrystals via high temperature steaming. It was found that an intermediate dilution during the hydrothermal step helped to delay the appearance of colloidal silicalite, and to produce more precursor nanoparticles. A steaming temperature of 150 °C was also found enough to convert the collected precursor into nanocrystals. The obtained nanocrystals were smaller than 30 nm with good XRD and IR crystallinity, which survived after 550 °C calcination.

Stress Relaxation of Sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D.Don) Wood in Radial Compression under High Temperature Steam

Summary To clarify the mechanism of the permanent fixation of compressive deformation of wood by high temperature steaming, stress relaxation and stress-strain relationships in the radial compression for Sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D.Don) wood were measured under steam at temperatures up to 200°C. The stress relaxation curves above 100°C were quite different in shape from those below 100°C, showing a rapid decrease in stress with increasing temperature. In the stress-strain relationships measured above 140°C, the stress reduced as pre-steaming time increased when compared at the same strain. The recovery of compressive deformation (strain recovery) was decreased with steaming time and reached almost 0 in 10 min at 200°C. The relationship between the residual stress and the strain recovery at the end of relaxation measurements could be expressed by a single curve regardless of time and temperature. The permanent fixation of deformation by steaming below 200°C was considered to be due to chain scission of hemicelluloses accompanying a slight cleavage of lignin. In some cases, the increase in regularity of the crystalline lattice space of microfibrils or the formation of crosslinks between the cell wall polymers seemed to play an important role in the permanent fixation of compressive deformation.

A heat and mass transfer study—analysis of continuous processes for the coloration of polyester fabric. I. Heat transmission to the fabric system—fabric, fiber, and dye particles

AbstractThe three continuous processes (thermosol, high temperature steaming, and heat transfer printing) for the coloration of polyester and the involved equipment are briefly reviewed. A simple model for the transient heating of a body is developed, the model [eq.(22)] comprises a specific area of transfer parameter (As): area through which transport (of heat) takes place per unit mass of the body. This model is used in order to estimate the relative heating rates for the different geometrical approximations present in the fabric system: plate (fabric), cylinder (fiber), and sphere (dye particle). Results obtained from the more exact numerical analysis solution are used for investigating the limitations of the simple heat transfer model.

X‐ray diffraction and infrared spectra studies on the fine structure of rayon improved by high temperature steaming

AbstractFive samples of rayon containing two high tenacity rayons and three textile rayons of viscose and Bemberg types were heat‐treated with high temperature water or steam (110–210°C.) for a few minutes or seconds, and the change in the fine structure was investigated by means of x‐ray diffraction and small‐angle scattering. An additional study by infared spectra was carried out on cellulose films similarly heat‐treated. The crystallinity increased with increasing temperature and extension of the treating time within the range of less than 10%. Crystallites thicken laterally and grow into those of a higher order. Newly formed crystallites are of cellulose IV. The change is more striking in the high tenacity rayon than in the textile rayons. The remarkable reduction in the degree of swelling is considered to be due partially to such development of crystallinity. No clear conclusion could be drawn as to the contribution of junction points in the amorphous region.

Improvement of Rayon by Continuous High-Temperature Steaming

An apparatus was constructed, and heat treatment of rayon tow or sliver was carried out continuously using steam or water of 120° to 190° C for 15 to 80 sec Flash heating with saturated Steam of 7 to 14 kg/cm2 for 15 sec is sufficient to reduce the degree of swelling of rayon to the order of that of cotton. with negligible depolymerization Fine structure of the fully treated rayon is stable, and the reduced swelling and the mechanical properties do not change when the rayon comes into contact with water of 100° to 180° C Upon being immersed in caustic alkaline solutions, the treated rayon always has lower swelling compared to the untreated, and part of the net structure formed by the treatment remains undestroyed. In some cases increase in elongation and decrease in Young's modulus are brought about by an annealing effect at a sufficiently high temperature