High-strength Magnetic Field Research Articles

Magnetic Alignment of Collagen: Principles, Methods, Applications, and Fiber Alignment Analyses.

Anisotropically aligned collagen scaffolds mimic the microarchitectural properties of native tissue, possess superior mechanical properties, and provide the essential physicochemical cues to guide cell response. Biofabrication methodologies to align collagen fibers include mechanical, electrical, magnetic, and microfluidic approaches. Magnetic alignment of collagen was first published in 1983 but widespread use of this technique was hindered mainly due to the low diamagnetism of collagen molecules and the need for very strong tesla-order magnetic fields. Over the last decade, there is a renewed interest in the use of magnetic approaches that employ magnetic particles and low-level magnetic fields to align collagen fibers. In this review, the working principle, advantages, and limitations of different collagen alignment techniques with special emphasis on the magnetic alignment approach are detailed. Key findings from studies that employ high-strength magnetic fields and the magnetic particle-based approach to align collagen fibers are highlighted. In addition, the most common qualitative and quantitative image analyses methods to assess collagen alignment are discussed. Finally, current challenges and future directions are presented for further development and clinical translation of magnetically aligned collagen scaffolds.

Behavioral and neural responses to high-strength magnetic fields are reduced in otolith mutant mice.

Static high magnetic fields (MFs) interact with the vestibular system of humans and rodents. In rats and mice, exposure to MFs causes perturbations such as head movements, circular locomotion, suppressed rearing, nystagmus, and conditioned taste aversion acquisition. To test the role of otoconia, two mutant mouse models were examined, head-tilt Nox3het (het) and tilted Otop1 (tlt), with mutations, respectively, in Nox3, encoding the NADPH oxidase 3 enzyme, and Otop1, encoding the otopetrin 1 proton channel, which are normally expressed in the otolith organs, and are critical for otoconia formation. Consequently, both mutants show a near complete loss of otoconia in the utricle and saccule, and are nonresponsive to linear acceleration. Mice were exposed to a 14.1 Tesla MF for 30 min. After exposure, locomotor activity, conditioned taste aversion and c-Fos (in het) were assessed. Wild-type mice exposed to the MF showed suppressed rearing, increased latency to rear, locomotor circling, and c-Fos in brainstem nuclei related to vestibular processing (prepositus, spinal vestibular, and supragenual nuclei). Mutant het mice showed no response to the magnet and were similar to sham animals in all assays. Unlike het, tlt mutants exposed to the MF showed significant locomotor circling and suppressed rearing compared with sham controls, although they failed to acquire a taste aversion. The residual responsiveness of tlt versus het mice might reflect a greater semicircular deficit in het mice. These results demonstrate the necessity of the otoconia for the full effect of exposure to high MFs, but also suggest a semicircular contribution.

Exploring the Feasibility of a Power-Generating Pulsed Nuclear Magnetic Nozzle

Crewed missions to Mars and robotic missions to the gas giant planets are challenging because of the current lengthy trip times (2 years to Mars, ~20+ years to the gas giants) with current propulsion technology. These trips endanger astronauts due to the harmful effects of radiation and microgravity and represent a significant fraction of a PI’s (Principal Investigator's) lifespan for uncrewed gas giant missions. To make these trips safer and more reliable, trip times need to be reduced dramatically. Pulsed nuclear fusion propulsion systems promise to reduce these trip times down to 1-3 months for the Mars mission and 1-4 years for gas giant missions. However, widespread use of these systems is hampered by many technical factors, including efficient conversion of directed jet power for thrust and generation of input power for fusion reactor operation. To address both challenges, the present authors propose using the novel power-generating magnetic nozzle; this nozzle uses high-strength magnetic fields for thrust generation and low-strength fields for power generation. Most approaches in the literature consider the effect of either the high-strength fields or the low-strength fields but, for this work, the authors would like to show their combined effect. To address this, we use two computational tools in tandem from prior work: the Smoothed Particle Fluid with Maxwell equation solver (SPFMax) and a plasma flux compression generator code. The former will determine the effect of the high-strength fields and the latter will determine the effect of the low-strength fields. Combined, they show the effect on thrust, efficiency, and power generation. The present authors find that the inclusion of a power-generation system reduces nozzle efficiency by 7% and thrust by the same amount, however, this is a relatively small reduction. The authors also confirm prior work regarding non-dimensional scaling parameters of the power generation system. These results reduce the technical risk associated with these nozzles, hopefully allowing for their application in current concepts/programs, make interplanetary trips safer and more reliable, and allowing humanity to venture out and explore the solar system. Keywords: Mars, Plasma, Magnet, Nuclear, Power

Crystallization of bosonic quantum Hall states in a rotating quantum gas.

The dominance of interactions over kinetic energy lies at the heart of strongly correlated quantum matter, from fractional quantum Hall liquids1, to atoms in optical lattices2 and twisted bilayer graphene3. Crystalline phases often compete with correlated quantum liquids, and transitions between them occur when the energy cost of forming a density wave approaches zero. A prime example occurs for electrons in high-strength magnetic fields, where the instability of quantum Hall liquids towards a Wigner crystal4-9 is heralded by a roton-like softening of density modulations at the magnetic length7,10-12. Remarkably, interacting bosons in a gauge field are also expected to form analogous liquid and crystalline states13-21. However, combining interactions with strong synthetic magnetic fields has been a challenge for experiments on bosonic quantum gases18,21. Here we study the purely interaction-driven dynamics of a Landau gauge Bose-Einstein condensate22 in and near the lowest Landau level. We observe a spontaneous crystallization driven by condensation of magneto-rotons7,10, excitations visible as density modulations at the magnetic length. Increasing the cloud density smoothly connects this behaviour to a quantum version of the Kelvin-Helmholtz hydrodynamic instability, driven by the sheared internal flow profile of the rapidly rotating condensate. At long times the condensate self-organizes into a persistent array of droplets separated by vortex streets, which are stabilized by a balance of interactions and effective magnetic forces.

MRI-GUIDED RADIOTHERAPY FOR PROSTATE CANCER: A NEW PARADIGM.

Radiotherapy is one of the key treatment modalities for primary prostate cancer. During the last decade, significant advances were made in radiotherapy technology leading to increasing both physical and biological precision. Being a loco-regional treatment approach, radiotherapy requires accurate target dose deposition while sparing surrounding healthy tissue. Conventional radiotherapy is based on computerized tomography (CT) images both for radiotherapy planning and image-guidance, however, shortcomings of CT as soft tissue imaging tool are well known. Nowadays, our ability to further escalate radiotherapy dose using hypofractionation is limited by uncertainties in CT-based image guidance and verification. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a well established imaging method for pelvic organs. In prostate cancer specifically, MRI accurately depicts prostate zonal anatomy, rectum, bladder, and pelvic floor structures with previously unseen precision owing to its sharp soft tissue contrast. The advantages of including MRI in the clinical workflow of prostate cancer radiotherapy are multifold. MRI allows for true adaptive radiotherapy to unfold based on daily MRI images taken before, during and after each radiotherapy fraction. It enables accurate dose escalation to the prostate and intraprostatic tumor lesions. Technically, MRI high-strength magnetic field and linear accelerator high energy electromagnetic beams are hardly compatible, and important efforts were made to overcome these technical challenges and integrate MRI and linear accelerator into one single treatment device, called MRI-linac. Different systems are produced by two leading vendors in the field and currently, there are around 100 MRI-linacs worldwide in clinical operations. In this narrative review paper, we discuss historical perspective of image guidance in radiotherapy, basic elements of MRI, current clinical developments in MRI-guided prostate cancer radiotherapy, and challenges associated with the use of MRI-linac in clinical practice.

Detailed characterization of a laboratory magnetized supercritical collisionless shock and of the associated proton energization

Collisionless shocks are ubiquitous in the Universe and are held responsible for the production of nonthermal particles and high-energy radiation. In the absence of particle collisions in the system, theory shows that the interaction of an expanding plasma with a pre-existing electromagnetic structure (as in our case) is able to induce energy dissipation and allow shock formation. Shock formation can alternatively take place when two plasmas interact, through microscopic instabilities inducing electromagnetic fields that are able in turn to mediate energy dissipation and shock formation. Using our platform in which we couple a rapidly expanding plasma induced by high-power lasers (JLF/Titan at LLNL and LULI2000) with high-strength magnetic fields, we have investigated the generation of a magnetized collisionless shock and the associated particle energization. We have characterized the shock as being collisionless and supercritical. We report here on measurements of the plasma density and temperature, the electromagnetic field structures, and the particle energization in the experiments, under various conditions of ambient plasma and magnetic field. We have also modeled the formation of the shocks using macroscopic hydrodynamic simulations and the associated particle acceleration using kinetic particle-in-cell simulations. As a companion paper to Yao et al. [Nat. Phys. 17, 1177–1182 (2021)], here we show additional results of the experiments and simulations, providing more information to allow their reproduction and to demonstrate the robustness of our interpretation of the proton energization mechanism as being shock surfing acceleration.

Dosimetry of pulsed magnetic field towards attaining bacteriostatic effect on Enterococcus faecalis: Implications for endodontic therapy.

To examine in a laboratory setting the efficacy of moderate to high strength magnetic fields, as a potential bacteriostatic stimulus, against Enterococcus faecalis, one of the causative agents for infection during root canal treatments. Four different strengths (1, 2, 3 and 4T) of the pulsed magnetic field (PMF) were applied in thirty repetitions to bacterial suspension. A pickup coil setup was used to measure the electromotive force induced inside the bacterial suspensions. The optical density (OD) was monitored over time (for 16h 40min) during the post-treatment period to assess bacterial growth. Along with the change in OD values, live/dead assay, membrane depolarization study, atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay on selected samples were studied to evaluate the effect of PMFs. All results were analysed using one-way ANOVA followed by post hoc Tukey test and considered significant at p<.05. Regression analysis (at a confidence of 95%, α=0.05) was performed on the bacterial growth and membrane depolarization studies to determine progressive changes of the outcomes. The peak value of the induced electromotive force was recorded as 0.25V, for the 4T magnetic field pulse with a pulse width of 16ms. There was a significant arrest of bacterial cell growth after an exposure to PMFs of 1T, 3T and 4T (ANOVA score: F (4, 495) =395.180 at p=.05). The image-based qualitative results of the live/dead assay using fluorescence microscopy techniques indicated that an exposure to higher PMFs (3T/ 4T) induced a bacteriostatic effect in a longer post-exposure timescale. Evidence of altered membrane potential within the 2h of exposure to 4T PMF was supported by the incidence of elevated ROS. For the ROS assay, a significant difference occurred for 4T exposed samples (ANOVA score: calculated F (1, 3) =20.2749 at p=.05). SEM and AFM observations corroborated with the outcomes, by portraying significant membrane damage. In a laboratory setting, PMFs with higher magnitudes (3T and 4T) were capable of inducing bacteriostatic effects on E.faecalis.

Fast electron transport dynamics and energy deposition in magnetized, imploded cylindrical plasma.

Inertial confinement fusion approaches involve the creation of high-energy-density states through compression. High gain scenarios may be enabled by the beneficial heating from fast electrons produced with an intense laser and by energy containment with a high-strength magnetic field. Here, we report experimental measurements from a configuration integrating a magnetized, imploded cylindrical plasma and intense laser-driven electrons as well as multi-stage simulations that show fast electrons transport pathways at different times during the implosion and quantify their energy deposition contribution. The experiment consisted of a CH foam cylinder, inside an external coaxial magnetic field of 5 T, that was imploded using 36 OMEGA laser beams. Two-dimensional (2D) hydrodynamic modelling predicts the CH density reaches , the temperature reaches 920 eV and the external B-field is amplified at maximum compression to 580 T. At pre-determined times during the compression, the intense OMEGA EP laser irradiated one end of the cylinder to accelerate relativistic electrons into the dense imploded plasma providing additional heating. The relativistic electron beam generation was simulated using a 2D particle-in-cell (PIC) code. Finally, three-dimensional hybrid-PIC simulations calculated the electron propagation and energy deposition inside the target and revealed the roles the compressed and self-generated B-fields play in transport. During a time window before the maximum compression time, the self-generated B-field on the compression front confines the injected electrons inside the target, increasing the temperature through Joule heating. For a stronger B-field seed of 20 T, the electrons are predicted to be guided into the compressed target and provide additional collisional heating.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Prospects for high gain inertial fusion energy (part 2)’.

Assessment of Brain Injury Using Portable, Low-Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging at the Bedside of Critically Ill Patients

Neuroimaging is a key step in the clinical evaluation of brain injury. Conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems operate at high-strength magnetic fields (1.5-3 T) that require strict, access-controlled environments. Limited access to timely neuroimaging remains a key structural barrier to effectively monitor the occurrence and progression of neurological injury in intensive care settings. Recent advances in low-field MRI technology have allowed for the acquisition of clinically meaningful imaging outside of radiology suites and in the presence of ferromagnetic materials at the bedside. To perform an assessment of brain injury in critically ill patients in intensive care unit settings, using a portable, low-field MRI device at the bedside. This was a prospective, single-center cohort study of 50 patients admitted to the neuroscience or coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) intensive care units at Yale New Haven Hospital in New Haven, Connecticut, from October 30, 2019, to May 20, 2020. Patients were eligible if they presented with neurological injury or alteration, no contraindications for conventional MRI, and a body habitus not exceeding the scanner's 30-cm vertical opening. Diagnosis of COVID-19 was determined by positive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 polymerase chain reaction nasopharyngeal swab result. Portable MRI in an intensive care unit room. Demographic, clinical, radiological, and treatment data were collected and analyzed. Brain imaging findings are described. Point-of-care MRI examinations were performed on 50 patients (16 women [32%]; mean [SD] age, 59 [12] years [range, 20-89 years]). Patients presented with ischemic stroke (n = 9), hemorrhagic stroke (n = 12), subarachnoid hemorrhage (n = 2), traumatic brain injury (n = 3), brain tumor (n = 4), and COVID-19 with altered mental status (n = 20). Examinations were acquired at a median of 5 (range, 0-37) days after intensive care unit admission. Diagnostic-grade T1-weighted, T2-weighted, T2 fluid-attenuated inversion recovery, and diffusion-weighted imaging sequences were obtained for 37, 48, 45, and 32 patients, respectively. Neuroimaging findings were detected in 29 of 30 patients who did not have COVID-19 (97%), and 8 of 20 patients with COVID-19 (40%) demonstrated abnormalities. There were no adverse events or complications during deployment of the portable MRI or scanning in an intensive care unit room. This single-center series of patients with critical illness in an intensive care setting demonstrated the feasibility of low-field, portable MRI. These findings demonstrate the potential role of portable MRI to obtain neuroimaging in complex clinical care settings.

Nano PdFe Alloy Assembled Film as a Highly Efficient Electrocatalyst toward Hydrogen Evolution in Both Acid and Alkaline Solutions

A series of nano PdFe alloy film electrodes with different ratios were prepared by high-vacuum magnetron sputtering under the action of high-strength magnetic field. Among them, the Pd3Fe alloy fil...

AC Magnetic sensor to measure mega-amps current and kilo-tesla magnetic fields up to gigahertz frequencies

An AC magnetic sensor is presented for measuring the high speed and high strength magnetic field generated in Z-pinch fusion machines. The proposed magnetic sensor provides the measurement of magnetic fields across a broadband frequency range. The simulation of magnetic probe is presented using a SPICE simulation software LTspice. The magnetic sensors are installed in a Pulsotron-3 Z-pinch machine and measured performance of the sensor are presented. This sensor also can be used to check the ignition conditions of the Z-Pinch by measuring the magnetic field generated by the output streams of large number of reacted alpha particles. The equations for measuring non-stationary magnetic field due to rapidly varying electric currents and a LTspice simulation file are provided to help the engineers to design, build, and install this kind of sensors.

The effect of rare-earth dopants on the texturing of alumina under high-strength magnetic field

The use of magnetic fields in ceramic processing has been of interest recently for tailoring the microstructural grain alignment of ceramics in order to improve mechanical, optical, and other properties. However, a number of challenges exist, including the low magnetic response of most ceramic materials (e.g. alumina), and the lack of low viscosity bulk casting systems available for forming ceramics in a magnetic field. In this work, the low magnetic response of alumina was addressed by adding small amounts (~0.04 atom%) of various rare-earth dopants to phase-pure α-alumina to enhance the response of the bulk material, as supported by previous predictive modeling. After identifying the dopant with the highest magnetic response according to a novel, average facial angle alignment metric, a low-viscosity colloidal casting system, based on a single organic additive was selected to allow for the sintering of formed green bodies. This novel process was used to cast bulk ceramic parts under a magnetic field. The effect of magnetic alignment both in the green state and after sintering was investigated. It was found that both erbium and ytterbium improved the magnetic response of alumina, and that the alignment achieved in the green state was maintained through the sintering process, despite removal from the magnetic field.

NITINOL-based actuator for device control even in high-field MRI environment.

BackgroundThe magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) environment with its high-strength magnetic fields requires specialized and sometimes sophisticated solutions for otherwise simple problems. One of these problems is MR-compatible actuator mechanisms that transfer a signal into an action.PurposeNormal actuators are based on a magnetic effect (eg, relays) and will typically not work in magnetic fields exceeding 1000 G, eg, inside the bore of an MR scanner. To enable the use of clinical devices inside the MRI, eg, for interventional procedures, there is a need for fully compatible actuators.Patients and methodsVarious actuators were compared for the purpose as a simple on-off switch within an MRI. NITNOL wire as an actuator showed the highest potential because of its simplicity and reliability. We tested the possible force achieved by the NITINOL wire related to the respective energy consumption, to provide a travel range of 2 mm.ResultsCompared to other actuators, the NITNOL wire is cheaper and requires less space. In the switching process however, there is a delay due to the time required for the heating of the wire up to the transformation temperature. The NITINOL switch shows a reliable behavior with regard to the generated force and the switching path over the entire measurement. Significant artifacts, caused by the NITNOL wire could not be detected in the MRI.ConclusionNITINOL wires can be repeatedly used, are relatively easy to implement and could be an economic alternative to other more complicated actuator technologies.

The Zurich Checklist for Safety in the Intraoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging Suite: Technical Note.

BACKGROUNDRecently, the use of intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging (ioMRI) has evolved in neurosurgery. Challenges related to ioMRI-augmented procedures are significant, since the magnetic field creates a potentially hazardous environment. Strict safety guidelines in the operating room (OR) are necessary. Checklists can minimize errors while increasing efficiency and improving workflow.OBJECTIVETo describe the Zurich checklists for safety in the ioMRI environment.METHODSWe summarize the checklist protocol and the experience gained from over 300 surgical procedures performed over a 4-yr period using this new system for transcranial or transsphenoidal surgery in a 2-room high-field 3 Tesla ioMRI suite.RESULTSParticularities of the 2-room setting used at our institution can be summarized as (1) patient transfer from a sterile to a nonsterile environment and (2) patient transfer from a zone without to a zone with a high-strength magnetic field. Steps on the checklist have been introduced for reasons of efficient workflow, safety pertaining to the strength of the magnetic field, or sterility concerns. Each step in the checklist corresponds to a specific phase and particular actions taken during the workflow in the ioMRI suite. Most steps are relevant to any 2-room ioMRI-OR suite.CONCLUSIONThe use of an ioMRI-checklist promotes a zero-tolerance attitude for errors, can lower complications, and can help create an environment that is both efficient and safe for the patient and the OR personnel. We highly recommend the use of a surgical checklist when applying ioMRI.

Highly-collimated, high-charge and broadband MeV electron beams produced by magnetizing solids irradiated by high-intensity lasers

Laser irradiation of solid targets can drive short and high-charge relativistic electron bunches over micron-scale acceleration gradients. However, for a long time, this technique was not considered a viable means of electron acceleration due to the large intrinsic divergence (∼50° half-angle) of the electrons. Recently, a reduction in this divergence to 10°–20° half-angle has been obtained, using plasma-based magnetic fields or very high contrast laser pulses to extract the electrons into the vacuum. Here we show that we can further improve the electron beam collimation, down to ∼1.5° half-angle, of a high-charge (6 nC) beam, and in a highly reproducible manner, while using standard stand-alone 100 TW-class laser pulses. This is obtained by embedding the laser-target interaction in an external, large-scale (cm), homogeneous, extremely stable, and high-strength (20 T) magnetic field that is independent of the laser. With upcoming multi-PW, high repetition-rate lasers, this technique opens the door to achieving even higher charges (&amp;gt;100 nC).

A decade of magnetic vestibular stimulation: from serendipity to physics to the clinic.

For many years, people working near strong static magnetic fields of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machines have reported dizziness and sensations of vertigo. The discovery a decade ago that a sustained nystagmus can be observed in all humans with an intact labyrinth inside MRI machines led to a possible mechanism: a Lorentz force occurring in the labyrinth from the interactions of normal inner ear ionic currents and the strong static magnetic fields of the MRI machine. Inside an MRI, the Lorentz force acts to induce a constant deflection of the semicircular canal cupula of the superior and lateral semicircular canals. This inner ear stimulation creates a sensation of rotation, and a constant horizontal/torsional nystagmus that can only be observed when visual fixation is removed. Over time, the brain adapts to both the perception of rotation and the nystagmus, with the perception usually diminishing over a few minutes, and the nystagmus persisting at a reduced level for hours. This observation has led to discoveries about how the central vestibular mechanisms adapt to a constant vestibular asymmetry and is a useful model of set-point adaptation or how homeostasis is maintained in response to changes in the internal milieu or the external environment. We review what is known about the effects of stimulation of the vestibular system with high-strength magnetic fields and how the understanding of the mechanism has been refined since it was first proposed. We suggest future ways that magnetic vestibular stimulation might be used to understand vestibular disease and how it might be treated.

Design and Magnetic Field Simulation of 3.0T MRI Superconducting Magnet

The 3.0T superconducting MRI system has the advantages of high field strength and high magnetic field uniformity and stability. It has become the mainstream research direction of the modern clinical MRI system. This paper analyzes the research status of the MRI system and designs the superconducting magnet of the 3.0T MRI system according to the six-order coil principle. The Ansoft Maxwell magnetic field simulation software is used to simulate the superconducting magnetic field of the first 3.0T/850 superconducting MRI system magnet, which includes the passive shimming technology and the magnetic field shielding technology. According to the result of simulation analysis, the prototype of 3.0T MRI is build and optimized. Finally, the magnetic field strength, magnetic field uniformity, and magnetic field stability of the prototype are guided to achieve the expected target.

Effects of cobalt content on the microstructural and mechanical/electrical properties of graphene reinforced copper matrix composites

The microstructures and the mechanical/electrical properties of graphene nanoplates-copper (GNPs-Cu; 0.4 wt%) composites and the composites doped by cobalt (GNPs: 0.4 wt%; Co: 2, 3, 4 wt%) have been researched, which have been prepared by mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering (SPS) technology. It is found that GNPs disperse evenly in Cu matrix with the ball milling time of 6 h. The compressive strength and the hardness of GNPs-Cu are 601.88 MPa and 128 HV, respectively, which were increased by 3 times and 42.2% compared to pure Cu. And the IACS of the GNPs-Cu composites was 79%. The GNPs-Cu composites with 3 wt% Co (3 wt% Co-GNPs-Cu) also present excellent mechanical properties. The compressive strength and the hardness is 571.32 MPa and 145 HV, respectively, which is raised by 2.81 times and 61.1% compared to pure Cu. And the IACS of the 3 wt% Co-GNPs-Cu composites is 65%. In addition, based on the first principle calculation the mechanism of the effect of Co doping on the GNPs-Cu interface bonding has been studied. Our results provide experimental basis for the preparation of high strength and high conductivity Cu matrix composites, which can be widely used in many fields, such as high-strength magnetic field, heat exchange material, etc.

Differential effects of high and low strength magnetic fields on mouse embryonic development and vasculogenesis of embryonic stem cells.

Man-made magnetic fields (MFs) may exert adverse effects on mammalian embryonic development. Herein, we analysed the effect of 10mT 50Hz sinusoidal (AC) or static (DC) MFs versus 1mT MFs on embryonic development of mice. Exposure for 20days during gestation to 10mT MFs increased resorptions and dead fetuses, decreased crown-rump length and fresh weight, reduced blood vessel differentiation and caused histological changes, accompanied with diminished vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein expression in several organs. In embryonic stem (ES) cell-derived embryoid bodies exposure towards 10mT MFs increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), decreased vascular marker as well as VEGF expression and enhanced apoptosis. In conclusion, our combined data from in vivo and in vitro experiments identified VEGF as an important mediator during embryonic development that can be influenced by high strength MFs, which in consequence leads to severe abnormalities in fetus organs and blood vessel formation.

Ferromagnetic Material for Strong Magnetic Shielding

Purpose of this research is to find out the effective way to shield the magnets by using two most common available materials that is iron and steel. The material that is available in market they shield less magnetic field and also are costly. If you want to shield the higher magnetic field you have to expense a lot. To shield the magnetic field you have to make the sheet and wrapped it around the magnet, but thickness of shielded plates varies with the type of magnet and the power of magnet. Finally here we have a better material that can shield your magnet and can save your 100s of equipment that you are using. This is good for your observation which material is having the best results. The cost of these metal sheets is 20-30 times less than the best material available in market for shielding and also they can shield high strength magnetic field.