High Micropore Surface Area Research Articles

Highly microporous activated carbons synthesized from sacrificial templating of melamine for CH4 and H2 storages and CH4/H2 adsorptive separation

Achieving carbon neutrality necessitates advancements in adsorbent-based gas storage technologies, particularly for maximizing the utilization of natural gas (CH4) and hydrogen (H2) as sustainable energy sources. Activated carbons, characterized by their high surface area, stability, and cost-effectiveness, emerge as promising candidates for CH4 and H2 storage applications. Here, we report highly microporous activated carbons prepared using sacrificial templating of melamine followed by Cs+ ion activation. The resulting activated carbon demonstrates exceptional microporous characteristics, boasting a significantly high micropore surface area (2311 m2/g) and micropore volume (1.070 cm3 g−1). These structural attributes translate into impressive CH4 (11.92 mmol/g at 298 K and 70 bar) and H2 (2.74 mmol/g at 298 K and 70 bar) storage capacities, underscoring its potential as a viable ambient temperature gas storage material. Furthermore, our evaluation extends to the performance of the activated carbon for adsorptive CH4/H2 separation. The activated carbon exhibits a notable CH4 working capacity (3.13 mmol/g at 298 K, 1–10 bar pressure swing) coupled with a moderate Ideal Adsorbed Solution Theory (IAST) selectivity (25). These findings highlight the suitability of the activated carbon for both CH4 and H2 storage applications, as well as the separation of H2 from CH4.

High Surface Area Microporous Activated Carbon from Corn Fiber Using Graphene Oxide-Assisted Hydrothermal Carbonization

High Surface Area Microporous Activated Carbon from Corn Fiber Using Graphene Oxide-Assisted Hydrothermal Carbonization

High-temperature preparation of Ni2P suspended within carbon matrix and its potential as HER electrocatalyst

Hydrogen production via electrocatalytic reduction of water is a promising clean-energy technology. For further advancement of this technology, the exploration of cost-effective and streamlined approaches for producing active phosphide-based catalysts is of great importance. This study presents a new high-temperature preparation method of a microporous Ni2P/C catalyst composed of crystalline Ni2P nanoparticles homogeneously distributed within an amorphous carbon matrix in a weight ratio of 40/60. The redox transformation leading to the formation of Ni2P from not-reduced stable inorganic salts was facilitated during thermal treatment by a polymeric precursor, which, in turn, transformed into microporous carbon matrix that prevented the newly formed phosphide particles from agglomerating and sintering. The microporous structure of the prepared composite was characterised by gas adsorption technique and modelled using density functional theory and statistical thickness methods. The t-plot revealed high micropore surface area of 333.5 m2 g−1 (accounting 97 % of total surface area) and the pore size distribution in the range of 10–12 Å. According to TEM analysis, the size range of the Ni2P inclusions varied from 5 to 200 nm. The evaluation of electrocatalytic properties of the Ni2P/C composite demonstrated its high HER activity and stability under high voltages in alkaline water electrolysis conditions. Furthermore, HER activity of the composite was substantially enhanced by grinding, which opened closed microporosity channels and increased the micropore surface area to 355.2 m2 g−1, thereby increasing the number of catalytically active sites in the sample. The result indicates the exceptional role of the microporous microstructure of the composite in its catalytic performance. The findings of this study may have a significant impact on the practical implementation of efficient hydrogen production by water electrolysis.

Competitive Adsorption of Butanol from ABE Fermentation Solution by Silicalite-1

Biobutanol is an alternative energy that has been of great interest as a substitute for fossil fuel. It can be obtained from acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation with by-products of acetone and ethanol. In this work, the competitive kinetics of adsorption of butanol from ABE model solution was investigated on Silicalite-1 comparing to commercial ZSM-5. The adsorption was conducted in liquid phase and batch mode at 25°C between 0−90 min with the composition of ABE model solution of 1, 2, 0.33 wt% (acetone, butanol, ethanol) in aqueous solution. The Silicalite-1 shows fast adsorption of butanol from 0.5 min and possesses high adsorption capacity of 0.15 g/g, which is higher than that of the ZSM-5, 0.12 g/g. The Silicalite-1 exhibits high affinity to butanol > acetone > ethanol with selectivity of butanol-to-acetone (SB/A) of 2.6 and butanol-to-ethanol (SB/E) of 13.8. The good performance of Silicalite-1 adsorbent could be related to its hydrophobicity and higher micropore surface area and micropore volume as compared to ZSM-5.

Engineering the Pore Structure and Functionality of Ionic Porous Polymers for Separating Acetylene over Carbon Dioxide

AbstractPrecise engineering of organic porous polymers to realize the selective separation of structurally similar gases presents a great challenge. In this study, a new class of ionic porous polymers P(Ph3Im‐Br‐nDVB) with a high ionic density and microporous surface area are constructed through a facile copolymerization strategy, providing an efficient path to rational control over pore structure and functionality. The first example of ionic porous organic polymers is reported to address the challenge of discriminating the subtle difference of C2H2 and CO2, which have almost identical molecular sizes and similar physicochemical properties, which achieve the highest C2H2/CO2 selectivity (17.9) among porous organic polymers. These ionic porous polymers exhibit high stability and excellent dynamic breakthrough performance for binary C2H2/CO2 mixtures, indicating their practical feasibility. Modeling studies reveal that anions are the specific binding sites for preferential C2H2 capture because of Br−···HCCH interactions. This study not only demonstrates an efficient strategy to build novel ionic porous polymers integrating abundant micropores and ionic sites but also sheds some light on the development of functionalized materials for the separation of structurally similar gas molecules.

Rational Design of Carbon-Based Porous Aerogels with Nitrogen Defects and Dedicated Interfacial Structures toward Highly Efficient CO2 Greenhouse Gas Capture and Separation.

CO2 capture from flowing flue gases through adsorption technology is essential to reduce the emission of CO2 to the atmosphere. The rational design of highly efficient carbon-based absorbents with interfacial structures containing interconnected porous structures and abundant adsorption sites might be one of the promising strategies. Here, we report the synthesis of nitrogen-doped carbon aerogels (NCAs) via prepolymerized phenol-melamine-formaldehyde organic aerogels (PMF) by controlling the addition amount of ZnCl2 and the precursor M/P ratio. It has been revealed that NCAs with a higher specific surface area and interconnected porous structures contain a large amount of pyridinic nitrogen and pyrrolic nitrogen. These would act as the intrinsic adsorption sites for highly effective CO2 capture and further improve the CO2/N2 separation efficiencies. Among the prepared samples, NCA-1-2 with a high micropore surface area and high nitrogen content exhibits a high CO2 adsorption capacity (4.30 mmol g-1 at 0 °C and 1 bar) and CO2/N2 selectivity (36.5 at 25 °C, IAST). Under typical flue gas conditions (25 °C and 1.01 bar), equilibrium gas adsorption analysis and dynamic breakthrough measurement associated with a high adsorption capacity of 2.65 mmol g-1 at 25 °C and 1.01 bar and 0.81 mmol g-1 at 25 °C and 0.15 bar. This rationally designed N-doped carbon aerogel with specific interfacial structures and high CO2 adsorption capacity, high selectivity, and adsorption performance remained pretty stable after multiple uses.

Microporous polyimide networks with tunable micropore size constructed through side-chain engineering of linear precursors

Microporous polyimides (MPIs) have been acted a significant role in porous organic polymers (POPs) for gas capture and separation. However, the MPIs are mostly constructed from monomers with rigid 3D or twisted structures or hyperbranched precursors, and their porous structure is mainly tuned by changing the length of the constructed units. Herein, the cross-linkable linear PIs with flexible skeletons are selected as precursors to construct the cross-linked microporous polyimides (C-MPIs). The method has significant comparative advantages including abundant monomers, the convenience of synthesis, cost-effectiveness, structural diversity and designability. Moreover, the micropore size of the C-MPIs (6FA-PE-CL, 6FA-PEPH-CL) can be tuned from 0.64 nm to 0.57 nm through the side-chain engineering of the cross-linkable linear PI precursors. The BET surface area of the C-MPIs are ranging from 635 to 698 m 2 g -1 and is among the best results for the reported linear MPIs. The smaller pore size (0.57 nm), higher micropore surface area (378 m 2 g -1 ) and micropore volume (0.17 cm 3 g -1 ) endow 6FA-PE-CL with better CO 2 selective uptake capacity (8.9 wt% and 58) than those of 6FA-PEPH-CL (7.3 wt% and 38). This work provides a side-chain engineering method to tune the pore structure of MPIs, which has tremendous potential for constructing high-performance polymer networks with abundant ultramicroporous structure (<0.7 nm) based on flexible linear polymers. Microporous polymer networks with tunable micropore sizes have been constructed through the side-chain engineering of cross-linkable linear polyimide precursors. • The microporous polymer networks with abundant ultramicropores were constructed from flexible linear polyimides. • The pore size can be finely tuned through the side-chain engineering method. • The microporous polyimide with a smaller pore size exhibits better CO 2 selective uptake capacity.

Thermal stabilization effect and oxygen replacement reaction together regulate N/S co-doped microporous carbon synthesis

Potassium thiocyanate (KSCN) activation showed great potential to prepare N/S co-doped microporous carbon for environmental remediation, however, predictable preparation for targeted application was a challenge. This study suggested that thermal stabilization effect and oxygen replacement reaction during KSCN activation could together regulate pore formation and N/S co-doping. Results showed that carbonaceous precursor with high thermal stability (expressed by high R50 index) could support stable carbon matrix for KSCN pore-forming. Meanwhile, carbonaceous precursor with high polarity (expressed by high O/C) was more prone to occur oxygen replacement reaction, promoting N/S co-doping. N/S co-doped microporous carbon with high micropore surface area can promote BPA adsorption via the pore-filling mechanism. However, reaction induced by S contained groups can enhance heavy metal (Pb2+) adsorption while prepared material with S doping. In summary, a carbonaceous precursor with high R50 index was conducive to preparing carbon material for organic pollutant adsorption, while the carbonaceous precursor with high O/C was suit to fabricate carbon material with high adsorption capacity for Pb2+ immobilization. This study provided important insights into the directional synthesis of optimized N/S doped microporous carbon.Graphical

Ferrocene-based hypercrosslinked polymers derived from phenolic polycondensation with unexpected H2 adsorption capacity

Metal-doped porous organic polymers often display unique properties for applications in gas uptake owing to the incorporation of the metal elements in the polymer networks. In this study, a series of novel ferrocene-based hypercrosslinked polymers were prepared by phenolic polycondensation (Fc-PR-HCPs). To generate the hypercrosslinked polymers, 1,1′-ferrocenedicarboxaldehyde (Fc(CHO)2) and bisphenol A (BPA) were used as the building blocks. The maximum value of BET and micropore surface area is determined to be 1111.4 and 487.4 m2/g for Fc-PR-HCP3. A significant H2 adsorption capacity of 3.11 wt% was achieved for Fc-PR-HCP3 at 77 K/1.0 bar, which was noted to be higher than the porous organic polymers with even higher BET surface area value. The high micropore surface area value and the adsorption sites (aromatic rings and metal ion-active sites) provided by two building blocks were used to explain the significant H2 adsorption capacity successfully. Overall, the findings from this study indicate that Fc-PR-HCPs highlighted prospective applications in the field of H2 capture.

Fabrication of High Surface Area Microporous ZnO from ZnO/Carbon Sacrificial Composite Monolith Template.

Fabrication of porous materials from the standard sacrificial template method allows metal oxide nanostructures to be produced and have several applications in energy, filtration and constructing sensing devices. However, the low surface area of these nanostructures is a significant drawback for most applications. Here, we report the synthesis of ZnO/carbon composite monoliths in which carbon is used as a sacrificial template to produce zinc oxide (ZnO) porous nanostructures with a high specific surface area. The synthesized porous oxides of ZnO with a specific surface area of 78 m2/g are at least one order of magnitude higher than that of the ZnO nanotubes reported in the literature. The crucial point to achieving this remarkable result was the usage of a novel ZnO/carbon template where the carbon template was removed by simple heating in the air. As a high surface area porous nanostructured ZnO, these synthesized materials can be useful in various applications including catalysis, photocatalysis, separation, sensing, solar energy harvest and Zn-ion battery and as supercapacitors for energy storage.

Activated coke preparation by physical activation of coal and biomass co-carbonized chars

Activated cokes have been prepared with a two-step process: co-carbonization of bituminous coal and poplar bark biomass in nitrogen at moderate temperatures, followed by physical activation of the char residues with CO2 and steam at higher temperatures. The microstructures, pore distributions and surface chemical characteristics of the generated chars were examined by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), N2 adsorption, and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). This study assessed the effects of the mixing ratio of bituminous and biomass feedstocks, the carbonization temperature, as well as the type and mole fraction of activation agents on the pore structure of the produced activated cokes. It was found that char obtained by co-carbonization of coal and biomass at a ratio of 2:1, at 600 °C for 30 min, had the highest micropore surface area at 200 m2/g. Subsequent activation of this char, at 800 °C for 90 min, with 40 % CO2 and 10 % steam resulted in a threefold increase of micropore surface area (607 m2/g). Steam enhanced pore broadening and, thus, it promoted the formation of mesoporous structure, while CO2 promoted additional development of microporous structure. As a result, activated coke with extensive and multimodal pore size distribution was produced.

Tailoring of the pore structures of wood pyrolysis chars for potential use in energy storage applications

Char obtained from biomass pyrolysis is an eco-friendly porous carbon, which has potential use as a material for electrodes in supercapacitors. For that application, a high microporous specific surface area (SSA) is desired, as it relates to the accessible surface for an applied electrolyte. Currently, the incomplete understanding of the relation between porosity development and production parameters hinders the production of tailor-made, bio-based pyrochars for use as electrodes. Additionally, there is a problem with the low reliability in assessing textual properties for bio-based pyrochars by gas adsorption. To address the aforementioned problems, beech wood cylinders of two different lengths, with and without pre-treatment with citric acid were pyrolysed at temperatures of 300–900 °C and analysed by gas adsorption. The pyrolyzed chars were characterised with adsorption with N2 and CO2 to assess the influence of production parameters on the textual properties. The new approach in processing the gas adsorption data used in this study demonstrated the required consistency in assessing the micro- and mesoporosity. The SSA of the chars rose monotonically in the investigated range of pyrolysis temperatures. The pre-treatment with citric acid led to an enhanced SSA, and the length of the cylinders correlated with a reduced SSA. With pyrolysis at 900 °C, the micro-SSAs of samples with 10 mm increased by on average 717 ± 32 m2/g. The trends among the investigated parameters and the textual properties were rationalized and provide a sound basis for further studies of tailor-made bio-based pyrochars as electrode materials in supercapacitors.

3D graphene-like zeolite-templated carbon with hierarchical structures as a high-performance adsorbent for volatile organic compounds

Dynamic adsorption studies of vaporous benzene (3000 ppm) on a hierarchically mesoporous/microporous beta zeolite-templated carbon (HBTC) was compared to those of commercial activated carbon (AC) and solely microporous beta zeolite-templated carbon (BTC). The BTC had periodic micropores with a narrow distribution of 1 nm in size and a high micropore surface area of ~2870 m2 g−1, thereby showing a much higher dynamic adsorption capacity (653 mg g−1) for benzene than that exhibited by the AC (264 mg g−1). Nevertheless, the BTC exhibited a lower breakthrough time (3.26 mg) for benzene than that shown by the AC (4.9 mg) owing to severe diffusion constraints. The diffusion problem can be solved by introducing mesoporosity into microporous BTC to form a hierarchically mesoporous/microporous structure. Isosteric heat and benzene diffusivity results indicated the strong affinity and facile diffusion exhibited by the hierarchical BTC, which were attributed to the graphitic nature of the carbon framework, uniform micropores, and hierarchically mesoporous/microporous structures. Therefore, the HBTC exhibited a benzene breakthrough time of 11.4 mg and a dynamic adsorption capacity of 472 mg g−1 (100% breakthrough) that was larger than those of commercial AC. Furthermore, the adsorption capacity and partition coefficient (PC) of the tested adsorbents were evaluated at 10% breakthrough. Among all tested carbons, HBTC exhibited the best performance for benzene capture with adsorption capacity of 332 mg g−1 and PC value of 0.140 mol Kg−1 Pa−1. The effects of adsorption temperature and relative humidity on the benzene adsorption capacities of HBTC and BTC were also explored. Furthermore, desorption and subsequent regeneration studies demonstrated that the adsorption capacity of HBTC can be completely restored by heat treatment. These findings indicate that HBTC is a promising candidate for VOC adsorption that can replace the currently employed commercial AC.

Microelectrochemical Smart Needle for Real Time Minimally Invasive Oximetry.

A variety of brain disorders such as neural injury, brain dysfunction, vascular malformation, and neurodegenerative diseases are associated with abnormal levels of oxygen. Current methods to directly monitor tissue oxygenation in the brain are expensive and invasive, suffering from a lack of accuracy. Electrochemical detection has been used as an invasiveness and cost-effectiveness method, minimizing pain, discomfort, and injury to the patient. In this work, we developed a minimally invasive needle-sensor with a high surface area to monitor O2 levels in the brain using acupuncture needles. The approach was to directly etch the iron from stainless steel acupuncture needles via a controlled pitting corrosion process, obtaining a high microporous surface area. In order to increase the conductivity and selectivity, we designed and applied for the first time a low-cost coating process using non-toxic chemicals to deposit high surface area carbon nanoparticle, catalytically active laccase, and biocompatible polypyrrole. The physicochemical properties of the materials were characterized as well as their efficacy and viability as probes for the electrochemical detection of PO2. Our modified needles exhibited efficient electrocatalysis and high selectivity toward O2, with excellent repeatability. We well engineered a small diagnostic tool to monitor PO2, minimally invasive, able to monitor real-time O2 in vivo complex environments.

Development of activated carbon-impregnated alginate*β-cyclodextrin/gelatin beads for highly performance sorption of 2,4-dichlorophenol from wastewater

High surface area microporous activated carbon beads were successfully prepared for removal from aqueous solutions. The polymeric beads were fabricated from sodium alginate (Alg), β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), gelatin (GP) and activated carbon (AC) being used as an efficient 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) removal sorbent. The chemical and morphological analysis of the fabricated beads were investigated using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while thermal stability was estimated via thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The main goal of the recent work is to investigate the activated carbon effect on the sorption process. The impact of experimental parameters like original concentration, pH, and adsorption time was explored. The optimum removal of 86.05% was obtained at pH 7. One hour was sufficient for the full saturation of the active sorbent sites, reaching equilibrium. The pseudo second model was the best to describe the adsorption process. Furthermore, it can be seen from the Langmuir equation that the qm for unmodified and modified beads toward 2,4-DCP were 36.48mg/g and 39.36mg/g, respectively.

Synthesis and application of Cu-BTC@ZSM-5 composites as effective adsorbents for removal of toluene gas under moist ambience: kinetics, thermodynamics, and mechanism studies.

Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) are excellent adsorbents that provide abundant specific surface area, adjustable pore structure, and rich active sites. The purpose of this study was to prepare composites with hydrophobic and high microporous specific surface area and to adsorb toluene gas in moist ambience. An ethanol activation-assisted hydrothermal method was proposed to synthesize copper-benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid (Cu-BTC) metal-organic framework, Cu-BTC, and ZSM-5 molecular sieve composites (Cu-BTC@ZSM-5). The dynamic adsorption process of toluene on different adsorbents was investigated, and the results showed that the toluene adsorption capacity of Cu-BTC@ZSM-5 (158.6mg/g) was 2.53 times higher than Cu-BTC (62.7mg/g), when the ZSM-5 content is 5% and the humidity is 30%RH. Compared with other factors, the humidity inhibited the adsorption of toluene on Cu-BTC@ZSM-5. Langmuir model and the pseudo-second kinetics model can better describe the adsorption behavior of Cu-BTC@ZSM-5. The thermodynamic results showed the adsorption process was a spontaneous exothermic process at low temperature and mainly physical adsorption. The relative regenerability can still up to 80.4% after six cycles. The adsorption mechanisms of Cu-BTC@ZSM-5 were pore-filling adsorption, π-π interaction, cation-π bonding, and hydrophobic interactions. This study will help to design a systematic route to evaluate the adsorption performance of Cu-BTC@ZSM-5 for toluene.

Study on boron and nitrogen co-doped graphene xerogel for high-performance electrosorption application

The search for highly efficient carbon materials with high desalting capacity for the brackish water desalination is still indispensable. In this study, boron and nitrogen co-doped graphene xerogels are prepared by a simple sol-gel method with atmospheric drying and carbonization, in which the rod-like primary particles are attached on the graphene sheets via crosslinking reaction of boric acid-melamine-resorcinol-formaldehyde (BMRF). With the increase in doping ratio, the carbonized BMRF gels display high micropore surface area and abundant doping sites. The maximum doping contents of boron (1.54 at.%) and nitrogen (8.72 at.%) can be achieved in the co-doped graphene xerogel with the molar ratios of C6H6O2 and H3BO3 of 1.2, which displays superior specific capacitance (242 F g−1 at a current density of 0.1 A g−1) and high capacitance retention (92.7% after 5000 cycles at a current density of 2.0 A g−1). The co-doped graphene xerogels are evaluated as electrode materials for the electrochemical desalination of brackish water. Compared to the bare graphene xerogel, the co-doped graphene xerogel displays high electrosorption capacity of 18.45 mg g−1 and high charge efficiency of 45% for NaCl solution under an applied voltage of 1.6 V.

Facile synthesis of mesoporous zeolite Y using seed gel and amphiphilic organosilane

Abstract Zeolite Y is widely used as an industrial catalyst for catalytic cracking of heavy feedstocks to lighter olefins. However, incorporation of uniform mesoporosity in zeolite Y without compromising the microporous characteristics is required to improve the catalyst efficiency and minimize catalyst deactivation. Here, we report a facile synthesis method for mesoporous zeolite Y (MPY sg ) using seed gel and amphiphilic organosilane, that results in mesoporous zeolite showing a narrow mesopore size distribution (3–4 nm) with high external surface area (110 m 2 g -1 ) and high micropore surface area (654 m 2 g -1 ). During the crystallization of MPY sg , the organosilane acted as a mesopore-generating agent, and the seed gel provided secondary nuclei that created a uniform mesoporous structure in the zeolite Y nanocrystals. Analysis of aluminosilicate precursors collected during the crystallization revealed that the crystallization process starts with a long nucleation period, followed by rapid crystal growth. Due to the highly accessible strong acid sites present on its external surface, MPY sg shows catalytic activity in the decalin cracking reaction higher than that of conventional microporous zeolite Y.

Adsorption of catecholamines from their aqueous solutions on hypercrosslinked polystyrene

Hypercrosslinked polystyrene Diapak P-3 was investigated as a high-capacity adsorbent for catecholamines (i.e. epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine). Morphological data for the sorbent were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and nitrogen adsorption–desorption method. The results showed that Diapak P-3 possesses high microporous surface area of 1132 m2 g−1 and a bimodal pore size distribution. Batch adsorption studies were performed to evaluate effect of pH and contact time on catecholamines uptake. The molecular forms of catecholamines are favorable for the adsorption, best results (maximum adsorption capacity) were found at pH 7–9. The adsorption kinetic properties were obtained by application of the pseudo-first order kinetic model. From adsorption isotherms, the two-site Langmuir model showed the best fit and total adsorption capacity of 86, 68, and 52 mg g−1 for dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine, respectively. From the obtained results, the hypercrosslinked polystyrene Diapak P-3 has showed good adsorptive characteristic for catecholamines.

Rapid thermally processed hierarchical titania-based hollow fibres with tunable physicochemical and photocatalytic properties

A series of photocatalytic TiO2–carbon composite hollow fibres (HFs) was prepared in this study by a wet-dry phase inversion spinning method followed by a rapid thermal processing (RTP). The RTP method consists of two stages: (1) calcination at 800 °C for 15 min encased in a quartz tube followed by (2) a short open heating exposure at 800 °C for 0 to 7.5 min in air. The innovative two-stage RTP method led to a time saving of more than 90%. Results revealed that the pyrolysis conditions during the second stage of HF fabrication were essential to the final physical and chemical properties of resultant TiO2-carbon HFs, such as TiO2 crystallinity and carbon content, mechanical, textural and electronic properties, as well as photocatalytic reactivity. The best results show that HFs pyrolysed for a short duration (< 2 min) in the second stage produced a high microporous surface area of 217.8 m2·g−1, a good mechanical strength of 11 MPa and a TiO2 anatase-to-rutile (A/R) ratio of 1.534 on the HF surface. The HFs also achieved a 68% degradation of acid orange 7 dye with a kapp of 0.0147 min−1 based on a Langmuir-Hinshelwood model during the photocatalysis under UV light. Thus, this work provides a new synthesis protocol with significant time and cost savings to produce high-quality HFs for wastewater treatment.