Nanotechnology, a revolutionary field encompassing the manipulation of matter on an atomic or molecular scale, holds immense potential for upgrading wide areas, including agriculture. Understanding the scope of nanotechnology, researchers have directed their focus towards addressing the challenges in agriculture and enhancing crop productivity. Nanoparticles offer unique properties, including high surface area and reactivity, that can be harnessed to optimize nutrient delivery, mitigate soil toxicity, and enhance plant growth. Various studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of nanoparticles in increasing crop yields, improving nutrient uptake efficiency, and reducing environmental impacts associated with conventional agricultural practices with sustainable agriculture. Nanotechnology overcomes various challenges encountered in traditional agricultural practices including limited availability of nutrients in the soil, inefficient nutrient uptake by plants, soil degradation, and environmental pollution by providing targeted nutrient delivery, improving nutrient absorption, and mitigating environmental impacts. Also, nanoparticle interactions with plants and microbes and strengthening symbiotic relationships by providing active nutrient supplies to microbes. Furthermore, nanoparticles can improve soil structure and fertility by reducing compaction, increasing water retention, and enhancing soil aggregation. These improvements in soil quality not only benefit crop growth but also contribute to sustainable land management practices.This review paper provides an overview of the current research landscape in the application of nanoparticles in agriculture, highlighting key findings, challenges, and future prospects. By leveraging the principles of nanotechnology, agricultural scientists and practitioners aim to revolutionize crop production, meet the needs of farmers, and ensure food security in the face of evolving environmental and socio-economic challenges.