An Ant Lion Optimization algorithm based on elite Opposition-based learning and Cosine factors (OCALO) is proposed to address the problem of poor response and stability during heating process in high-speed 3D printing temperature system.The generation of the initial solution in OCALO algorithm is enhanced by the introduction of a new Tent-Logistic-Cotangent composite chaotic mapping, which guarantees the diversity of population. The PID parameters are optimized using the improved algorithm. Compared with two existing classical algorithms and three improved ALO algorithms, the proposed algorithm improves the convergence speed, global search ability and the ability to jump out of the local optimal solution. The outcomes of simulation and experimentation demonstrate that the algorithm improves the transient and steady-state performance of temperature control with better accuracy and robustness. It takes at least 123 s faster than other controllers to reach stability and is more than two times stronger than other PID controllers, making it better suited to high-speed 3D printing temperature systems.