High Social Motivation Research Articles

Examining the link between exercise motivation and preferred exercise setting in college students

Introduction: This study examined differences in self-determined motivation between those who prefer to exercise outdoors vs indoors. These differences could foster targeted applications of Self-Determination Theory to develop intrinsic exercise motivation. Participants: n = 506 students attending a mid-size four-year university in the southeastern United States participated. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study using a modified version of the Exercise Motivations Inventory (EMI-2). Results: Using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, three exercise motivations were identified: intrinsic, extrinsic, and social. Using structural equation modeling, we found higher extrinsic motivation was associated with indoor exercise preference, whereas higher social motivation was associated with outdoor exercise preference. Discussion: This study revealed exercise setting as a possible contributing factor for self-determined motivation. Those who prefer to exercise indoors may be at higher risk of strengthening external regulation. Interventions that support psychological needs may help foster self-determined exercise motivation among college students.

Social addiction or nicotine addiction? The effect of smoking social motivation on inhibitory control under smoking social cues: Evidence from ERPs

IntroductionPrevious studies and theoretical models suggest that the decreasing effect of smoking-related cues on inhibitory control in individuals who smoke is one of the underlying mechanisms of smoking behavior. However, many studies have overlooked the effects of other types of smoking-related cues, such as social cues. Moreover, previous studies have lacked investigation into whether this decreasing effect is influenced by internal factors. The present study aims to integrate behavioral and electrophysiological indicators to investigate the effect of smoking social cues on inhibitory control in individuals who smoke, as well as the moderating role of social motivations. MethodIn Experiment 1, a visual Go/NoGo paradigm with four types of backgrounds (neutral, neutral social, smoking object, and smoking social backgrounds) was used to record the error rates and reaction times of 32 participants who smoke. In Experiment 2, the Go/NoGo paradigm with two types of backgrounds (smoking object and smoking social backgrounds) was used to record the error rates, reaction times, and amplitudes of the N2 and P3 event-related potentials among 30 participants who smoke with varying degrees of primed smoking social motivation. Results(1) Individuals who smoke had higher commission error rates and larger P3 amplitude under smoking social background than under smoking object background; (2) individuals who smoke with primed high smoking social motivation, rather than low motivation had higher commission error rates and larger P3 amplitude under smoking social background than under smoking object background. ConclusionsSmoking social cues have a greater capacity to decrease inhibitory control in people who smoke than smoking object cues, and this decreasing effect is bolstered by smoking social motivation.

The role of social motivation in sharing and fairness: insights from Williams syndrome

BackgroundSharing and fairness are important prosocial behaviors that help us navigate the social world. However, little is known about how and whether individuals with Williams Syndrome (WS) engage in these behaviors. The unique phenotype of individuals with WS, consisting of high social motivation and limited social cognition, can also offer insight into the role of social motivation in sharing and fairness when compared to typically developing (TD) individuals. The current study used established experimental paradigms to examine sharing and fairness in individuals with WS and TD individuals.MethodsWe compared a sample of patients with WS to TD children (6-year-olds) matched by mental age (MA) on two experimental tasks: the Dictator Game (DG, Experiment 1, N = 17 WS, 20 TD) with adults modeling giving behaviors used to test sharing and the Inequity Game (IG, Experiment 2, N = 14 WS, 17 TD) used to test fairness.ResultsResults showed that the WS group behaved similarly to the TD group for baseline giving in the DG and in the IG, rejecting disadvantageous offers but accepting advantageous ones. However, after viewing an adult model giving behavior, the WS group gave more than their baseline, with many individuals giving more than half, while the TD group gave less. Combined these results suggest that social motivation is sufficient for sharing and, in particular, generous sharing, as well as the self-focused form of fairness. Further, individuals with WS appear capable of both learning to be more generous and preventing disadvantageous outcomes, a more complex profile than previously known.ConclusionsIn conclusion, the present study provides a snapshot into sharing and fairness-related behaviors in WS, contributing to our understanding of the intriguing social-behavioral phenotype associated with this developmental disorder.

An examination of cannabis use motives among couples with intimate partner violence and alcohol use disorder.

Cannabis use is highly prevalent among individuals with a history of intimate partner violence (IPV) and among people who drink alcohol. Motives for cannabis use are important correlates of consumption and problem severity. However, no research has examined cannabis use motives among couples with IPV. The goals of the study were to examine (1) the associations between a person and their partner's cannabis use motives; and (2) examine the extent to which each partners'cannabis use motives are related to their own and their partner's cannabis consumption. Participants were 100 couples (n = 92 different-sex couples, n = 8 same-sex couples) who reported physical IPV in their current relationship. Certain cannabis motives (coping and conformity) and behaviors (cannabis use frequency, quantity and drug-related problems) were positively associated between intimate partners. One's own higher coping motives were associated with greater frequency of cannabis consumption; higher conformity motives were associated with less quantity of consumption; higher social motives were associated with greater quantity of cannabis consumption; and one's partner's social motives were associated with less quantity of cannabis consumption. DISCUSSIONAND CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that couples report similar motives for cannabis use, and that one's own and their partner's motives may differentially influence frequency and quantity of use. This study provides novel information on congruency between cannabis use motives and behaviors between intimate partners, as well as how both an individual and their partner's motives for use can influence an individual's cannabis use behaviors.

Social cognition and social motivation in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: are impairments linked to the disorder or to being socially isolated?

People with schizophrenia on average are more socially isolated, lonelier, have more social cognitive impairment, and are less socially motivated than healthy individuals. People with bipolar disorder also have social isolation, though typically less than that seen in schizophrenia. We aimed to disentangle whether the social cognitive and social motivation impairments observed in schizophrenia are a specific feature of the clinical condition v. social isolation generally. We compared four groups (clinically stable patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, individuals drawn from the community with self-described social isolation, and a socially connected community control group) on loneliness, social cognition, and approach and avoidance social motivation. Individuals with schizophrenia (n = 72) showed intermediate levels of social isolation, loneliness, and social approach motivation between the isolated (n = 96) and connected control (n = 55) groups. However, they showed significant deficits in social cognition compared to both community groups. Individuals with bipolar disorder (n = 48) were intermediate between isolated and control groups for loneliness and social approach. They did not show deficits on social cognition tasks. Both clinical groups had higher social avoidance than both community groups. The results suggest that social cognitive deficits in schizophrenia, and high social avoidance motivation in both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, are distinct features of the clinical conditions and not byproducts of social isolation. In contrast, differences between clinical and control groups on levels of loneliness and social approach motivation were congruent with the groups' degree of social isolation.

Testing the social motivation theory of autism: the role of co-occurring anxiety.

The Social Motivation Theory proposes that social reward processing differences underlie autism. However, low social motivation has also been linked to higher anxiety. Given the co-occurrence between autism and anxiety, it is possible that anxiety drives the association between social motivation and autistic characteristics. This study tests the mechanisms underlying the association between social motivation and autistic traits. Participants were 165 adolescents (71 male), aged 10-16 years, from the Mapping profiles of cognition, motivation and attention in childhood (C-MAPS) study, enriched for autistic traits (70 participants with an autism diagnosis, 37 male). Participants completed a battery of online experimental tasks, including a Choose-a-Movie social motivation task and social cognition measures (theory of mind; emotion recognition), alongside parent-reported child anxiety and autistic traits. Higher social motivation was significantly associated with lower autistic traits (β = -.26, p < .001). Controlling for social cognition did not change the association between social motivation and autistic traits. Controlling for anxiety did significantly reduce the strength of the association (unstandardized coefficient change: p = .003), although social motivation remained associated with autistic traits (β = -.16, p = .004). Post hoc analyses demonstrated differential sex-effects: The association between social motivation and autistic traits was significant only in the females (β = -.38, p < .001), as was the attenuation by anxiety (unstandardized coefficient change: p < .001). The association between social motivation and autistic traits could be partially attributed to co-occurring anxiety. Sex-specific effects found in females may be due to environmental factors such as increased social demands in adolescent female relationships. Results are consistent with self-report by autistic individuals who do not identify as having reduced social motivation.

No transfer of arousal from other’s eyes in Williams syndrome

Typically developing humans automatically synchronize their arousal levels, resulting in pupillary contagion, or spontaneous adaptation of pupil size to that of others. This phenomenon emerges in infancy and is believed to facilitate social interaction. Williams syndrome (WS) is a genetic condition characterized by a hyper-social personality and social interaction challenges. Pupillary contagion was examined in individuals with WS (n = 44), age-parallel-matched typically developing children and adults (n = 65), and infants (n = 79). Bayesian statistics were used. As a group, people with WS did not show pupillary contagion (Bayes factors supporting the null: 25–50) whereas control groups did. This suggests a very early emerging atypical developmental trajectory. In WS, higher pupillary contagion was associated with lower autistic symptoms of social communication. Diminished synchronization of arousal may explain why individuals with WS have social challenges, whereas synchronization of arousal is not a necessary correlate of high social motivation.

Enhanced social motivation in briefly isolated male rats

Loneliness and anxiety are associated with psychiatric disorders in humans. Although brief social isolation in adult rats and mice has been proposed as a rodent model of loneliness, its socioemotional characteristics are not well known. In this study, we evaluated the social and emotional behaviors of adult male rats subjected to brief social isolation. Isolated rats frequently showed sniffing behavior toward empty cylinders where conspecifics had previously existed, as well as conspecifics themselves. Furthermore, social motivation correlated with anxiety levels, as indicated by the elevated plus-maze test performance in isolated but not in non-isolated rats. These results suggest that high social motivation is associated with anxiety in briefly isolated rats.

Factors Contributing to Successful Spontaneous Dog-Human Cooperation.

Dogs' ability to cooperate with humans is widely acknowledged, but the factors influencing their spontaneous cooperative tendencies are largely unknown. We investigated whether breed function, training experience, and owner-reported social motivation level contribute to spontaneous dog-owner cooperation. Family dogs (N = 100) of three breed groups (non-working dogs, cooperative/independent working breeds) with various training experiences were tested in an 'out-of-reach' task with their owners as their partners, who never directly asked for help during the test. We measured dogs' behaviour along three main components of successful cooperation: paying attention, understanding the problem, and willingness to cooperate. Breed groups had no significant effect on dogs' behaviour. No factor was associated with the behavioural variables related to not understanding the task. Dogs with high training levels and high social motivation showed more attention-related behaviours and were more likely to help the owner (training level and social motivation were not correlated with each other). Our results highlight the importance of training experience and social motivation in dogs' attentiveness and spontaneous cooperativity. This also points to the need for careful sample balancing and experimental procedures that do not rely on specific trained skills.

The social phenotype associated with Wiedemann-Steiner syndrome: Autistic traits juxtaposed with high social drive and prosociality.

The aim of this study was to provide a descriptive overview of the social characteristics associated with Wiedemann-Steiner syndrome (WSS). A total of 24 parents of children/adults with WSS (11F, mean age = 12.94 years, SD = 8.00) completed the Social Responsiveness Scale 2nd Edition (SRS-2); Colorado Learning Difficulties Questionnaire (CLDQ) and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Almost half our sample reported a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and 70% had intellectual disability. On the SDQ, over 90% of participants were rated in borderline/clinical ranges in Peer Problems, yet the majority fell within normal limits in Prosocial Behaviors. Most fell in the moderate/severe difficulties ranges across SRS-2 Social Cognition, Communication, and Restricted/Repetitive Behaviors scales (all >70%); whereas substantially less participants met these ranges for deficits in Social Awareness (50%) and Social Motivation (33.33%). A pattern of relatively strong prosocial skills and social drive in the context of difficulties with inflexible behaviors, social cognition, and communication was observed, regardless of gender, ASD or intellectual disability diagnosis. The social phenotype associated with WSS is characterized by some autistic features paired with unusually high social motivation and prosocial tendencies.

Social feedback enhances learning in Williams syndrome

Williams syndrome (WS) is a rare genetic condition characterized by high social interest and approach motivation as well as intellectual disability and anxiety. Despite the fact that social stimuli are believed to have an increased intrinsic reward value in WS, it is not known whether this translates to learning and decision making. Genes homozygously deleted in WS are linked to sociability in the general population, making it a potential model condition for understanding the social brain. Probabilistic reinforcement learning was studied with either social or non-social rewards for correct choices. Social feedback improved learning in individuals with Williams syndrome but not in typically developing controls or individuals with other intellectual disabilities. Computational modeling indicated that these effects on social feedback were mediated by a shift towards higher weight given to rewards relative to punishments and increased choice consistency. We conclude that reward learning in WS is characterized by high volatility and a tendency to learn how to avoid punishment rather than how to gain rewards. Social feedback can partly normalize this pattern and promote adaptive reward learning.

MOTIVATION OF FARMER GROUP MEMBERS IN CULTIVATING ORGANIC VEGETABLES

The increasing demand for organic vegetables is a business opportunity. Organic farmer groups use this opportunity to supply organic vegetables in the Yogyakarta area. This study aims to determine farmers' motivation level in organic vegetable cultivation and the relationship between internal and external factors with farmer motivation. This research is descriptive. The study focused on the Tranggula Farmers Group and the Merapi Organic Farmers Group as farmer groups that supply organic vegetables in several supermarkets in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. The analysis method uses class intervals and Spearman correlation. The motivations in this study include economic, social, and self-actualization motivations. The results showed that farmers' motivation for actualization is a priority in cultivating organic vegetables. There are 63.3% of farmers who have very high actualization motivation, 26.7% of farmers who have very high social motivation, and 16.7% of farmers who have a very high economic motivation. Farmers' motivation level in organic vegetable cultivation is in the high category of 60% and very high at 40%. The experience of farmers has a weak and contradictory relationship with the motivation of farmers to cultivate organic vegetables. Meanwhile, other internal factors, namely age, education, and external factors consisting of the provision of production facilities, assistance, and market guarantees, have no relationship with the motivation of farmers to cultivate organic vegetables.

Pola Interaksi Sosial Anak dan Guru, Modal Pengetahuan dan Sosial dalam Meningkatkan Kecerdasan Emosional Sosial

This study aims to identify and determine patterns of social interaction in improving children's emotional intelligence. As homosocious, humans cannot be separated from interaction activities. The diversity of each person in the surrounding environment gives rise to patterns of social interaction. This study uses a qualitative research method design with a case study approach with 4 sources through data collection techniques in the form of observation, interviews, and documentation. Researchers get the results that the pattern of social interaction that occurs at the TPA Masjid Al-Ikhlash Tempel Sleman is an associative type of social interaction pattern. The interactions built by students tend to stand out in the components of cooperation and accommodation which are characterized by mutual cooperation, helping, and being a mediator when other students fight. Meanwhile, this associative interaction pattern is categorized as quite capable in increasing the emotional intelligence of students. This is because some students have not been able to control their emotions well so that they cross the line, the majority of students have a sense of sensitivity to others both peers and across ages (empathy), and some students have high social skills and motivation so they tend to be less productive and effective in doing anything.

Objectively measured physical activity in patients with heart failure: a sub-analysis from the HF-Wii study.

Physical activity (PA) is important in patients with heart failure (HF) to improve health outcomes. The adherence to PA is low, and therefore, novel approaches are necessary to increase PA. We aimed to determine the difference in PA in patients with HF who have access to exergaming compared to patients who received motivational support and to explored predictors of a clinically relevant change in non-sedentary time between baseline and 3 months. In total, 64 patients (mean age 69 ± 9 years, 27% female) wore an accelerometer 1 week before and 1 week after the intervention. Data were analysed using logistic regression analysis. Patients spent 9 h and 43 min (±1 h 23 min) during waking hours sedentary. There were no significant differences in PA between patients who received an exergame intervention or motivational support. In total, 30 of 64 patients achieved a clinically relevant increase in non-sedentary time. Having grandchildren [odds ratio (OR) 7.43 P = 0.03], recent diagnosis of HF (OR 0.93 P = 0.02), and higher social motivation (OR 2.31 P = 0.03) were independent predictors of a clinically relevant increase of non-sedentary time. Clinicians should encourage their patients to engage in alternative approaches to improve PA and reduce sedentary habits. Future exergaming interventions should target individuals with chronic HF who have low social motivation and a low level of light PA that may benefit most from exergaming. Also (non-familial), intergenerational interaction is important to enabling patients in supporting patients in becoming more active.

BCI-based games and ADHD

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurological condition characterized by cognitive task difficulty, impulsivity, hyperactivity and loss of attention. It can persist into adulthood with negative academic and socio-professional outcomes. Neurofeedback treatments have been shown as effective for training the attention ability in children with ADHD. It has been found that interactive multi-player games are ideal from a therapeutic and long-term usage point of view due to their higher social motivation and cooperation among children with ADHD. In this study we conducted a semi-systematic review, with the goal of gathering findings from empirical and theoretical works in order to deepen our understanding about the use of Brain Computer Interface (BCI)-based for children and adults with ADHD, as a method to ameliorate the symptoms of their disorder.

The Effect of Online education after COVID-19 : Focusing on Personal and Social Motivation

The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of the rapid transition to online classes due to the COVID-19 epidemic on learning effectiveness by a comparative analysis on learning effectiveness considering different types of offline and online classes for the same subject. As a result, the interaction between personal motivation and class type is not significant. On the other hand, the interaction between social motivation and class type is significant and overall online class increases engagement with educational issues. In particular, the group with low social motivation showed greater change than the group with high social motivation, so online education seems to be more effective in the group with low social motivation. It means that by stimulating students’ social motivation rather than personal motivation, the effectiveness of online education can be enhanced, and it can lead to education outcomes - behavioral changes and attitudes of learners. In order to revitalize social motivation in the intensely personal space of online, it is necessary to activate social communication methods such as SNS, and development of interpersonal issues and learning materials would be more efficient. In order to derive more specific results, it is necessary to measure the level of prior knowledge and involvement of the participants in class, and to comprehensively investigate and analyze the state of learners before and after class through more variables. Finally, in order to increase the reliability of the research results, it is necessary to clearly prove it through the establishment of a structural model.

Abstract 15154: Objectively Measured Physical Activity in Patients With Heart Failure

Introduction: Novel interventions, such as exergaming, might be promising to increase physical activity (PA). We aim to explore the difference in PA in patients with heart failure (HF) who have access to exergaming compared to patients who received motivational support and to explore predictors of PA increase. Methods: This study is part of the HF-Wii study (patients randomized to exergaming or to motivational support) in which a group of HF patients (n=64, mean age 69±9, 27% female, 80% NYHA I/II) wore an accelerometer (Actigraph GT9X). Ten minutes change in daily non-sedentary PA was defined as clinically relevant change. Potential predictors of PA change were, i.e. demographic and clinical variables, self-efficacy (ESS), exercise motivation (EMI), depression (HADs) and Health-related Quality of Life (MLHFQ) analyzed by independent sample t-tests and chi-square. Factors with a significance of 0.15 in the univariate analysis were tested in a logistic regression analysis, corrected for randomization, age, gender and NYHA-class and baseline values for light PA and moderate- to vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Results: No differences were found between the exergame group and the control group at 3 months in activity counts (p=0.27), sedentary time (p=0.16), light PA (p=0.69) or MVPA (p=0.17). At baseline, patients had a mean of 173718 (±100545) PA counts/day; 9 hours and 43 minutes a day (±1h 23min) were spent sedentary, 3 hours and 29 minutes a day (±1h 6min) on light PA and 43 minutes a day (±1h 5min) on MVPA ) and 28 patients increased their PA. History of stroke (p=0.05), having grandchildren (p=0.04), recently diagnosed HF (p=0.04), total motivation (p=0.12) and social motivation (p=0.05) were included for the multivariate analysis. Only recently diagnosed HF (p=0.01), a higher social motivation (p=0.02) and a lower amount of light PA at baseline were independent predictors of increasing PA. Conclusions: Exergaming did not significantly change PA. A recently diagnosed HF, higher social motivation and lower baseline light PA are factors that need to be considered when developing PA interventions and when motivating patients to become more physically active.

The study of Muslims’ religious motivation

The article focuses on the specifi cs of Muslims’ motivation, determined by the method of Stojković I. and Mirić J. We consider the motivation to be a psychological state directing the psychological process into a certain course and realized in activities. The study was based on an opinion-poll of 90 people from Almaty, Ufa, Kazan and Moscow. The study has proven that Muslims with high internal motivation for faith also display high social motivation for religion. Internal motivation is closely related to the concept of Islam as a source of emotional well-being, ideals and morality. Muslims’ perception of Islam highly correlates with the values of traditionalism. It appears that women preferably emphasize the role of Islam in preserving the traditions of the family and people in accordance to the same of men. Religion is partly considered by Muslims as means of fulfi lling desires, but this parameter is not the principal one. Perceiving religion as means of fulfi lling desires connects to the respondents’ understanding Islam itself as a way of maintaining traditionalism, the continuity of the family legacy and ethnic community. The results of the study make it possible to highlight the abovementioned confessionally-caused features of motivation among Muslims.

Social Attention in Autism: Neural Sensitivity to Speech Over Background Noise Predicts Encoding of Social Information.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by lack of attention to social cues in the environment, including speech. Hypersensitivity to sensory stimuli, such as loud noises, is also extremely common in youth with ASD. While a link between sensory hypersensitivity and impaired social functioning has been hypothesized, very little is known about the neural mechanisms whereby exposure to distracting sensory stimuli may interfere with the ability to direct attention to socially-relevant information. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in youth with and without ASD (N=54, age range 8–18 years) to (1) examine brain responses during presentation of brief social interactions (i.e., two-people conversations) shrouded in ecologically-valid environmental noises, and (2) assess how brain activity during encoding might relate to later accuracy in identifying what was heard. During exposure to conversation-in-noise (vs. conversation or noise alone), both neurotypical youth and youth with ASD showed robust activation of canonical language networks. However, the extent to which youth with ASD activated temporal language regions, including voice-selective cortex (i.e., posterior superior temporal sulcus), predicted later discriminative accuracy in identifying what was heard. Further, relative to neurotypical youth, ASD youth showed significantly greater activity in left-hemisphere speech-processing cortex (i.e., angular gyrus) while listening to conversation-in-noise (vs. conversation or noise alone). Notably, in youth with ASD, increased activity in this region was associated with higher social motivation and better social cognition measures. This heightened activity in voice-selective/speech-processing regions may serve as a compensatory mechanism allowing youth with ASD to hone in on the conversations they heard in the context of non-social distracting stimuli. These findings further suggest that focusing on social and non-social stimuli simultaneously may be more challenging for youth with ASD requiring the recruitment of additional neural resources to encode socially-relevant information.

Development of the Stanford Social Dimensions Scale: initial validation in autism spectrum disorder and in neurotypicals

BackgroundThe aim of this paper was to provide an initial validation of a newly developed parent questionnaire—the Stanford Social Dimensions Scale (SSDS), designed to capture individual differences across several key social dimensions including social motivation in children and adolescents with and without psychiatric disorders.MethodsThe initial validation sample was comprised of parents of 175 individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (35 females, 140 males; Mage = 7.19 years, SDage = 3.96) and the replication sample consisted of 624 parents of children who were either typically developing or presented with a range of neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders (302 females, 322 males; Mage = 11.49 years, SDage = 4.48). Parents from both samples completed the SSDS and the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS-2).ResultsExploratory Structural Equation Modeling indicated that a 5-factor model provided adequate to excellent fit to the data in the initial ASD sample (comparative fit index [CFI] = .940, Tucker-Lewis Index [TLI] = .919, root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA] = .048, standardized root mean square residual [SRMR] = .038). The identified factors were interpreted as Social Motivation, Social Affiliation, Expressive Social Communication, Social Recognition, and Unusual Approach. This factor structure was further confirmed in Sample 2 (CFI = 946, TLI = .930, RMSEA = .044, SRMR = .026). Internal consistency for all subscales was in the good to excellent range across both samples as indicated by Composite Reliability scores of ≥ .72. Convergent and divergent validity was strong as indexed by the pattern of correlations with relevant SRS-2 and Child Behavior Checklist domains and with verbal and non-verbal intellectual functioning scores in Sample 1 and with the Need to Belong Scale and Child Social Preference Scale scores in Sample 2. Across both samples, females had higher social motivation and expressive social communication scores. Discriminant validity was strong given that across all SSDS subscales, the ASD sample had significantly higher impairment than both the typically developing group and the group with other clinical conditions, which in turn, had significantly higher impairment than the typically developing group.ConclusionsOur findings provide initial validation of a new scale designed to comprehensively capture individual differences in social motivation and other key social dimensions in ASD.