High Temperature Conditions Research Articles

From ashes to evidence: A study on the alterations in bloodstain patterns in high heat environments and post-fire scenes.

Fire is often used to conceal or destroy evidence of violent crimes, making it essential to understand how fire environments affect forensic evidence, particularly bloodstain patterns. This study investigates the impact of high heat environments and fire on the morphology and analysis of bloodstain patterns. Using controlled fire exposure, bloodstains were analyzed pre- and post-fire exposure on various substrates, including glass, painted drywall, and painted plywood. Measurements of angle of impact (AOI) and area of origin (AOO) were conducted using Faro Zone 3D Expert software. Despite physical alterations due to extreme temperature exposure, certain characteristics of the original bloodstains persisted. AOI calculations showed minimal deviation between pre- and post-fire measurements, with standard deviations generally under two degrees. AOO estimations also demonstrated no substantial statistical differences between pre- and post-fire data. The study confirms that bloodstain patterns retain observable traits despite exposure to high heat conditions, supporting the reliability of BPA in fire-affected scenarios. These findings enhance the understanding of bloodstain behavior in fire environments, aiding forensic investigations in accurately analyzing bloodstain patterns in cases involving fire or high-temperature conditions.

New Constraints on the Melting Temperature and Phase Stability of Shocked Iron up to 270 GPa Probed by Ultrafast X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy

Studying the properties and phase diagram of iron at high-pressure and high-temperature conditions has relevant implications for Earth’s inner structure and dynamics and the temperature of the inner core boundary (ICB) at 330 GPa. Also, a hexagonal-closed packed to body-centered cubic (bcc) phase transition has been predicted by many theoretical works but observed only in a few experiments. The recent coupling of high-power laser with advanced x-ray sources from synchrotrons allows for novel approaches to address these issues. Here, we present a study on shock compressed iron up to 270 GPa and 5800 K probed by single-pulse (100 ps FWHM) x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Based on the analysis of the XAS spectra, we provide structural identification and bulk temperature measurements along the Hugoniot up to the melting. These results rule out the predicted transition to a high-temperature bcc phase and allow one to discriminate among existing equations of state models and melting curves. In particular, we report the first bulk temperature measurement in shock compressed iron on the melting plateau at 240(20) GPa and 5345(600) K. The melting curve resulting from our work extrapolates to a temperature of 6202(514) K at 330 GPa and represents a refined upper bound for the ICB temperature. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

A Review on the Effect of Synthetic Fibres, Including Macro Fibres, on the Thermal Behaviour of Fibre-Reinforced Concrete

The mechanical properties of concrete degrade rapidly when exposed to elevated temperatures. Adding fibres to concrete can enhance its thermal stability and residual mechanical characteristics under high-temperature conditions. Various types of fibres, including steel, synthetic and natural fibres, are available for this purpose. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the impact of synthetic fibres on the performance of fibre-reinforced concrete at high temperatures. It evaluates conventional synthetic fibres, including polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibres, as well as newly emerging macro fibres that improve concrete’s fire resistance properties. The novelty of this review lies in its focus on macro fibres as a promising alternative to conventional synthetic fibres. The findings reveal that PE fibres significantly influence the residual mechanical properties of fibre-reinforced concrete at high temperatures. Although PVA fibres may reduce compressive strength at elevated temperatures, they help reduce micro-cracking and increase flexibility and flexural strength. Finally, this review demonstrates that while conventional synthetic fibres are effective in limiting fire-induced damage, macro fibres offer enhanced benefits, including improved toughness, energy absorption, durability, corrosion resistance, and post-cracking capacity. This study provides valuable insights for developing fibre-reinforced concrete with superior high-temperature performance. Steel fibres offer superior strength but are prone to corrosion and spalling, while PP fibres effectively reduce explosive spalling but provide limited strength improvement. PE fibres enhance flexural performance, and PVA fibres improve tensile strength and shrinkage control, although their performance decreases at high temperatures. Macro fibres stand out for their post-cracking capacity and toughness, offering a lightweight alternative with better overall durability.

An Interpretation Method of Gas–Water Two-Phase Production Profile in High-Temperature and High-Pressure Vertical Wells Based on Drift-Flux Model

With the increasing demand for oil and gas, the depth of some vertical gas wells can reach 6000 m. At this time, the downhole fluid is in a state of high temperature and pressure, and interpretation of the production logging output profile faces the problem of inaccurate production calculations and difficulty judging the water-producing layer. The drift-flux model is usually used to calculate the gas–water two-phase flow. The drift-flux model is widely used to describe the two-phase flow in pipelines and wells because of its accuracy and simplicity. The constitutive correlations used in drift-flux models, which specify the relative motion between phases, have been extensively studied. However, most of the correlations are only extended by laboratory data of small pipe diameters at standard temperature and pressure and do not apply to high-temperature and high-pressure large-diameter gas wells. Therefore, we improved the distribution coefficient and drift velocity of drift-flux correlations in this study for high-temperature and high-pressure gas wells with large pipe diameters. Therefore, this study improved the distribution coefficient and drift velocity of the drift-flux correlations for high-temperature and high-pressure gas wells with large pipe diameters. In practical application, the coincidence rates of gas production and water production calculated by the new drift-flux model were 12.68% and 19.39%, respectively. For high-temperature and high-pressure deep wells, the measurement errors of production logging instruments are significant, and surface laboratory pipelines are challenging to configure and equip with actual high-temperature and high-pressure conditions. Therefore, this study used the method of numerical simulation to study the flow characteristics of the two phases of high-temperature and high-pressure gas and water to provide a basis for identifying the water layer. Combined with the proposed drift-flux correlations and the new method of determining the water-producing layer, a new method of production profile interpretation of high-temperature and high-pressure gas wells is obtained.

Active Interfacial Perimeter in Pt/CeO2 Catalysts with Embedding Structure for Water-Tolerant Toluene Combustion.

Supported Pt catalysts are often subjected to severe deactivation under the conditions of high temperature and water vapor in catalytic oxidation; thus, the superior stability and water-resistant ability of catalysts have great significance for the effective degradation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Herein, we constructed a Pt/CeO2-N catalyst with an active interfacial perimeter, in which Pt species were partially embedded in the defective CeO2-N support to prevent the sintering. A significant charge transfer between Pt species and ceria in the embedding structure occurred via the Pt-CeO2 interface, which induced the formation of a Pt4+-Ov-Ce3+ interfacial structure. Experimental research and theoretical calculations demonstrated that the active Pt4+-Ov-Ce3+ interface promoted the activation and migration of lattice oxygen, thus facilitating the participation of oxygen species in toluene oxidation. Consequently, Pt/CeO2-N showed excellent catalytic performance for toluene degradation. In situ DRIFTS and DFT calculation proved that the Pt4+-Ov-Ce3+ interfacial sites served as the intrinsic active center in the dissociation of H2O to generate ·OH, which contributed to the formation of benzaldehyde, thus remarkably improving the water-resistant property. This study provided a facile strategy for fabricating the interfacial embedding structure to enhance the catalytic activity and water tolerance for eliminating VOCs in practical application.

Innovative Ultralow Thermal Budget ZrHfOx Ferroelectric Films with Low-Temperature Phase Transition for Next-Generation High-Speed Multifunctional Devices.

By design of the element concentration, regulating the ratio of the t phase and the energy difference between t and o phases, the ZrHfOx (ZHO) film demonstrated the highest polarization value at a maximum processing temperature of only 280 °C without an annealing process, and it can withstand over 1010 polarization cycles without breakdown. The ZHO film maintains good ferroelectric performance in extreme temperature environments (4.55 to 473 K). Even under high-temperature conditions, the ZHO film shows exceptional endurance performance (>1010 at 423 K). These parameters represent the best overall performance reported in the literature to date. The polarization switching process can be accurately described by the nucleation limited switching (NLS) model, and the polarization switching time is expected to reach the sub-ns level as the device size decreases. The ZHO film demonstrates great potential in both process simplification and performance optimization, providing new possibilities for the application of ferroelectric devices.

Physiological response of diverse maize genotypes to heat stress and simple sequence repeats markers-based genotyping in Rawalpindi, Punjab Pakistan

The current study was designed to observe the response of maize genotypes under high-temperature stress conditions and to check their diversity using simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers in in-vitro conditions. Maize genotypes (n=10) were subjected to heat stress at ~45 °C for 72 h after growing into young seedlings. Their physiological responses were determined by measuring the changes in proline content (PC), chlorophyll content (CC), cell membrane stability (CMS), relative water content (RWC) and osmotic potential (Ψπ). The analysed data disclosed significant differences (P ≤ 0.01) among all the characters. Comparison between control and heat-treated genotypes depicted a notable increase in PC, Ψπ while a decrease in CC, RWC and CMS index in heat-treated plants. Maize genotypes viz. NCEV-1230, NARC-4, HN Gold and OPV-20 performed better under heat stress and also showed a strong genetic relationship for similarity index in dendrogram based on selected SSR markers related to abiotic stress tolerance. This study is beneficial for understanding the physiological behaviour of maize plants under heat stress and for further genetic studies on maize to select heat-tolerant lines for breeding programs

Solvation Environment and Interface Dynamics of Li2B12H12 and Li2B12F12 Electrolytes Uncovered by Theory and Operando Optical and FTIR Spectroelectrochemistry.

In this work, we evaluated two closo-borate salts (Li2B12H12 and Li2B12F12) in propylene carbonate from theoretical and experimental perspectives to understand how the coordination environment influences their spectroscopic and electrochemical properties. The coordination environments of the closo-borate salts were modeled via density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics (MD). Vibrational spectra calculated from the predicted coordination environments are in agreement with experimentally measured steady-state FTIR data. This theoretical investigation also suggested that Li2B12F12 would possess a higher ionic conductivity than Li2B12H12, which was corroborated experimentally. Additionally, an electrochemical cell was designed and fabricated that enabled operando optical and FTIR spectroelectrochemical (OP-IR-SEC) measurements. This allowed for the simultaneous measurement of the relative changes of species at a lithium electrode-liquid electrolyte interface and the visualization of lithium plating at the electrode surface. This technique could provide new chemical insights and potentially link optical changes at the electrode-electrolyte interface to specific chemical species in similar electrochemical systems. The Li2B12F12 electrolyte was found to have a higher thermal stability, which may find utility in applications for batteries that are subject to high-temperature conditions.

Using Biotechnology to Create Transgenic Crops that Resist Climate Change

Climate change is a major threat to food security, especially for farmers in vulnerable areas facing the challenges of climate change. This study aimed to modify the plant genome to increase tolerance to extreme climatic conditions such as drought and high temperatures using genetic engineering methods based on CRISPR-Cas9 technology. Transgenic and control plants were grown in a laboratory experimental design with a quantitative approach. The results showed that the transgenic plants consistently outperformed the control plants under drought, high temperature, and low nutrient conditions. The transgenic plant showed a growth rate of 15.2 and average productivity of 25.7, higher than the control (12.3 and 19.1). Under high temperature conditions, the increase in productivity was even greater, reaching 33.2%, indicating that the inserted HSP gene successfully protects important proteins from heat stress damage. Genetic modification through the expression of genes such as DREB1A, HSP70, and PHR1 was shown to increase plant resistance to environmental stress. With these findings, biotechnology provides a real opportunity to build more adaptive and sustainable agricultural systems, supporting global food needs amid the intensifying challenges of global warming. This research is very relevant in answering the big challenge in the future, which is how to ensure biotechnology can be utilised sustainably to meet the world's growing food needs, without compromising ecosystems and biodiversity.

Flame kinetics at scramjet-engine-relevant conditions: Role of prompt dissociation of weakly-bound radicals

Combustion in high-speed ram-based propulsion engines occurs under distinct thermodynamic conditions of high reactant temperatures (greater than 1000 K) and relatively low pressures (<5 atm). There is a lack of fundamental flame measurements at such conditions that result in adiabatic flame temperatures (Tad) exceeding 2500 K. In this work, we have measured laminar flame speeds of oxygen-enriched CH4/oxidizer mixtures at sub-atmospheric conditions to probe kinetics at high Tad using the isobaric spherically expanding flame approach. Simulations with recent kinetic models revealed increasing differences between data and model predictions with increasing Tad, reaching up to 25 %. Kinetic analyses reveal that at the thermodynamic conditions in these O2-enriched flames, i.e., lower pressures and higher Tad, the effects of HCO prompt dissociation are accentuated. In addition to HCO, the prompt dissociations of CH2OH and C2H5 are also considered. The prompt dissociations of all three radicals were evaluated and their effects considered in flame speed simulations. Reaction path analysis for the present flames revealed that approximately half of the reaction flux for HCO formation undergoes prompt dissociation to H + CO. Furthermore, these analyses also revealed that the pathways and sensitive reactions are similar between oxygen-enriched fuel/oxidizer mixtures and preheated fuel/air mixtures, if both have similar Tad. Thus, flames of oxygen-enriched mixtures could be a surrogate to probe the flame chemistry of highly preheated mixtures at relatively low pressures that are often encountered in ram-based propulsion engine combustors.

Genomic Characterization of Bacillus sp. THPS1: A Hot Spring-Derived Species with Functional Features and Biotechnological Potential

Bacillus sp. THPS1 is a novel strain isolated from a high-temperature hot spring in Thailand, exhibiting distinctive genomic features that enable adaptation to an extreme environment. This study aimed to characterize the genomic and functional attributes of Bacillus sp. THPS1 to understand its adaptation strategies and evaluate its potential for biotechnological applications. The draft genome is 5.38 Mbp with a GC content of 35.67%, encoding 5606 genes, including those linked to stress response and sporulation, which are essential for survival in high-temperature conditions. Phylogenetic analysis and average nucleotide identity (ANI) values confirmed its classification as a distinct species within the Bacillus genus. Pangenome analysis involving 19 others closely related thermophilic Bacillus species identified 1888 singleton genes associated with heat resistance, sporulation, and specialized metabolism, suggesting adaptation to nutrient-deficient, high-temperature environments. Genomic analysis revealed 12 biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs), including those for polyketides and non-ribosomal peptides, highlighting its potential for synthesizing secondary metabolites that may facilitate its adaptation. Additionally, the presence of three Siphoviridae phage regions and 96 mobile genetic elements (MGEs) suggests significant genomic plasticity, whereas the existence of five CRISPR arrays implies an advanced defense mechanism against phage infections, contributing to genomic stability. The distinctive genomic features and functional capacities of Bacillus sp. THPS1 make it a promising candidate for biotechnological applications, particularly in the production of heat-stable enzymes and the development of resilient bioformulations.

Response time of the type-II superlattice InAs/InAsSb mid-infrared interband cascade photodetector for HOT conditions

The article presents III-V InAs/InAsSb type-II superlattice (T2SL) mid-wave infrared (MWIR, 100 % cut-off wavelength, λcut-off ∼ 7.5 μm at 333 K) interband cascade photodetector (ICIP) developed to operate at temperatures > 300 K. That device solves the low quantum efficiency (QE) problem of the typical “thick absorber” photodetectors designed for high operating temperature (HOT, > 300 K) conditions. The 5-stage epilayer was grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) on the lattice-mismatched GaAs substrates where absorbers are connected by the highly doped standard n+/p+ tunnel junctions. The developed and analyzed high-speed MWIR devices should be implemented in the emerging fields such as frequency comb spectroscopy (FCS), free space optical communication (FSO) and light detection and ranging (LIDAR). The majority of the MWIR ICIPs’ research have been focused on the QE increase and dark current suppressing to improve the detectivity (D*) while the high- frequency operation (HFO) is still not completely investigated. We report on the MWIR InAs/InAsSb T2SLs ICIP where tradeoff between response time and detectivity was obtained. The time constant being limited by the carriers’ transit time reaches ∼ 16 ns corresponding to 3-dB bandwidth, f3-dB ∼ 10 MHz (detectivity ∼ 2 × 108 cmHz1/2/W without immersion GaAs lens with ∼ 0.53 μm single absorber) for λcut-off ∼ 7.5 μm at 333 K and unbiased conditions. Under 1 V time constant reaches ∼ 2.4 ns (f3-dB ∼ 66 MHz).

Preparation of a novel laser cladding Ni-based alloy with promising applications in high-temperature conditions: Genetic design, multi-phase evolution, and synergy mechanism

Developing novel Ni-based alloys is crucial for remanufacturing key friction parts at 800-1200 ℃ in metallurgical industry with multiple failure mechanisms, such as wear, corrosion, and adhesion. This paper adopts genetic algorithm to design high-temperature Ni-based alloy with three genetic structures of wear resistance, anti-corrosion, and self-lubricating. By combining simulation calculation and experimental methods, the evolution of the three genetic structures of the laser cladding alloy and the performance strengthening mechanism were deeply studied. The laser clad Ni17Cr10Co7Al5Ti3W2C1S sample of optimized composition had three genetic structures: Cr7C3/TiC wear resistance phases, γ/γ′ anti-oxidation and anti-corrosion phases, Ti2SC/TiS self-lubricating phases. Compared with Cr28Ni48W5 superalloy, the wear rate of the optimal sample was 2.31×10-5 mm3/(N·m) under 800 ℃ friction condition, and reduced by 97%. The friction coefficient of the sample at high temperature was 0.2, approximately half of the substrate alloy, and the self-lubricating performance was significantly improved. Electrochemical tests indicated that the polarizing potential of the sample was -0.16 VSCE in 3.5wt. % NaCl solution. The mechanism of three genetic structures evolution and synergistic enhanced wear resistance, anti-corrosion, and self-lubricating properties were elaborated. Specifically, the key gene of Ti2SC plays a profound role in improving the high-temperature wear resistance and self-lubricating performance of the novel laser clad Ni-based alloy sample. These findings present a novel avenue of material design and preparation for laser additive manufacturing and remanufacturing of key friction parts with high-performance at 800-1200 ℃ in complex metallurgical working conditions.

Temperature effects on fatigue properties of plain-woven composites by an acoustic-optical-thermal multi-information fusion method

To investigate the temperature effect on the fatigue performance of plain-woven composites, a multi-information fusion method for damage identification under high-temperature conditions was established by integrating acoustic emission (AE), digital image correlation (DIC), infrared thermography (IRT) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Equipment for high-temperature AE and DIC acquisition was developed, and fatigue experiments were conducted at room temperature (25 °C), 100 °C, and 150 °C with in-situ observation. The AE data were classified into three clusters using the k-means++ method, corresponding to three damage modes with specific peak frequency ranges: matrix cracking (0 ∼ 200 kHz), fiber/matrix debonding (200 ∼ 400 kHz), and fiber breakage (400 ∼ 700 kHz), respectively. The AE results were cross-validated by analyzing surface temperature and strain fields during the fatigue process. The study revealed that higher temperatures accelerate damage accumulation during fatigue, relieve stress concentration and alter the damage proportion, but have little effect on the influence of fatigue stress levels.

In situ heating coherent X-ray diffraction imaging for visualizing nanometer-scale structural changes in metallic materials

In this study, an in situ microscopy method was developed to nondestructively visualize structural changes at the nanometer scale in thick samples during heating. This method, termed in situ heating coherent X-ray diffraction imaging, successfully captured the structural changes in micrometer-sized Sn–Bi eutectic alloy particles. Specifically, it monitored the movement of the interface between the Bi- and Sn-rich phases as the temperature increased, with a full-period spatial resolution of 47.8 nm and a temporal resolution of 10 s. Additionally, the transformation from the solid to liquid phase was observed with a spatial resolution of 281.8 nm and a temporal resolution of 18.9 ms. This technique has considerable potential for visualizing dynamic phenomena in materials science, such as the formation and evolution of precipitates, cracks, and aggregates in materials, under high-temperature conditions.

Effects of thermal desorption temperature up to 500°C on the thermophysical properties and fertility of soil in organic-contaminated sites

High-temperature thermal desorption is effective for remediating organic-contaminated sites, but its damage to soil functions and high energy consumption raise concerns. In this work, the variation of fertility indicators of two soils with thermal treatment temperature was investigated experimentally. To overcome the difficulties in measuring soil thermophysical properties under sealing and high-temperature conditions, two apparatus matching with the Hot Disk device were established and by which massive data were measured. The results show that, as temperature rises up to 500°C, the combustion and decomposition of organic components and soil minerals gradually enhance, leading to a decrease in most fertility indicators, but an increase in grain size and pH. Available phosphorus and exchangeable potassium decrease with temperature rise first, but increase over 400°C. Soil thermal conductivity and specific heat are positively correlated with temperature and water content. Water diffusion will intensify over 40∼60°C, leading to an intense increase in soil thermal conductivity. The results are expected to provide data basis and theoretical guidance for the comprehensive consideration of remediation effects, land reuse, and energy consumption in practical applications of thermal desorption remediation.

Research on the oxidation process of micro-boron below the melting point temperature

The ignition and combustion characteristics of boron and the energy release rate of boron-based fuel are closely related to the surface oxide layer of boron. To understand the oxidation process of boron below its melting point, the slow oxidation process of boron under different temperature and humidity storage conditions and the fast oxidation process under high-temperature conditions were investigated. The results indicate that the surface oxide layer mainly comprises boron (B), boron suboxides (BxOy), and boron trioxide (B2O3). When the degree of oxidation is low, BxOy and B are the main components. After deep oxidation, BxOy almost disappeared. The thickness and composition of the surface oxide layer vary with changes in environmental temperature, humidity, and aging time. The effect of temperature increase on the growth rate of the oxide layer thickness is significantly greater than that of moisture. With the prolongation of boron aging treatment time, the onset, end, and maximum weight gain rate temperatures of the boron thermal oxidation process all slightly decrease. As the ambient temperature increases, the formation of the oxide layer transitions from a unidirectional diffusion mechanism of oxygen into the interior of boron particles to a bidirectional diffusion mechanism of molten oxide and oxygen.

The Feasibility of Using Lignin as Modifier for Asphalt Cement

Modifying asphalt cement is an effective approach to enhance the performance of asphalt concrete. This study evaluates the physical properties of lignin-modified asphalt (LMA) at various lignin percentages. The initial step involved extracting lignin from the pinus wood sawdust using the soda process. Subsequently, the extracted Soda Lignin Powder (SLP) was characterized through Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (SEM/EDX) to examine the changes in the chemical structure of lignin after extraction by soda process. Following this, three asphalt blends containing varying amounts of SLP (2%, 4%, 6%) by weight of asphalt cement were produced to assess physical properties such as penetration, softening point, ductility, and rotational viscosity test. The findings indicate that incorporating SLP into asphalt cement increases stiffness and viscosity compared to virgin asphalt cement, with increasing SLP content. These results suggest that lignin presents significant enhancement to the performance of asphalt cement under high service temperature conditions.

Effect of diamond grain size on mechanical properties and cutting performance of PCD tool in milling of Cf/SiC composites

The polycrystalline diamond (PCD) tools have excellent cutting performance in machining composites. However, the tool wear mechanism of PCD tools in milling Cf/SiC composites remains unclear. There are few researches on the effect of diamond grain size on the cutting performance of PCD tools and material removal mechanism. In this paper, four PCD samples with different grain sizes were prepared under high-temperature and high-pressure condition. The microstructure, flexural strength, and cutting performance of PCD samples was tested. The wear mechanism of the tools was analyzed by observing the wear morphology of the front and rear cutting surfaces of the PCD tools. The influence of diamond grain size on the cutting performance of PCD tools was investigated in terms of tool life, surface roughness and material removal mechanism. The results indicated that the highest bending strength was found in the PCD sample with the grain size of 5 μm, as the diamond grain size increased, the bending strength of the PCD tool decreased. Tool failure was caused by fiber bundles and chip dust scratching the binder and diamond grains. In the same cutting distance, due to the difference in bonding between diamonds of different grain sizes. The 2 μm~30 μm grain size of the PCD tool wear was the slowest, 5 μm grain size of the fastest PCD tool wear. As the grain size decreased, the machined surface quality of Cf/SiC composites improved. The fiber removal mechanisms employed the gradual transition from shear removal to bending removal as the grain size increased.

Dimensionless analysis of foam stability for application in enhanced oil recovery

The stability of foam during injection into oil reservoirs is critical, especially under high-temperature and high-salinity conditions. This study formulates foam stabilizers using one polymer, two surfactants, and six types of nanoparticles (NPs). Foam stability was assessed with a static setup, examining factors such as interfacial tension (IFT), bubble characteristics, and solution viscosity through dimensionless numbers: Bond number (Bo), Worthington number (We), and Neumann number (Ne). A new formula for dimensionless electrical conductivity was also introduced. Results showed that at optimal concentrations of the four additives, foam stability improved with NPs due to enhanced surface charge from in situ physiochemical reactions, promoting their migration to the fluid interface. Notably, Ne proved more effective than Bo and We in describing foam stability as it accounts for droplet height’s impact on IFT. Acidic NPs demonstrated greater electrostatic force than amphoteric NPs, correlating with improved foam stability reflected in a downward trend in the Ne plot. Additionally, we analyzed the coarsening rate of foam bubbles over time and its relationship to stability. Our findings suggest that dimensionless numbers serve as valuable benchmarks for evaluating foam stability across various additive mechanisms.