High-speed Wireless Networks Research Articles

A Modified TCP BBR to Enable High Fairness in High-Speed Wireless Networks

Wireless networks, especially 5G and WiFi networks, have made great strides in increasing network bandwidth and coverage over the past decades. However, the mobility and channel conditions inherent to wireless networks have the potential to impair the performance of traditional Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) congestion control algorithms (CCAs). Google proposed a novel TCP CCA based on Bottleneck Bandwidth and Round-Trip propagation time (BBR), which is capable of achieving high transmission rates and low latency through the estimation of the available bottleneck capacity. Nevertheless, some studies have revealed that BBR exhibits deficiencies in fairness among flows with disparate Round-Trip Times (RTTs) and also displays inter-protocol unfairness. In high-speed wireless networks, ensuring fairness is of paramount importance to guarantee equitable bandwidth allocation among diverse traffic types and to enhance overall network utilization. To address this issue, this paper proposes a BBR–Pacing Gain (BBR–PG) algorithm. By deriving the pacing rate control model, the impact of pacing gain on BBR fairness is revealed. Adjusting the pacing gain according to the RTT can improve BBR’s performance. Simulations and real network experiments have shown that the BBR–PG algorithm retains the throughput advantages of the original BBR algorithm while significantly enhancing fairness. In our simulation experiments, RTT fairness and intra-protocol fairness were improved by 50% and 46%, respectively.

A systematic review of design and performance enhancement techniques for the reduction of radar cross section in multiple input multiple output antennas

multiple-input multiple-output technology has emerged as a pivotal solution for addressing the capacity constraints of high-speed broadband wireless networks. By employing multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver, multiple-input multiple-output significantly enhances wireless communication efficiency. This paper presents a comprehensive review of multiple-input multiple-output antenna design strategies tailored for fifth-generation (5 G) networks and beyond. Specifically, it critically examines methodologies aimed at mitigating radar cross section in multiple-input multiple-output antennas, a crucial aspect of antenna engineering, especially in scenarios requiring reduced detectability. Various design and performance enhancement techniques proposed in the literature for RCS reduction in multiple-input multiple-output antennas are systematically analyzed, focusing on aspects such as antenna geometry and materials methods. Synthesizing these findings provides valuable insights into the current state of research, highlighting advancements, challenges, and future directions in developing efficient multiple-input multiple-output antennas with minimized radar cross section. This review contributes to antenna technology by aiding researchers and practitioners in informed decision-making regarding radar cross section reduction techniques for multiple-input multiple-output systems, and it identifies innovative approaches pertinent to multiple-input multiple-output applications. Finally, key considerations in multiple-input multiple-output antenna design are addressed, proposing potential directions for future research and development initiatives.

A review on free space optical communication links: 5G applications

Abstract Free space optical (FSO) communications has garnered significant attention as a potential substitute for radio frequency (RF) wireless communication in short and long range transmissions. Free-space optical (FSO) communication is a method where an optical beam is sent across an unguided channel, gaining favour in high-speed wireless networks due to its large optical bandwidth, fast data transmission, lack of licencing requirements, secure nature, and easy setup. Despite several inherent advantages that FSO has over existing radio frequency (RF) communication technologies, its link performance is severely hampered by atmospheric fog and turbulence, which not only reduce optical irradiance but also cause the modulated optical beam to deviate from its intended path, impacting the quality of the received signal. This review paper discusses FSO technology, channel impairments under varied atmospheric attenuation conditions, advantages, and applications. Various channel models in terms of probability density functions are described, which characterise the statistical nature of the irradiance fluctuations of optical transmission through scattering and atmospheric turbulence. Key objectives that need to be addressed in the near future, particularly in fifth-generation (5G) and beyond, includes enhancing capacity, boosting data rates, minimising latency, and enhancing service quality. Last but not the least, several uses of FSO that facilitates 5G and future technologies have also been covered in this study.

Optimized CNN and adaptive RBFNN for channel estimation and hybrid precoding approaches for multi user millimeter wave massive MIMO

ABSTRACT The millimetre-wave (mmWave) communication satisfies the demand for high data rates due to the characteristic of wide bandwidth. Using massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology, a significant propagation loss of mmWave communication is effectively compensated. However, it is challenging to provide a specialised radio frequency chain for each antenna due to the constrained physical area with closely spaced antennas and prohibitive power consumption in mmWave massive MIMO systems. This paper presents novel approaches for effective channel estimation and hybrid precoding in mmWave communication systems. To address the challenges of channel estimation, a convolutional neural network (CNN) is utilised, and network parameters are optimised using enhanced whale optimization algorithm (EWOA). The proposed CNN-based channel estimation method aims to accurately estimate the channel in mmWave systems with enhanced efficiency and reduced complexity. By training CNN using EWOA optimisation algorithm, the network parameters are fine-tuned to improve accuracy and generalisation capability of channel estimation process. Furthermore, hybrid precoding is achieved using adaptive radial-basis function neural networks (adaptive RBFNNs) which enables efficient precoding while minimising complexity. Moreover, the adaptive RBFNN approach determines the optimal precoding weights based on channel state information, resulting in a improved performance and a reduced computational overhead. The performance analysis is validated using the MATLAB/Simulink software and offers to provide effectual and reliable mmWave communication systems, facilitating the realisation of high-speed and high-capacity wireless networks.

RIS-assisted optical receiver model and reflected angle optimization for visible light communication in mobile environments.

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) supply high-speed and in-depth coverage wireless networks for visible light communication (VLC) systems, improving the system adaptability to mobile scenarios. But the angle-related efficiency loss caused by the diffraction effect of RIS as well as the angular response of the lens-enhanced optical receiver severely affects the practical performance of the RIS-assisted VLC system, which have not draw the attention of researchers. By the influences of these adverse properties, the beam angle configuration method should be further explored. In this paper, a RIS-assisted optical receiver model that jointly considering the angle-related characteristics of both the RIS reflector and the receiver is proposed. Based on the model, the receiver property is characterized, and the beam angle optimization to achieve the maximum optical power is presented. The results of simulations verify the validity of the obtained optimal reflected angle, and test the practical detecting range of the optimally configured RIS-assisted receiver.

The Impact of 5G Networks on the Development of Connected and Autonomous Cars

Smart The development of connected and autonomous cars (CACs) is set to revolutionize transportation, offering increased safety, efficiency, and convenience. However, the widespread adoption of CACs relies heavily on the availability of reliable and high-speed wireless networks. This paper explores the impact of 5G networks on CACs, focusing on their ability to provide higher speeds, lower latency, and greater capacity. Additionally, it examines the benefits of 5G for CACs, including improved safety, increased efficiency, and the emergence of new transportation services. The paper concludes that 5G networks play an important role in advancing CAC technology and driving its adoption. 5G networks pave the way for the emergence of new transportation services that can revolutionize the mobility landscape. With the high-speed and low-latency capabilities of 5G, CACs can seamlessly connect to other smart devices and infrastructure, enabling innovative services such as ride-sharing, on-demand transportation, and mobility-as-a-service (MaaS) platforms. These services can transform the way people access transportation, offering flexible and convenient options that cater to individual needs

DESIGN OF MIMO ANTENNA FOR WIDEBAND THz MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS

In the network era of radio waves, as the need constantly continues to grow at the current level, new radio frequency bands must be found. With 5G technology being replaced, the terahertz (THz) frequency band is expected to be the most suitable resource to power wireless networks within the range of 0.1 THz up to 10 THz. This article describes a model of an ultrawideband 2 × 2 multiple-in, multiple-out (MIMO) antenna for THz applications. As the frequency moves upward, the cross-coupling of the lead elements between elements becomes an inevitable problem that brings undesirable effects on the overall efficiency of the antennas. Hence some practices have been introduced to reduce the mutual coupling impact on MIMO antenna measurements like high isolation, parallel configuration, parasitic structures, and feeding slots. The model presented in this paper comes with a radiation radiator of a 133 × 255 μm<sup>2</sup> rectangular shape with a circular cut in the middle. The designed structure has a large bandwidth typically ranging from 5.5 THz to 10 THz, and hence, it can be utilized in high-speed wireless communication networks and in working with high bit rates. The antenna performance is also conducted in terms of a number of factors like channel capacity loss and total active reflection coefficient. Following this, it is compared with other existing designs. By comparing the resulting model and existing standards in different parameters, it proves that the model is superior to existing designs.

A Silicon Photonic-CMOS Transceiver for 5G Radio-Over-Fiber Communications: An emerging highly-integrated heterogeneous solution for future high-speed wireless networks

A Silicon Photonic-CMOS Transceiver for 5G Radio-Over-Fiber Communications: An emerging highly-integrated heterogeneous solution for future high-speed wireless networks

Conditional Most-Correlated Distribution-Based Load-Balancing Scheme for Hybrid LiFi/WiGig Network.

A hybrid network has recently been proposed as a framework for a high-speed wireless communication network. Basically, it integrates light fidelity (LiFi) with radio frequency wireless gigabit alliance (WiGig) networks that operate, simultaneously, in a completely different frequency band. To assign the best access point (AP) and provide enough resources for each user, an effective load-balancing (LB) strategy is needed. However, the traditional LB strategies involve sophisticated iterative computing procedures whenever the user distribution changes. Hence, the first contribution of this work is to offer a more adaptable, two-step, conditional, and most-correlated distribution (CMCD) algorithm. Thus, the low-complexity most-correlated distribution (MCD) LB scheme is applied, and the average data rates for all users are then calculated. If the results achieve the predefined performance threshold (PDT), the decisions will be confirmed; otherwise, the proposed scheme automatically switches to the more accurate, but more complex, consecutive assign WiGig first separate optimization algorithms (CAWFS) algorithm. The suggested algorithm provides a clear performance-complexity trade-off, which could be simply controlled by choosing the suitable performance tolerance factor. The second contribution of this paper is the correlation-weighted majority voting (CWMV) method, which attempts to benefit from as many prior decision votes as possible, instead of relying just on one vote. In the CWMV technique, the weight of each vote is calculated based on the correlation between the history distribution vectors and the new user distribution vector. A significant increase in the system performance is evident from the simulation results.

5G on the Farm: Evaluating Wireless Network Capabilities and Needs for Agricultural Robotics

Global food security is a critical issue today, strained by a wide range of factors including global warming, carbon emissions, sociopolitical and economic challenges, traditional workforce decline and population growth. Technical innovations that address food security, like agricultural robotics, are gaining traction in industry settings, moving from controlled labs and experimental test facilities to real-world environments. Such technologies require sufficient network infrastructure to support in-field operations; thus, there is increased urgency to establish reliable, high-speed wireless communication networking solutions that enable deployment of autonomous agri-robots. The work presented here includes two contributions at the intersection of network infrastructure and in-field agricultural robotics. First, the physical performance of a private 5G-SA system in an agri-robotics application is evaluated and in-field experimental results are presented. These results are compared (using the same experimental setup) against public 4G and private WiFi6 (a newly emerging wireless communication standard). Second, a simulated experiment was performed to assess the “real-time” operational delay in critical tasks that may require quick turnaround between in-field robot and off-board processing. The results demonstrate that public 4G cannot be used in the agricultural domain for applications that require high throughput and reliable communication; that private 5G-SA greatly outperforms public 4G in all performance metrics (as expected); and that private WiFi6, though limited in range, is a fast and very reliable alternative in specific settings. While a single wireless solution does not currently exist for the agricultural domain, multiple technologies can be combined in a hybrid solution that meets the communications requirements.

Directive Millimeter-Wave End-Fire Diplexing Antenna for IoT Applications

Millions of passengers use High-speed trains (HSTs) daily, in the world. The roofs of HSTs can be equipped with a variety of transmitting and receiving antennas to accommodate high-data-rate Internet services with reliable radio access for passengers. The design of commercial antenna systems is a compromise between cost, size, manufacturability, and performance. This paper proposes a new, compact and low-cost two-port millimeter-wave diplexing directive end-fire antenna, which is designed, fabricated and tested. The proposed antenna is made of a tapered slot antenna and a diplexing structure based on transitions in stacked Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs). The ports of the antenna cover the frequency band 25.9-32.4 GHz (6.5 GHz) and 34.6-37.1 GHz (2.5 GHz). In all operating frequency bands, measured isolation between input ports exceeds 24 dB. Furthermore, symmetric directive end-fire radiation patterns are obtained experimentally, with low side lobe level and low front-to-back ratio. All these features make the proposed diplexing antenna suitable for high-speed railway wireless networks.

Network security in multiple threats: A critical study

Any organization nowadays needs a secure network. High-speed wireless networks and internet services are becoming increasingly unsafe as a result of the daily rise in security threats. Threats to information security come from within the company, in close to 80% of cases. With the latest trend of mobility (portable devices such as laptops and smartphones etc.), ubiquitous 3G connectivity and this trend increases but as more web-based applications are manufactured and available over the Internet, the instances of insider threats have been rising at an alarming rate. Current or former workers, contractors, or business partners who have permission to access the organization's network and servers are typically the source of insider threats. Confidential information is frequently stolen for monetary gain or wellful harm. Access to hacking tools via the Internet, USB drives, and wireless connectivity make break-ins simple. Here, Millions of dollars in losses in the event of IP theft, and customer / individual information theft are yet too considered. This article provides insight into Insider dangers, attackers, and their rationales and recommendations for organizational-level mitigation methods.

Performance Enhancement of Indoor Cellular Visible Light Communication through Cell Size and Wavelength Reuse Pattern

The emerging technology of visible light communication (VLC) has become a promising solution for the requirements of wide-bandwidth, high-speed, and infinite-capacity wireless communication networks. A novel design of high-performance multi-user indoor visible light communication (VLC) based on hexagonal-cell arrangement is introduced in the present paper. The wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) is used to enable multiple users to communicate through the network of access point (APs) by assigning a unique wavelength division channel (WDC) to each user. A wavelength reuse scheme is utilized to increase the maximum number of users in the system and to enhance the VLC system capacity. The on–off keying (OOK) is used as the modulation technique for light signaling. The intercell interference (ICI) caused by the wavelength reuse is evaluated and its dependence on the cell radius and the wavelength reuse pattern size is numerically investigated. Both the received power density and the ICI at the location of the moving user are evaluated and the resulting signal-to-ICI ratio (SICIR) is calculated at every point over the indoor area. The VLC system capacity is evaluated and its dependence on the design parameters including the cell radius, the size of the wavelength reuse pattern, and the user data rate is numerically investigated. A design procedure is proposed to minimize the bit-error rate (BER) resulting from the ICI and to maximize the system capacity and the maximum allowable number of users in the system by selecting the optimal radius of the hexagonal cells and the most appropriate size of the frequency reuse pattern. The effect of the data rate per user on the system capacity is numerically investigated. It is shown that a SICR of greater than 21 dB and BER of less than 1 × 10−15 is achieved. Also, a system capacity of more than 4 bps/Hz is achieved by the application of the proposed VLC design optimization procedure.

Advances in MIMO Antenna Design for 5G: A Comprehensive Review.

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology has emerged as a highly promising solution for wireless communication, offering an opportunity to overcome the limitations of traffic capacity in high-speed broadband wireless network access. By utilizing multiple antennas at both the transmitting and receiving ends, the MIMO system enhances the efficiency and performance of wireless communication systems. This manuscript specifies a comprehensive review of MIMO antenna design approaches for fifth generation (5G) and beyond. With an introductory glimpse of cellular generation and the frequency spectrum for 5G, profound key enabling technologies for 5G mobile communication are presented. A detailed analysis of MIMO performance parameters in terms of envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), total active reflection coefficient (TARC), mean effective gain (MEG), and isolation is presented along with the advantages of MIMO technology over conventional SISO systems. MIMO is characterized and the performance is compared based on wideband/ultra-wideband, multiband/reconfigurable, circular polarized wideband/circular polarized ultra-wideband/circular polarized multiband, and reconfigurable categories. The design approaches of MIMO antennas for various 5G bands are discussed. It is subsequently enriched with the detailed studies of wideband (WB)/ultra-wideband (UWB), multiband, and circular polarized MIMO antennas with different design techniques. A good MIMO antenna system should be well decoupled among different ports to enhance its performance, and hence isolation among different ports is a crucial factor in designing high-performance MIMO antennas. A summary of design approaches with improved isolation is presented. The manuscript summarizes the various MIMO antenna design aspects for NR FR-1 (new radio frequency range) and NR FR-2, which will benefit researchers in the field of 5G and forthcoming cellular generations.

WAVE: Edge-Device Cooperated Real-Time Object Detection for Open-Air Applications

CNN based real-time object detection can facilitate various AI applications that need to understand the surroundings via camera, such as autonomous package delivery robots, augmented reality, and intelligent drone applications. Currently, due to the high computation cost of CNN, accurate real-time object detection is only possible when mobile devices can upload video frames to powerful edge servers through high-speed wireless networks like WiFi. However, for many open-air AI applications, the network conditions (such as cellular networks) are usually unfavorable, far from satisfying the network demands of state-of-the-art systems. In this paper, we focus on the challenges incurred by mobile communication networks and propose WAVE containing three novel techniques, which are Deep RoI Encoding, Prioritized Parallel Offloading and Fine-grained Offloading Strategy, to realize real-time, robust and low-cost object detection for open-air AI applications. The experimental results show that under LTE networks, WAVE can improve the detection accuracy of the object detection tasks and the face recognition tasks by 19.35%-33.61%, keep the offloading latency under 33ms, and save up to 90% data traffic.

Design of an axial mode helical antenna with buffer layer for underwater applications

<span lang="EN-US">Recently, there is an increasing demand for high-speed wireless communication network for short-range underwater communication. From previous research, most underwater antennas produced omnidirectional radiation pattern which has lower antenna gain. There are a few considerations that need to be taken if the antenna is designed to operate in water environment. This paper discusses the electromagnetic properties which affect the underwater antenna design. Physical properties such as electrical permittivity and conductivity of water contribute significant effect to the size of the antenna as it influences the behavior of electromagnetic signal that propagates in water. In this study, an axial mode helical antenna with waterproof container is presented which operates at 433 MHz. The axial mode helical antenna has circular polarization and is suitable to support wireless application which is surrounded by some obstruction. The proposed antenna produces a bidirectional radiation pattern by placing it into a waterproof casing. Good agreement between the simulation and measurement results validates the concept. However, a little discrepancy between the simulated and measured results may be attributed to the noise originated from the equipment and the environment.</span>

A novel trust-based security and privacy model for Internet of Vehicles using encryption and steganography

High-speed wireless network technologies play a vital role in autonomous vehicle communication systems (AVS), i.e., IoV (Internet of Vehicles), and enhance the effectiveness and reliability of the communication network. Since the size of IoV communication is rapidly growing, it is now an essential part of our regular routines. Due to its dynamic nature and massive size, it is essential to avoid any miss-communication and protect the data privacy of each vehicle.IoVallowsAVS to link remotely to each other and to various platforms and groups that may be using the same communications system. This quality link between vehicles and the need for information exchanges among vehicles introduces vulnerability and threats that can be exploited by cybercriminals. This research emphasizes on enhancing data security in real-time IoV communication. It presents a trust-driven privacy method using encryption and steganography for IoV. This method uses an Efficient Algorithm for Secure Transmission (EAST) that integrates encryption and steganography algorithms. The proposed EAST is then compared to the various current state of arts, i.e., AES (Advanced Encryption Standard), DES (Data Encryption Standard), G-DES (Generalized DES), and Standard LSB on the basis of various performance measuring parameters, i.e., encryption and decryption time, efficiency, avalanche effect, PSNR, and file cover size. Experimental results are promising for the proposed EAST method, which reported a better time efficiency of 0.86 ms, avalanche effect of 58.81%, and PSNR of 78.58%, compared to the current state arts.

Design and Development of Wearable Antenna: A Literature review

Abstract: Wearable electronics and its related technologie’s demand is growing tremendously in recent years .The major developments that accelerated this growth are decrement in the size of wireless devices, advancement of high-speed wireless networks, accessibility of ultra-compact, evolving battery technologies. Most of the Wearable electronic devices for example smart watches, wristbands, rings etc; we use various types of antennas to sense, fetch, and exchange data wirelessly. As one of the best antennas in many terms like compact size, flexibility and easy design is the micrpstrip patch antenna, therefore designing of the same is done. We are designing a microstrip patch antenna as a wearable antenna for its main usage in WBAN (Wideband Body Area Network). The software of CST studio suite which is a 3D electromagnetic analyzer is udes to design the required antenna, where the methodology of cascading of two antennas is taken into account for the design with required gain.

UWB MIMO antenna with 4-element, compact size, high isolation and single band rejection for high-speed wireless networks

In this paper, a miniaturized size UWB 4-element MIMO antenna with a band rejection feature is introduced. The four elements have a rectangular radiator with curved edges and a partial ground plane with an etched slot to enlarge the bandwidth of the suggested structure to operate from 3 up to 12 GHz with S11 ≤ − 10 dB. The high isolation between elements was achieved by forming the antennas orthogonally without adding decoupling elements to simplify the design. The suggested design has a size of 47 × 47 mm2 placed on low price FR4 substrate. A simple slot is etched into the radiator to achieve the desired band rejection. The simulated and tested outcomes achieved operated band extended from 3 up to 12 GHz with band rejection feature within 3.3 GHz up to 4.3 GHz to eliminate interference with WIMAX applications and high isolation of more than 22 dB between ports. Also, the antenna fulfills peak gain of 3.5 dBi, envelope correlation coefficient(ECC) < 0.005, diversity gain (DG) 9.98 dB and channel capacity loss (CCL) < 0.4 bit/s/Hz within the operating bands. The outcomes have good consistency which made the suggested antenna to be used in UWB MIMO systems.

A Study of 4G and 5G Networks and its Impact on Mobile Technology

Users may now access the internet while on the move thanks to mobile cellular data networks. One of the hottest areas creating high-speed wireless networks with innovative technology is mobile wireless cellular communication. A radio network technology is a wireless mobile network. In the last 15 years, mobile wireless technology has skyrocketed. Nowadays, the most frequent mode of communication is through a mobile portable device. From the first generation to the fifth generation, wireless technology has been used in mobile communication. The fourth and fifth generations of mobile networks are discussed in this study. We examine the similarities and differences, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each. We can see how 4G and 5G have influenced us across a variety of industries.